Trap–neuter–return (English Wikipedia)

Sinnott, Rick (November 6, 2017). "Alaska has far too many impractical cats". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.

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"Trap-Vasectomy-Hysterectomy-Return (TVHR) Is No Substitute for Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR)". Alley Cat Allies. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
"Get the Facts about the Los Angeles Trap–Neuter–Return Ruling" Archived 2014-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, AlleyCat.org, Alley Cat Allies, accessed August 2, 2014.

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"Feral Cats FAQ" Archived 2014-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, ASPCA, second paragraph, accessed June 20, 2014. Resources provided here on TNR and feral cats.

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Levy, Julie K.; Gale, David W.; Gale, Leslie A. (January 1, 2003). "Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap–neuter–return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222 (1): 42–46. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.42. PMID 12523478. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Levy, Julie K.; Crawford, Patti Cynda (November 1, 2004). "Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1354–60. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1354. PMID 15552308. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
"Free-roaming Abandoned and Feral Cats". www.avma.org. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.

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Foley, Patrick; Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227 (11): 1775–1781. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1775. PMID 16342526. Retrieved April 15, 2025.

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"Free-roaming owned, Abandoned, and Feral Cats". Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. CVMA. Retrieved June 15, 2024.

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Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.

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"Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cats". October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.

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"How to Help: Financial Donations" Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Corporation of Delta, accessed August 6, 2014. Quote: "...our Trap–Neuter/Spay–Return program for feral cats".

denverpost.com

for example, Joe Vaccarelli, "Denver Animal Shelter partners up to help reduce feral cat population" Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Denver Post, June 12, 2014

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Department of Conservation. "Feral cats". Department of Conservation. Retrieved September 8, 2024.

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Boone, John D. (August 25, 2015). "Better trap–neuter–return for free-roaming cats: Using models and monitoring to improve population management". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 800–807. doi:10.1177/1098612X15594995. PMC 11148983. PMID 26323805. S2CID 38650821.
Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Lepczyk, Christopher A.; Duffy, David C. (August 20, 2022). "A science-based policy for managing free-roaming cats". Biological Invasions. 24 (12): 3693–3701. Bibcode:2022BiInv..24.3693L. doi:10.1007/s10530-022-02888-2. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.566.9583. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_03. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054.
Coe, Seraiah T; Elmore, Jared A. (December 23, 2021). "Free-ranging domestic cat abundance and sterilization percentage following five years of a trap–neuter–return program". Wildlife Biology. 2021 (1): 1. Bibcode:2021WildB202100799C. doi:10.2981/wlb.00799. S2CID 233938210.
Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
Bucklin, Danielle M.; Shedden, Jennifer M. (Spring 2023). "Do trap-neuter-return (TNR) practices contribute to human–coyote conflicts in southern California?". Human–Wildlife Interactions. 17 (1). doi:10.26077/b86e-600f.
Debrot, Adolphe O.; Ruijter, Martin N. M. (January 17, 2022). "A renewed call for conservation leadership 10 years further in the feral cat Trap-Neuter-Return debate and new opportunities for constructive dialogue". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (4). Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E2641D. doi:10.1111/csp2.12641. S2CID 246512934.
McCarthy, Robert J.; Levine, Stephen H.; Reed, J. Michael (August 15, 2013). "Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (4): 502–511. doi:10.2460/javma.243.4.502. PMID 23902443. S2CID 16116016.
Levy, Julie K.; Cornell, Heather N.; Kreisler, Rachael E. (2019). "Decrease in Population and Increase in Welfare of Community Cats in a Twenty-Three Year Trap-Neuter-Return Program in Key Largo, FL: The ORCAT Program". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6: 7. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00007. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6367225. PMID 30775368.
Levy, Julie K.; Gale, David W.; Gale, Leslie A. (January 1, 2003). "Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap–neuter–return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222 (1): 42–46. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.42. PMID 12523478. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Spehar, Daniel D.; Wolf, Peter J. (October 31, 2017). "An Examination of an Iconic Trap-Neuter-Return Program: The Newburyport, Massachusetts Case Study". Animals. 7 (11): 81. doi:10.3390/ani7110081. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 5704110. PMID 29088106.
Foley, Patrick; Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227 (11): 1775–1781. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1775. PMID 16342526. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Andersen, Mark C.; Martin, Brent J.; Roemer, Gary W. (December 15, 2004). "Use of matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of free-roaming cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (12): 1871–1876. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1871. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 15643836. S2CID 17789584.
Swarbrick, Helen; Rand, Jacquie (May 17, 2018). "Application of a Protocol Based on Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) to Manage Unowned Urban Cats on an Australian University Campus". Animals. 8 (5): 77. doi:10.3390/ani8050077. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 5981288. PMID 29772788.
Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine; Sullivan, Lauren M.; et al. (2009). "Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap–Neuter–Return" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 23 (4): 887–894. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01174.x. PMID 19245489. S2CID 48293. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2014 – via UrbanWildlands.org.
Levy, Julie K.; Crawford, Patti Cynda (November 1, 2004). "Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1354–60. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1354. PMID 15552308. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R.; Haller, Linda (October 2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0504_03. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
Lohr, Cheryl A.; Cox, Linda J. (2012). "Costs and Benefits of Trap-Neuter-Release and Euthanasia for Removal of Urban Cats in Oahu, Hawaii". Conservation Biology. 27 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01935.x. PMID 23009077. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Benka, Valerie A.; Boone, John D.; Miller, Philip S.; Briggs, Joyce R.; Anderson, Aaron M.; Slootmaker, Christopher; Slater, Margaret; Levy, Julie K.; Nutter, Felicia B.; Zawistowski, Stephen (November 29, 2022). "Guidance for management of free-roaming community cats: a bioeconomic analysis". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 24 (10): 975–985. doi:10.1177/1098612X211055685. ISSN 1532-2750. PMC 9511502. PMID 34842477.
Hayward, Andrea; Lamb, Kate; Fisher, Gina; Rand, Jacquie (2019). "Public Opinions on Strategies for Managing Stray Cats and Predictors of Opposition to Trap-Neuter and Return in Brisbane, Australia". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5: 290. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00290. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6387915. PMID 30834249.
Reeve, Charlie L.; Rogelberg, Steven G.; Spitzmüller, Christiane; Digiacomo, Natalie (2005). "The Caring-Killing Paradox: Euthanasia-Related Strain Among Animal-Shelter Workers1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 35 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02096.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
Gow, Elizabeth A.; Burant, Joseph B. (October 20, 2021). "Popular press portrayal of issues surrounding free-roaming domestic cats Felis catus". People and Nature. 4: 143–154. doi:10.1002/pan3.10269. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
Nutter, Felicia B.; Levine, Jay F.; Stoskopf, Michael K. (November 1, 2004). "Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1399–1402. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 15552315.
Finkler, Hilit; Gunther, Idit; Terkel, Joseph (May 1, 2011). "Behavioral differences between urban feeding groups of neutered and sexually intact free-roaming cats following a trap-neuter-return procedure". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 238 (9): 1141–1149. doi:10.2460/javma.238.9.1141. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 21529236.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "Implementation of a feral cat management program on a university campus". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0501_2. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 12738586. S2CID 11650452.
Dickman, Chris R.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Glen, Alistair S.; Doherty, Tim S. (October 4, 2016). "Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5056110. PMID 27638204.
Loss, Scott R.; Will, Tom; Marra, Peter P. (January 29, 2013). "The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States". Nature Communications. 4: 1396. doi:10.1038/ncomms3961. PMID 23360987.
Jessup, David A. (November 1, 2004). "The welfare of feral cats and wildlife" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1377–1383. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1377. PMID 15552312. Retrieved April 14, 2025.
Montoya, A.; García, M.; Gálvez, R.; Checa, R.; Marino, V.; Sarquis, J.; Barrera, J. P.; Rupérez, C.; Caballero, L.; Chicharro, C.; Cruz, I.; Miró, G. (February 15, 2018). "Implications of zoonotic and vector-borne parasites to free-roaming cats in central Spain". Veterinary Parasitology. 251: 125–130. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.009. PMID 29426469.
Thomas, J. E.; Staubus, L.; Goolsby, J. L.; Reichard, M. V. (September 15, 2016). "Ectoparasites of free-roaming domestic cats in the central United States". Veterinary Parasitology. 228: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.034. PMID 27692321.
Dabritz, Haydee A.; Atwill, E. Robert; Gardner, Ian A.; Miller, Melissa A.; Conrad, Patricia A. (July 1, 2006). "Outdoor fecal deposition by free-roaming cats and attitudes of cat owners and nonowners toward stray pets, wildlife, and water pollution". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 229 (1): 74–81. doi:10.2460/javma.229.1.74. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 16817717. S2CID 15081066.
Natoli, Eugenia; Maragliano, Laura; Cariola, Giuseppe; Faini, Anna; Bonanni, Roberto; Cafazzo, Simona; Fantini, Claudio (December 18, 2006). "Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy)". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 77 (3–4): 180–185. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.06.005. ISSN 0167-5877. PMID 17034887.
Trouwborst, Arie; McCormack, Phillipa (February 2020). "Domestic cats and their impacts on biodiversity: A blind spot in the application of nature conservation law". People and Nature. 2 (1): 235–250. Bibcode:2020PeoNa...2..235T. doi:10.1002/pan3.10073. S2CID 214180358.

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"Tufts researchers say TNR is not most effective method to control feral cat population". DVM360.com. September 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2025.

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"History of École du chat (translation)" Archived 2014-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, École du Chat, accessed Oct. 30, 2014.

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"The Global Impact of Feral Cats | The Ecology Global Network". Ecology Global Network. August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.

fanciers.com

for example, National Pet Alliance "NPA's TTVAR Program: Trap, Test, Vaccinate, Alter and Release" Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 15, 2014.

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Schweitzer, Sarah H.; Gillin, Colin M. "Toolkit to Address Free-ranging Domestic Cats (Felis catus) on Agency Lands Managed for Native Wildlife and Ecosystem Health" (PDF). FishWildlife.Org. Association of Fish & WIldlife Agencies. Retrieved April 15, 2022.

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Waymer, Jim (February 8, 2019). "Stray Cats Boosting Rabies Risk in Brevard. 16 Rabid Cats Reported Statewide in 2018". Retrieved March 8, 2024.

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"Jerusalem Approves Feeding Program for Stray Cats". Haaretz. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

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Jessup, David A. (November 1, 2004). "The welfare of feral cats and wildlife" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1377–1383. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1377. PMID 15552312. Retrieved April 14, 2025.

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Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Lepczyk, Christopher A.; Duffy, David C. (August 20, 2022). "A science-based policy for managing free-roaming cats". Biological Invasions. 24 (12): 3693–3701. Bibcode:2022BiInv..24.3693L. doi:10.1007/s10530-022-02888-2. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Coe, Seraiah T; Elmore, Jared A. (December 23, 2021). "Free-ranging domestic cat abundance and sterilization percentage following five years of a trap–neuter–return program". Wildlife Biology. 2021 (1): 1. Bibcode:2021WildB202100799C. doi:10.2981/wlb.00799. S2CID 233938210.
Debrot, Adolphe O.; Ruijter, Martin N. M. (January 17, 2022). "A renewed call for conservation leadership 10 years further in the feral cat Trap-Neuter-Return debate and new opportunities for constructive dialogue". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (4). Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E2641D. doi:10.1111/csp2.12641. S2CID 246512934.
Dickman, Chris R.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Glen, Alistair S.; Doherty, Tim S. (October 4, 2016). "Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5056110. PMID 27638204.
Trouwborst, Arie; McCormack, Phillipa (February 2020). "Domestic cats and their impacts on biodiversity: A blind spot in the application of nature conservation law". People and Nature. 2 (1): 235–250. Bibcode:2020PeoNa...2..235T. doi:10.1002/pan3.10073. S2CID 214180358.

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Bucklin, Danielle M.; Shedden, Jennifer M. (2023). "Do trap-neuter-return (TNR) practices contribute to human–coyote conflicts in southern California?". Human–Wildlife Interactions. 17 (1): 46–60. JSTOR 27316537. Retrieved April 13, 2025.

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"Electric Utility Sentenced for Killing Eagles and Hawks (Press Release)". Justice.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved May 13, 2022.

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"City's approach to feral cats not effective" Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, Joni Hughes, letter to Merritt Herald, January 12, 2012.
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Boone, John D. (August 25, 2015). "Better trap–neuter–return for free-roaming cats: Using models and monitoring to improve population management". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 800–807. doi:10.1177/1098612X15594995. PMC 11148983. PMID 26323805. S2CID 38650821.
Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.566.9583. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_03. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054.
Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
McCarthy, Robert J.; Levine, Stephen H.; Reed, J. Michael (August 15, 2013). "Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (4): 502–511. doi:10.2460/javma.243.4.502. PMID 23902443. S2CID 16116016.
Levy, Julie K.; Cornell, Heather N.; Kreisler, Rachael E. (2019). "Decrease in Population and Increase in Welfare of Community Cats in a Twenty-Three Year Trap-Neuter-Return Program in Key Largo, FL: The ORCAT Program". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6: 7. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00007. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6367225. PMID 30775368.
Levy, Julie K.; Gale, David W.; Gale, Leslie A. (January 1, 2003). "Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap–neuter–return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222 (1): 42–46. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.42. PMID 12523478. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Spehar, Daniel D.; Wolf, Peter J. (October 31, 2017). "An Examination of an Iconic Trap-Neuter-Return Program: The Newburyport, Massachusetts Case Study". Animals. 7 (11): 81. doi:10.3390/ani7110081. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 5704110. PMID 29088106.
Foley, Patrick; Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227 (11): 1775–1781. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1775. PMID 16342526. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
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