Trap–neuter–return (English Wikipedia)

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Levy, Julie K.; Gale, David W.; Gale, Leslie A. (January 1, 2003). "Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap–neuter–return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222 (1): 42–46. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.42. PMID 12523478. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Levy, Julie K.; Crawford, Patti Cynda (November 1, 2004). "Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1354–60. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1354. PMID 15552308. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
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Foley, Patrick; Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227 (11): 1775–1781. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1775. PMID 16342526. Retrieved April 15, 2025.

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Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.

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Boone, John D. (August 25, 2015). "Better trap–neuter–return for free-roaming cats: Using models and monitoring to improve population management". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 800–807. doi:10.1177/1098612X15594995. PMC 11148983. PMID 26323805. S2CID 38650821.
Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Lepczyk, Christopher A.; Duffy, David C. (August 20, 2022). "A science-based policy for managing free-roaming cats". Biological Invasions. 24 (12): 3693–3701. Bibcode:2022BiInv..24.3693L. doi:10.1007/s10530-022-02888-2. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.566.9583. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_03. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054.
Coe, Seraiah T; Elmore, Jared A. (December 23, 2021). "Free-ranging domestic cat abundance and sterilization percentage following five years of a trap–neuter–return program". Wildlife Biology. 2021 (1): 1. Bibcode:2021WildB202100799C. doi:10.2981/wlb.00799. S2CID 233938210.
Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
Bucklin, Danielle M.; Shedden, Jennifer M. (Spring 2023). "Do trap-neuter-return (TNR) practices contribute to human–coyote conflicts in southern California?". Human–Wildlife Interactions. 17 (1). doi:10.26077/b86e-600f.
Debrot, Adolphe O.; Ruijter, Martin N. M. (January 17, 2022). "A renewed call for conservation leadership 10 years further in the feral cat Trap-Neuter-Return debate and new opportunities for constructive dialogue". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (4). Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E2641D. doi:10.1111/csp2.12641. S2CID 246512934.
McCarthy, Robert J.; Levine, Stephen H.; Reed, J. Michael (August 15, 2013). "Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (4): 502–511. doi:10.2460/javma.243.4.502. PMID 23902443. S2CID 16116016.
Levy, Julie K.; Cornell, Heather N.; Kreisler, Rachael E. (2019). "Decrease in Population and Increase in Welfare of Community Cats in a Twenty-Three Year Trap-Neuter-Return Program in Key Largo, FL: The ORCAT Program". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6: 7. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00007. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6367225. PMID 30775368.
Levy, Julie K.; Gale, David W.; Gale, Leslie A. (January 1, 2003). "Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap–neuter–return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222 (1): 42–46. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.42. PMID 12523478. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Spehar, Daniel D.; Wolf, Peter J. (October 31, 2017). "An Examination of an Iconic Trap-Neuter-Return Program: The Newburyport, Massachusetts Case Study". Animals. 7 (11): 81. doi:10.3390/ani7110081. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 5704110. PMID 29088106.
Foley, Patrick; Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227 (11): 1775–1781. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1775. PMID 16342526. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Andersen, Mark C.; Martin, Brent J.; Roemer, Gary W. (December 15, 2004). "Use of matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of free-roaming cats". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (12): 1871–1876. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1871. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 15643836. S2CID 17789584.
Swarbrick, Helen; Rand, Jacquie (May 17, 2018). "Application of a Protocol Based on Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) to Manage Unowned Urban Cats on an Australian University Campus". Animals. 8 (5): 77. doi:10.3390/ani8050077. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 5981288. PMID 29772788.
Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine; Sullivan, Lauren M.; et al. (2009). "Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap–Neuter–Return" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 23 (4): 887–894. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01174.x. PMID 19245489. S2CID 48293. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2014 – via UrbanWildlands.org.
Levy, Julie K.; Crawford, Patti Cynda (November 1, 2004). "Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations" (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1354–60. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1354. PMID 15552308. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R.; Haller, Linda (October 2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0504_03. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
Lohr, Cheryl A.; Cox, Linda J. (2012). "Costs and Benefits of Trap-Neuter-Release and Euthanasia for Removal of Urban Cats in Oahu, Hawaii". Conservation Biology. 27 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01935.x. PMID 23009077. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Benka, Valerie A.; Boone, John D.; Miller, Philip S.; Briggs, Joyce R.; Anderson, Aaron M.; Slootmaker, Christopher; Slater, Margaret; Levy, Julie K.; Nutter, Felicia B.; Zawistowski, Stephen (November 29, 2022). "Guidance for management of free-roaming community cats: a bioeconomic analysis". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 24 (10): 975–985. doi:10.1177/1098612X211055685. ISSN 1532-2750. PMC 9511502. PMID 34842477.
Hayward, Andrea; Lamb, Kate; Fisher, Gina; Rand, Jacquie (2019). "Public Opinions on Strategies for Managing Stray Cats and Predictors of Opposition to Trap-Neuter and Return in Brisbane, Australia". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5: 290. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00290. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6387915. PMID 30834249.
Reeve, Charlie L.; Rogelberg, Steven G.; Spitzmüller, Christiane; Digiacomo, Natalie (2005). "The Caring-Killing Paradox: Euthanasia-Related Strain Among Animal-Shelter Workers1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 35 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02096.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
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Nutter, Felicia B.; Levine, Jay F.; Stoskopf, Michael K. (November 1, 2004). "Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1399–1402. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 15552315.
Finkler, Hilit; Gunther, Idit; Terkel, Joseph (May 1, 2011). "Behavioral differences between urban feeding groups of neutered and sexually intact free-roaming cats following a trap-neuter-return procedure". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 238 (9): 1141–1149. doi:10.2460/javma.238.9.1141. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 21529236.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "Implementation of a feral cat management program on a university campus". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0501_2. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 12738586. S2CID 11650452.
Dickman, Chris R.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Glen, Alistair S.; Doherty, Tim S. (October 4, 2016). "Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5056110. PMID 27638204.
Loss, Scott R.; Will, Tom; Marra, Peter P. (January 29, 2013). "The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States". Nature Communications. 4: 1396. doi:10.1038/ncomms3961. PMID 23360987.
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Montoya, A.; García, M.; Gálvez, R.; Checa, R.; Marino, V.; Sarquis, J.; Barrera, J. P.; Rupérez, C.; Caballero, L.; Chicharro, C.; Cruz, I.; Miró, G. (February 15, 2018). "Implications of zoonotic and vector-borne parasites to free-roaming cats in central Spain". Veterinary Parasitology. 251: 125–130. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.009. PMID 29426469.
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Ho, Ying-Yi; Chang, Hsueh-Wen (September 2024). "Effectiveness of the trap-neuter-return method for free-roaming dog management in an urban protected area: Wildlife cannot wait". Global Ecology and Conservation. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02990. Retrieved July 3, 2025.
Hennig, Jacob D.; Duchardt, Courtney J. (June 2023). "A crossroads in the rearview mirror: the state of United States feral equid management in 2023". BioScience. 73 (6). doi:10.1093/biosci/biad033. Retrieved July 3, 2025.
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Berteselli GV, Rapagnà C, Salini R, Badagliacca P, Bellucci F, Iannino F, Dalla Villa P. (October 30, 2021). "A Pilot Study to Develop an Assessment Tool for Dogs Undergoing Trap-Neuter-Release (TNR) in Italy. An Overview on the National Implementation of TNR Programmes". Animals : An Open Access Journal from Mdpi. 11 (11): 3107. doi:10.3390/ani11113107. PMC 8614265. PMID 34827842.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Lepczyk, Christopher A.; Duffy, David C. (August 20, 2022). "A science-based policy for managing free-roaming cats". Biological Invasions. 24 (12): 3693–3701. Bibcode:2022BiInv..24.3693L. doi:10.1007/s10530-022-02888-2. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Coe, Seraiah T; Elmore, Jared A. (December 23, 2021). "Free-ranging domestic cat abundance and sterilization percentage following five years of a trap–neuter–return program". Wildlife Biology. 2021 (1): 1. Bibcode:2021WildB202100799C. doi:10.2981/wlb.00799. S2CID 233938210.
Debrot, Adolphe O.; Ruijter, Martin N. M. (January 17, 2022). "A renewed call for conservation leadership 10 years further in the feral cat Trap-Neuter-Return debate and new opportunities for constructive dialogue". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (4). Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E2641D. doi:10.1111/csp2.12641. S2CID 246512934.
Dickman, Chris R.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Glen, Alistair S.; Doherty, Tim S. (October 4, 2016). "Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5056110. PMID 27638204.
Trouwborst, Arie; McCormack, Phillipa (February 2020). "Domestic cats and their impacts on biodiversity: A blind spot in the application of nature conservation law". People and Nature. 2 (1): 235–250. Bibcode:2020PeoNa...2..235T. doi:10.1002/pan3.10073. S2CID 214180358.

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Boone, John D. (August 25, 2015). "Better trap–neuter–return for free-roaming cats: Using models and monitoring to improve population management". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 800–807. doi:10.1177/1098612X15594995. PMC 11148983. PMID 26323805. S2CID 38650821.
Loss, Scott R.; Boughton, Brooke (2022). "Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife". Journal of Animal Ecology. 91 (7): 1361–1372. Bibcode:2022JAnEc..91.1361L. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13745. PMID 35593055. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
Hughes, Kathy L.; Slater, Margaret R. (2002). "The Effects of Implementing a Feral Cat Spay/Neuter Program in a Florida County Animal Control Service". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (4): 285–298. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.566.9583. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_03. PMID 16221079. S2CID 25906054.
Roebling, Allison D; Johnson, Dana (June 2014). "Rabies Prevention and Management of Cats in the Context of Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release Programs". Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1111/zph.12070. PMC 5120395. PMID 23859607. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
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