United States v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 648 F.2d 642, 645–46 (9th Cir. 1981). This legal theory had been articulated in 1971 in a journal article by Richard H. Stern, then chief of the patent unit in the Justice Department. See Note, Antitrust Problems in International Technology Transfers, 57 Wash. L. Rev. 745, 753 n.62 (1982) (citing Richard H. Stern, The Antitrust Status of Territorial Limitations in International Licensing, 14 IDEA 580 (1971).