Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (October 2002). "Vice". Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by McAlpin, Mary. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.010. Retrieved 1 April 2015. Translation of "Vice". Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Vol.17. Paris. 1765..
Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (October 2002). "Vice". Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by McAlpin, Mary. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.010. Retrieved 1 April 2015. Translation of "Vice". Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Vol.17. Paris. 1765..
This meaning is completely separate from the word vice when used as an official title to indicate a deputy, substitute or subordinate, as in vice president, vice-chancellor or viceroy. The etymology of this usage derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of".