Unit 731 (English Wikipedia)

Harris, Sheldon (December 1992). "Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans: A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 666 (1): 30–31. Bibcode:1992NYASA.666...21H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x. PMID 1297279.

aiipowmia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Nanjing Massacre and Unit 731". Advocacy & Intelligence Index For POWs-MIAs Archives. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

animenewsnetwork.com (Global: 44^th place; English: 35^th place)

Loveridge, Lynzee (10 February 2020). "My Hero Academia Manga Updated With Villain's New Name". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

apjjf.org (Global: 7,469^th place; English: 4,740^th place)

"Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program". 24 November 2005.
"Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program – The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus". apjjf.org. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"The United States and the Japanese Mengele: Payoffs and Amnesty for Unit 731". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 14 August 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Barenblatt, Daniel (2004). A Plague upon Humanity: The Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation (1 ed.). New York: Harper. pp. 163–175. ISBN 978-0-06-018625-8.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.
Fuller, Richard (1992). Shōkan: Hirohito's Samurai. Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-151-2.
Harris, Sheldon H. (1999). Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare 1932 - 45 and the American cover-up (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-415-13206-0.

archives.gov (Global: 319^th place; English: 166^th place)

Drea, Edward (2006). Researching Japanese War Crimes (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 17.
Drea, Edward (2006). Researching Japanese War Crimes (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 35.

asahi.com (Global: 124^th place; English: 790^th place)

"In twilight years, former Unit 731 member set on spreading truth". The Asahi Shimbun. 30 August 2023.
"Scholar unearths new details of Unit 731 from national archives". The Asahi Shimbun. 12 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2025.
"Former member of Unit 731 fights nightmares, atrocity deniers". The Asahi Shimbun. 13 August 2025. Archived from the original on 23 December 2025.

bastillepost.com (Global: 5,671^st place; English: low place)

"Archival evidence reveals Japan's Unit 731 crimes as premeditated state-led atrocity". Bastille Post. 27 December 2025.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

McNaught, Anita (1 February 2002). Murch, Fiona; Durrani, Farah (eds.). "Unit 731: Japan's biological force". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2024. Unit 731 was a special division of the Japanese Army, a scientific and military elite. It had a huge budget specially authorised by the Emperor, to develop weapons of mass destruction that would win the war for Japan. America and Germany had their nuclear arms race. Japan put its faith in germs. Anita McNaught reports.

benhills.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Inside Japan's wartime factory of death". Ben Hills. 24 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

bfi.org.uk (Global: 239^th place; English: 131^st place)

collections-search.bfi.org.uk

"Unit 731 – Did the Emperor Know?". BFI. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Liu, Huaqiu, ed. (2000). 军备控制与裁军手冊 [Handbook on Arms Control and Disarmament] (in Chinese). National Defense Industry Press. p. 368. ISBN 7-118-02282-9.
LaFleur, William; Böhme, Gernot; Shimazono, Susumu (2007). Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. US: Indiana University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-253-22041-7.
LaFleur, William; Böhme, Gernot; Shimazono, Susumu (2007). Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. US: Indiana University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-253-22041-7.
LaFleur, William; Böhme, Gernot; Shimazono, Susumu (2007). Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. US: Indiana University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-253-22041-7.
LaFleur, William; Böhme, Gernot; Shimazono, Susumu (2007). Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. US: Indiana University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-253-22041-7.
Gow, James; Dijxhoorn, Ernst; Kerr, Rachel; Verdirame, Guglielmo (2019). Routledge Handbook of War, Law and Technology. Routledge. pp. 239, 246. ISBN 978-1-351-61997-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
Wells, A. S. (2009). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8108-7026-0. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
LaFleur, William; Böhme, Gernot; Shimazono, Susumu (2007). Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. US: Indiana University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-253-22041-7.

brandeis.edu (Global: 7,074^th place; English: 4,425^th place)

"Cognitive Dissonance, Social Psychology, and Unit 731". Brandeis University. Retrieved 16 September 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

ftp.cdc.gov

Video Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine adapted from "Biological Warfare & Terrorism: The Military and Public Health Response", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 21, 2007

centurychina.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Review of the studies on Germ Warfare Archived 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Tien-wei Wu A Preliminary Review of Studies of Japanese Biological Warfare and Unit 731 in the United States

chinafile.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Buruma, Ian (4 June 2015). "In North Korea: Wonder & Terror". www.chinafile.com. The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2016.

chosun.com (Global: 327^th place; English: 360^th place)

"Identities of Unit 731 Victims Unearthed". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 3 August 2005.

documentcloud.org (Global: 4,982^nd place; English: 2,747^th place)

assets.documentcloud.org

"Fax to Rabbi Abraham Cooper" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2017.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Harris, Sheldon (December 1992). "Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans: A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 666 (1): 30–31. Bibcode:1992NYASA.666...21H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x. PMID 1297279.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Cuerda-Galindo, E.; Sierra-Valentí, X.; González-López, E.; López-Muñoz, F. (2014). "Syphilis and Human Experimentation from the First Appearance of the Disease to World War II: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics". Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition). 105 (8): 762–767. doi:10.1016/j.adengl.2013.09.009. hdl:10486/713606.
Johnson, Kishor (2021). "A Scientific Method to the Madness of Unit 731's Human Experimentation and Biological Warfare Program" (PDF). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 77 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrab044. PMID 34897467.
Guillemin, Jeanne (2017). "The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal". In Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.). One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences. Springer International Publishing. pp. 273–286. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_15. ISBN 978-3-319-51664-6.
Hickey, Doug; Li, Scarllet Sijia; Morrison, Ceila; Schulz, Richard; Thiry, Michelle; Sorensen, Kelly (April 2017). "Unit 731 and Moral Repair". Journal of Medical Ethics. 43 (4): 270–276. doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103177. PMID 27003420. S2CID 20475762.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Su, Zhaohui; McDonnell, Dean; Cheshmehzangi, Ali; Abbas, Jaffar; Li, Xiaoshan; Cai, Yuyang (2021). "The promise and perils of Unit 731 data to advance COVID-19 research". BMJ Global Health. 6 (5) e004772. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004772. PMC 8141376. PMID 34016575.

donga.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 961^st place)

"Six Koreans Confirmed as Subjects of the Japanese Army's Biological Experiments". The Dong-A Ilbo. 4 August 2005.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"Deafening silence". The Economist. 24 February 2011. p. 48. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

fas.org (Global: 730^th place; English: 519^th place)

Biological Weapons Program-Japan Archived 2010-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Federation of American Scientists

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Silvester, Christopher (29 April 2006). "Electrocuted, gassed, frozen, boiled alive". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Cuerda-Galindo, E.; Sierra-Valentí, X.; González-López, E.; López-Muñoz, F. (2014). "Syphilis and Human Experimentation from the First Appearance of the Disease to World War II: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics". Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition). 105 (8): 762–767. doi:10.1016/j.adengl.2013.09.009. hdl:10486/713606.

japanfocus.org (Global: low place; English: 9,940^th place)

Yoshiko Nozaki and Mark Selden, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus "Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and Historical Memory: Intra- and Inter-national Conflicts" Archived 2012-07-24 at the Wayback Machine

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407^th place; English: 286^th place)

japantimes.co.jp

"Ruling recognizes Unit 731 used germ warfare in China". The Japan Times. 28 August 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Hongo, Jun (24 October 2007). "Vivisectionist recalls his day of reckoning". Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2013 – via Japan Times Online.
Associated Press, "Work starts at Shinjuku Unit 731 site Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 22 February 2011, p. 1.
"Names of 3,607 members of Imperial Japanese Army's notorious Unit 731 released by national archives". The Japan Times. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.

search.japantimes.co.jp

Kyodo News, "Occupation censored Unit 731 ex-members' mail: secret paper Archived 2010-08-05 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, February 10, 2010, p. 3.
Otake, Tomoko (1 November 2009). "Ministry insider speaks out". search.japantimes.co.jp.

jpri.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"JPRI Working Paper No. 23". 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Van der Kloot, William (2004). "April 1915: Five Future Nobel Prize-Winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Academic-Industrial-Military Complex". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (2): 152. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 4142047.

korea-np.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

www1.korea-np.co.jp

旧日本軍の731部隊（細菌部隊）人体実験に朝鮮人. korea-np.co.jp. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015.

mansell.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dwight R. Rider, Japan's Biological and Chemical Weapons Programs; War Crimes and Atrocities: Who's Who, What's What and Where's Where – 1928–1945, 3rd ed., 14 November 2018, p. 119. Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine

medicalbag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering". Medical Bag. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

montana.edu (Global: 8,605^th place; English: 5,376^th place)

"Japan – Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University". Montana.edu. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

mtholyoke.edu (Global: 6,689^th place; English: 5,137^th place)

"Unit 731: One of the Most Terrifying Secrets of the 20th Century". Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2015.

ndu.edu (Global: 9,337^th place; English: 5,664^th place)

wmdcenter.ndu.edu

"A Short History of Biological Warfare" (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

theguardian.newspapers.com

McGILL, PETER (21 August 1983). "Postwar Japan: "US Backed Japan's Germ Tests on Mentally Sick"". The Observer. London, Greater London, England. p. 6.

nichibenren.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

日本弁護士連合会『人権白書昭和43年版』日本弁護士連合会、1968年、pp. 134–136；高杉晋吾『七三一部隊細菌戦の医師を追え』徳間書店、1982年、pp. 94–111; 保護施設収容者に対する人権擁護に関する件（決議） Archived 2016-01-27 at the Wayback Machine

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Harris, Sheldon (December 1992). "Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans: A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 666 (1): 30–31. Bibcode:1992NYASA.666...21H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x. PMID 1297279.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Johnson, Kishor (2021). "A Scientific Method to the Madness of Unit 731's Human Experimentation and Biological Warfare Program" (PDF). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 77 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrab044. PMID 34897467.
Hickey, Doug; Li, Scarllet Sijia; Morrison, Ceila; Schulz, Richard; Thiry, Michelle; Sorensen, Kelly (April 2017). "Unit 731 and Moral Repair". Journal of Medical Ethics. 43 (4): 270–276. doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103177. PMID 27003420. S2CID 20475762.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Su, Zhaohui; McDonnell, Dean; Cheshmehzangi, Ali; Abbas, Jaffar; Li, Xiaoshan; Cai, Yuyang (2021). "The promise and perils of Unit 731 data to advance COVID-19 research". BMJ Global Health. 6 (5) e004772. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004772. PMC 8141376. PMID 34016575.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Brody, H.; Leonard, S. E.; Nie, J. B.; Weindling, P. (2014). "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 23 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000753. PMC 4487829. PMID 24534743.
Su, Zhaohui; McDonnell, Dean; Cheshmehzangi, Ali; Abbas, Jaffar; Li, Xiaoshan; Cai, Yuyang (2021). "The promise and perils of Unit 731 data to advance COVID-19 research". BMJ Global Health. 6 (5) e004772. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004772. PMC 8141376. PMID 34016575.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Kristof, Nicholas D.B. (17 March 1995). "Unmasking Horror – A Special Report: Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

osaka-cu.ac.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp

"Self Determination by Imperial Japanese Doctors". www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
"[IAB8] Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities". osaka-cu.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.

pacificatrocities.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Human Experimentation at Unit 731". Pacific Atrocities Education. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

scmp.com (Global: 302^nd place; English: 189^th place)

Ye, Josh (4 February 2020). "Hit manga My Hero Academia removed in China over war crimes reference". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Hickey, Doug; Li, Scarllet Sijia; Morrison, Ceila; Schulz, Richard; Thiry, Michelle; Sorensen, Kelly (April 2017). "Unit 731 and Moral Repair". Journal of Medical Ethics. 43 (4): 270–276. doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103177. PMID 27003420. S2CID 20475762.

shugiin.go.jp (Global: 2,359^th place; English: low place)

衆議院議員川田悦子君提出七三一部隊等の旧帝国陸軍防疫給水部に関する質問に対する答弁書, House of Representatives of Japan. Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine」 October 10, 2003.

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

"Asia's Auschwitz". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 December 1994. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

spice.stanford.edu

Kathleen Woods Masalski (November 2001). "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies". Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

Silvester, Christopher (29 April 2006). "Electrocuted, gassed, frozen, boiled alive". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Watts, Jonathan (28 August 2002). "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
Hill, Amelia (2 March 2003). "The day the earth died". The Observer.
"Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. 28 August 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
McCurry, Justin (17 April 2018). "Japan publishes list of members of Unit 731 imperial army branch". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Watts, Jonathan (28 August 2002). "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
"Unit 731: Japan discloses details of notorious chemical warfare division". the Guardian. 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

Burt, Kayti (22 December 2023). "How the Real History Behind Netflix's Gyeongseong Creature Shapes Its Horror". Time. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437^th place; English: 317^th place)

Richard Lloyd Parry (25 February 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2007.

tpr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kuhn, Anthony (14 August 2025). "New details emerge about Japan's notorious WWII germ warfare program". Texas Public Radio.

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874^th place; English: 3,742^nd place)

stars.library.ucf.edu

Vanderbrook, Alan (2013). "Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two". Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 – via STARS.

umflint.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up" (PDF). University of Michigan–Flint. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
"Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up" (PDF). p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

unit731.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Harbin museum – Unit 731". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.

uwo.ca (Global: 5,444^th place; English: 3,130^th place)

schulich.uwo.ca

Johnson, Kishor (2021). "A Scientific Method to the Madness of Unit 731's Human Experimentation and Biological Warfare Program" (PDF). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 77 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrab044. PMID 34897467.

vcn.bc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Japanese Medical Atrocities in World War II". www.vcn.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.

vimeo.com (Global: 1,259^th place; English: 860^th place)

"(RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage)". (RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.

voanews.com (Global: 665^th place; English: 615^th place)

Gallo, William (28 October 2024). "For Japanese Unit 731 survivor, speaking truth carries a cost". Voice of America.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Kristof, Nicholas D.B. (17 March 1995). "Unmasking Horror – A Special Report: Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
Watts, Jonathan (28 August 2002). "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
"Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program – The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus". apjjf.org. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering". Medical Bag. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Richard Lloyd Parry (25 February 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2007.
"(RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage)". (RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
Hongo, Jun (24 October 2007). "Vivisectionist recalls his day of reckoning". Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2013 – via Japan Times Online.
Biological Weapons Program-Japan Archived 2010-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Federation of American Scientists
Review of the studies on Germ Warfare Archived 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Tien-wei Wu A Preliminary Review of Studies of Japanese Biological Warfare and Unit 731 in the United States
Video Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine adapted from "Biological Warfare & Terrorism: The Military and Public Health Response", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 21, 2007
"Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up" (PDF). University of Michigan–Flint. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
"Self Determination by Imperial Japanese Doctors". www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
Dwight R. Rider, Japan's Biological and Chemical Weapons Programs; War Crimes and Atrocities: Who's Who, What's What and Where's Where – 1928–1945, 3rd ed., 14 November 2018, p. 119. Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
"The Nanjing Massacre and Unit 731". Advocacy & Intelligence Index For POWs-MIAs Archives. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
"Inside Japan's wartime factory of death". Ben Hills. 24 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
"Asia's Auschwitz". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 December 1994. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
Gow, James; Dijxhoorn, Ernst; Kerr, Rachel; Verdirame, Guglielmo (2019). Routledge Handbook of War, Law and Technology. Routledge. pp. 239, 246. ISBN 978-1-351-61997-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
"[IAB8] Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities". osaka-cu.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Wells, A. S. (2009). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8108-7026-0. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
The devil unit, Unit 731. 731部隊について, accessed 17 Dec 2007
Buruma, Ian (4 June 2015). "In North Korea: Wonder & Terror". www.chinafile.com. The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
"Japanese Medical Atrocities in World War II". www.vcn.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
旧日本軍の731部隊（細菌部隊）人体実験に朝鮮人. korea-np.co.jp. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015.
Часть 36 из 150 – Моримура Сэйити. Кухня дьявола. www.x-libri.ru. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
McCurry, Justin (17 April 2018). "Japan publishes list of members of Unit 731 imperial army branch". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
"Scholar unearths new details of Unit 731 from national archives". The Asahi Shimbun. 12 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2025.
"Unit 731: One of the Most Terrifying Secrets of the 20th Century". Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
"Harbin museum – Unit 731". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
Associated Press, "Work starts at Shinjuku Unit 731 site Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 22 February 2011, p. 1.
"Deafening silence". The Economist. 24 February 2011. p. 48. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
"Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up" (PDF). p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
Kyodo News, "Occupation censored Unit 731 ex-members' mail: secret paper Archived 2010-08-05 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, February 10, 2010, p. 3.
McNaught, Anita (1 February 2002). Murch, Fiona; Durrani, Farah (eds.). "Unit 731: Japan's biological force". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2024. Unit 731 was a special division of the Japanese Army, a scientific and military elite. It had a huge budget specially authorised by the Emperor, to develop weapons of mass destruction that would win the war for Japan. America and Germany had their nuclear arms race. Japan put its faith in germs. Anita McNaught reports.
日本弁護士連合会『人権白書昭和43年版』日本弁護士連合会、1968年、pp. 134–136；高杉晋吾『七三一部隊細菌戦の医師を追え』徳間書店、1982年、pp. 94–111; 保護施設収容者に対する人権擁護に関する件（決議） Archived 2016-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
"JPRI Working Paper No. 23". 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
"Former member of Unit 731 fights nightmares, atrocity deniers". The Asahi Shimbun. 13 August 2025. Archived from the original on 23 December 2025.
"A Short History of Biological Warfare" (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
Yoshiko Nozaki and Mark Selden, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus "Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and Historical Memory: Intra- and Inter-national Conflicts" Archived 2012-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
Kathleen Woods Masalski (November 2001). "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies". Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Watts, Jonathan (28 August 2002). "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
衆議院議員川田悦子君提出七三一部隊等の旧帝国陸軍防疫給水部に関する質問に対する答弁書, House of Representatives of Japan. Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine」 October 10, 2003.
"Names of 3,607 members of Imperial Japanese Army's notorious Unit 731 released by national archives". The Japan Times. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
"Unit 731: Japan discloses details of notorious chemical warfare division". the Guardian. 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
"Fax to Rabbi Abraham Cooper" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Ye, Josh (4 February 2020). "Hit manga My Hero Academia removed in China over war crimes reference". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
Loveridge, Lynzee (10 February 2020). "My Hero Academia Manga Updated With Villain's New Name". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
"Unit 731 – Did the Emperor Know?". BFI. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.

wiktionary.org (Global: 1,064^th place; English: 1,160^th place)

en.wiktionary.org

The Japanese word butai is variously translated using military terms such as "unit", "detachment", "regiment", or "company".

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Van der Kloot, William (2004). "April 1915: Five Future Nobel Prize-Winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Academic-Industrial-Military Complex". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (2): 152. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 4142047.
Silvester, Christopher (29 April 2006). "Electrocuted, gassed, frozen, boiled alive". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

x-libri.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

Часть 36 из 150 – Моримура Сэйити. Кухня дьявола. www.x-libri.ru. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2016.

Unit 731 (English Wikipedia)

actasdermo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

aiipowmia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

animenewsnetwork.com (Global: 44th place; English: 35th place)

apjjf.org (Global: 7,469th place; English: 4,740th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archives.gov (Global: 319th place; English: 166th place)

asahi.com (Global: 124th place; English: 790th place)

bastillepost.com (Global: 5,671st place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

benhills.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bfi.org.uk (Global: 239th place; English: 131st place)

collections-search.bfi.org.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brandeis.edu (Global: 7,074th place; English: 4,425th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251st place; English: 248th place)

ftp.cdc.gov

centurychina.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chinafile.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chosun.com (Global: 327th place; English: 360th place)

documentcloud.org (Global: 4,982nd place; English: 2,747th place)

assets.documentcloud.org

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

donga.com (Global: 770th place; English: 961st place)

economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

fas.org (Global: 730th place; English: 519th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

japanfocus.org (Global: low place; English: 9,940th place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407th place; English: 286th place)

japantimes.co.jp

search.japantimes.co.jp

jpri.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

korea-np.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

www1.korea-np.co.jp

mansell.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

medicalbag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

montana.edu (Global: 8,605th place; English: 5,376th place)

mtholyoke.edu (Global: 6,689th place; English: 5,137th place)

ndu.edu (Global: 9,337th place; English: 5,664th place)

wmdcenter.ndu.edu

newspapers.com (Global: 24th place; English: 12th place)

theguardian.newspapers.com

nichibenren.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

osaka-cu.ac.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp

pacificatrocities.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

scmp.com (Global: 302nd place; English: 189th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

shugiin.go.jp (Global: 2,359th place; English: low place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154th place; English: 94th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194th place; English: 182nd place)

spice.stanford.edu

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40th place; English: 27th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

time.com (Global: 84th place; English: 63rd place)

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437th place; English: 317th place)

tpr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874th place; English: 3,742nd place)

stars.library.ucf.edu

umflint.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

unit731.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

uwo.ca (Global: 5,444th place; English: 3,130th place)

schulich.uwo.ca

vcn.bc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

vimeo.com (Global: 1,259th place; English: 860th place)

voanews.com (Global: 665th place; English: 615th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiktionary.org (Global: 1,064th place; English: 1,160th place)

en.wiktionary.org

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

animenewsnetwork.com (Global: 44^th place; English: 35^th place)

apjjf.org (Global: 7,469^th place; English: 4,740^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archives.gov (Global: 319^th place; English: 166^th place)

asahi.com (Global: 124^th place; English: 790^th place)

bastillepost.com (Global: 5,671^st place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bfi.org.uk (Global: 239^th place; English: 131^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brandeis.edu (Global: 7,074^th place; English: 4,425^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

chosun.com (Global: 327^th place; English: 360^th place)

documentcloud.org (Global: 4,982^nd place; English: 2,747^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

donga.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 961^st place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

fas.org (Global: 730^th place; English: 519^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

japanfocus.org (Global: low place; English: 9,940^th place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407^th place; English: 286^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

montana.edu (Global: 8,605^th place; English: 5,376^th place)

mtholyoke.edu (Global: 6,689^th place; English: 5,137^th place)

ndu.edu (Global: 9,337^th place; English: 5,664^th place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

scmp.com (Global: 302^nd place; English: 189^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

shugiin.go.jp (Global: 2,359^th place; English: low place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437^th place; English: 317^th place)

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874^th place; English: 3,742^nd place)

uwo.ca (Global: 5,444^th place; English: 3,130^th place)

vimeo.com (Global: 1,259^th place; English: 860^th place)

voanews.com (Global: 665^th place; English: 615^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiktionary.org (Global: 1,064^th place; English: 1,160^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)