Virtual private network (English Wikipedia)

Cisco Systems, Inc. (2004). Internetworking Technologies Handbook. Networking Technology Series (4 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-58705-119-7. Retrieved 15 February 2013. [...] VPNs using dedicated circuits, such as Frame Relay [...] are sometimes called trusted VPNs, because customers trust that the network facilities operated by the service providers will not be compromised.
Preneel, Bart; Vercauteren, Frederik, eds. (11 June 2018). Applied Cryptography and Network Security. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-93387-0. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2018.

cb.vu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ssh(1) – OpenBSD manual pages". man.openbsd.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- Barschel, Colin. "Unix Toolbox". cb.vu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

chinafile.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

locknet.chinafile.com

Batke, Jessica; Edelson, Laura (30 June 2025). "The Locknet: How China Controls Its Internet and Why It Matters". ChinaFile. Asia Society. Retrieved 7 July 2025.

chinafile.com

Batke, Jessica; Edelson, Laura (2 June 2026). "Leaked Documents Show the Success of China's VPN Crackdown". ChinaFile. Asia Society. Retrieved 2 June 2026.

cisco.com (Global: 5,047^th place; English: 3,553^rd place)

"What Is a VPN? - Virtual Private Network". Cisco. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
Cisco engineers. "Dynamic Multipoint IPsec VPNs (Using Multipoint GRE/NHRP to Scale IPsec VPNs)". Cisco. Cisco. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
"Security for VPNs with IPsec Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 15S - VPN Acceleration Module [Support]". Cisco. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

RFC 3809 - Generic Requirements for Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks. IETF. sec. 1.1. doi:10.17487/RFC3809. RFC 3809.
Kurniadi, S. H.; Utami, E.; Wibowo, F. W. (December 2018). "Building Dynamic Mesh VPN Network using MikroTik Router". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1140 012039. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1140/1/012039. ISSN 1742-6596.
S. Bryant; P. Pate, eds. (March 2005). Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3985. RFC 3985. Informational. Updated by RFC 5462.
E. Jankiewicz; J. Loughney; T. Narten (December 2011). IPv6 Node Requirements. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6434. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6434. Obsolete. p. 17. Obsoleted by RFC 8504. Obsoletes RFC 4294. Previously, IPv6 mandated implementation of IPsec and recommended the key management approach of IKE. This document updates that recommendation by making support of the IPsec Architecture RFC4301 a SHOULD for all IPv6 nodes.
Younglove, R. (December 2000). "Virtual private networks - how they work". Computing & Control Engineering Journal. 11 (6): 260–262. doi:10.1049/cce:20000602 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 0956-3385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)^{[dead link]}
- Benjamin Dowling, and Kenneth G. Paterson (12 June 2018). "A cryptographic analysis of the WireGuard protocol". International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security. ISBN 978-3-319-93386-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

Hooson, Mark (3 March 2025). "VPN Statistics". Forbes UK. Retrieved 19 March 2025.

fortinet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is VPN Split Tunneling?". Fortinet. Retrieved 11 June 2025.

googlesource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

android.googlesource.com

"Diff - 99761f1eac33d14a4b1613ae4b7076f41cb2df94^! - kernel/common - Git at Google". android.googlesource.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020.

hackercombat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sowells, Julia (7 August 2017). "Virtual Private Network (VPN): What VPN Is And How It Works". Hackercombat. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

huawei.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

support.huawei.com

Huawei DSVPN Configuration

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Younglove, R. (December 2000). "Virtual private networks - how they work". Computing & Control Engineering Journal. 11 (6): 260–262. doi:10.1049/cce:20000602 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 0956-3385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)^{[dead link]}
- Benjamin Dowling, and Kenneth G. Paterson (12 June 2018). "A cryptographic analysis of the WireGuard protocol". International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security. ISBN 978-3-319-93386-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

ietf.org (Global: 731^st place; English: 625^th place)

ietf.org

H. Shah (Cisco Systems) (January 2015). "RFC 7436: IP‑Only LAN Service (IPLS)". IETF. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP" Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2661, W. Townsley et al., August 1999
IP Based Virtual Private Networks Archived 9 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2341, A. Valencia et al., May 1998
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Archived 2 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2637, K. Hamzeh et al., July 1999

datatracker.ietf.org

Rekhter, Yakov; Kompella, Kireeti (January 2007). Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.
Lasserre, Marc; Kompella, Vach (January 2007). Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Signaling (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.

infradead.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"OpenConnect". Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2013. OpenConnect is a client for Cisco's AnyConnect SSL VPN [...] OpenConnect is not officially supported by, or associated in any way with, Cisco Systems. It just happens to interoperate with their equipment.

inka.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

sites.inka.de

"Why TCP Over TCP Is A Bad Idea". sites.inka.de. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
Titz, Olaf (20 December 2011). "CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation". CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

juniper.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"EVPN Overview - TechLibrary - Juniper Networks". www.juniper.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
"Understanding EVPN with VXLAN Data Plane Encapsulation - TechLibrary - Juniper Networks". www.juniper.net. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2019.

litux.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fuller, Johnray; Ha, John (2002). Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Security Guide (PDF). United States: Red Hat, Inc. pp. 48–53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- Petersen, Richard (2004). "Chapter 17: Internet Protocol Security: IPsec, Crypto IP Encapsulation for Virtual Private Networks". Red Hat - The Complete Reference Enterprise Linux & Fedora Edition. United States: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. ISBN 0-07-223075-4. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

learn.microsoft.com

"About Always On VPN for Windows Server Remote Access". learn.microsoft.com. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

support.microsoft.com

"Connect to a VPN in Windows - Microsoft Support". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

csrc.nist.gov

"virtual private network". NIST Computer Security Resource Center Glossary. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

nordvpn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"VPN split tunneling". NordVPN.

officer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Willett, Andy. "Solving the Computing Challenges of Mobile Officers" Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, www.officer.com, May, 2006.

openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957^th place)

man.openbsd.org

"ssh(1) – OpenBSD manual pages". man.openbsd.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- Barschel, Colin. "Unix Toolbox". cb.vu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

redhat.com (Global: 6,005^th place; English: 4,993^rd place)

archive.download.redhat.com

Fuller, Johnray; Ha, John (2002). Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Security Guide (PDF). United States: Red Hat, Inc. pp. 48–53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- Petersen, Richard (2004). "Chapter 17: Internet Protocol Security: IPsec, Crypto IP Encapsulation for Virtual Private Networks". Red Hat - The Complete Reference Enterprise Linux & Fedora Edition. United States: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. ISBN 0-07-223075-4. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

RFC 3809 - Generic Requirements for Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks. IETF. sec. 1.1. doi:10.17487/RFC3809. RFC 3809.
RFC 3031
S. Bryant; P. Pate, eds. (March 2005). Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3985. RFC 3985. Informational. Updated by RFC 5462.
E. Jankiewicz; J. Loughney; T. Narten (December 2011). IPv6 Node Requirements. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6434. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6434. Obsolete. p. 17. Obsoleted by RFC 8504. Obsoletes RFC 4294. Previously, IPv6 mandated implementation of IPsec and recommended the key management approach of IKE. This document updates that recommendation by making support of the IPsec Architecture RFC4301 a SHOULD for all IPv6 nodes.
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP" Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2661, W. Townsley et al., August 1999
IP Based Virtual Private Networks Archived 9 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2341, A. Valencia et al., May 1998
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Archived 2 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2637, K. Hamzeh et al., July 1999

roboticsandautomationnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Edwards, David (21 July 2022). "Key VPN Statistics: What Are the Numbers Telling Us?". Robotics & Automation News. Retrieved 17 May 2026.

softether.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"1. Ultimate Powerful VPN Connectivity". www.softether.org. SoftEther VPN Project. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

sourceforge.net

Titz, Olaf (2 April 2013). "CIPE - encrypted IP in UDP tunneling". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- Wilson, Damion (19 October 2002). "CIPE-Win32 - Crypto IP Encapsulation for Windows NT/2000". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
cipe-win32.sourceforge.net
- Titz, Olaf (2 April 2013). "CIPE - encrypted IP in UDP tunneling". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  - Wilson, Damion (19 October 2002). "CIPE-Win32 - Crypto IP Encapsulation for Windows NT/2000". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

support.google.com (Global: 2,836^th place; English: 2,952^nd place)

"Connect to a virtual private network (VPN) on Android". Retrieved 11 July 2024.

surfshark.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is VPN split tunneling? All you need to know". Surfshark. Retrieved 11 June 2025.

systemsapproach.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

book.systemsapproach.org

Peterson, Larry; Davie, Bruce (2000). Computer Networks: A Systems Approach. Singapore: Harcourt Asia. ISBN 978-981-4066-43-3. Retrieved 24 May 2025.

techgenix.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Remote Access VPN and a Twist on the Dangers of Split Tunneling, 10 May 2005, retrieved 5 December 2017

techradar.com (Global: 1,513^th place; English: 964^th place)

Gill, Mark (27 March 2026). "Amnezia VPN review 2026". TechRadar. Retrieved 28 April 2026.

techtarget.com (Global: 3,908^th place; English: 3,051^st place)

searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com

Phifer, Lisa. "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap" Archived 6 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, SearchMobileComputing.com, 16 July 2006.

searchnetworking.techtarget.com

Sturt, Robert; Rosencrance, Linda; Scarpati, Jessica (28 March 2023). "What is Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)?". techtarget.com. Retrieved 21 July 2025.

techuplife.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Long, Moe (22 July 2021). "Best VPN for Split Tunneling". Tech Up Your Life. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

uspto.gov (Global: 2,155^th place; English: 1,380^th place)

tarr.uspto.gov

"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". tarr.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"virtual private network". NIST Computer Security Resource Center Glossary. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
"What Is a VPN? - Virtual Private Network". Cisco. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
Sowells, Julia (7 August 2017). "Virtual Private Network (VPN): What VPN Is And How It Works". Hackercombat. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Phifer, Lisa. "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap" Archived 6 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, SearchMobileComputing.com, 16 July 2006.
Willett, Andy. "Solving the Computing Challenges of Mobile Officers" Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, www.officer.com, May, 2006.
Cheng, Roger. "Lost Connections" Archived 28 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 11 December 2007.
"EVPN Overview - TechLibrary - Juniper Networks". www.juniper.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
"Understanding EVPN with VXLAN Data Plane Encapsulation - TechLibrary - Juniper Networks". www.juniper.net. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
"1. Ultimate Powerful VPN Connectivity". www.softether.org. SoftEther VPN Project. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"ssh(1) – OpenBSD manual pages". man.openbsd.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- Barschel, Colin. "Unix Toolbox". cb.vu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- Preneel, Bart; Vercauteren, Frederik, eds. (11 June 2018). Applied Cryptography and Network Security. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-93387-0. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- Salter, Jim (30 March 2020). "WireGuard VPN makes it to 1.0.0—and into the next Linux kernel". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- "Diff - 99761f1eac33d14a4b1613ae4b7076f41cb2df94^! - kernel/common - Git at Google". android.googlesource.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- "OpenConnect". Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2013. OpenConnect is a client for Cisco's AnyConnect SSL VPN [...] OpenConnect is not officially supported by, or associated in any way with, Cisco Systems. It just happens to interoperate with their equipment.
- "Why TCP Over TCP Is A Bad Idea". sites.inka.de. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". tarr.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- Fuller, Johnray; Ha, John (2002). Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Security Guide (PDF). United States: Red Hat, Inc. pp. 48–53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  - Petersen, Richard (2004). "Chapter 17: Internet Protocol Security: IPsec, Crypto IP Encapsulation for Virtual Private Networks". Red Hat - The Complete Reference Enterprise Linux & Fedora Edition. United States: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. ISBN 0-07-223075-4. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  - Titz, Olaf (20 December 2011). "CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation". CIPE - Crypto IP Encapsulation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  - Titz, Olaf (2 April 2013). "CIPE - encrypted IP in UDP tunneling". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
    - Wilson, Damion (19 October 2002). "CIPE-Win32 - Crypto IP Encapsulation for Windows NT/2000". SourceForge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
    - Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP" Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2661, W. Townsley et al., August 1999
    - IP Based Virtual Private Networks Archived 9 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2341, A. Valencia et al., May 1998
    - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Archived 2 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, RFC 2637, K. Hamzeh et al., July 1999

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Borak, Masha (7 April 2023). "The Open Source VPN Out-Maneuvering Russian Censorship". Wired. Retrieved 28 April 2026.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Kurniadi, S. H.; Utami, E.; Wibowo, F. W. (December 2018). "Building Dynamic Mesh VPN Network using MikroTik Router". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1140 012039. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1140/1/012039. ISSN 1742-6596.
E. Jankiewicz; J. Loughney; T. Narten (December 2011). IPv6 Node Requirements. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6434. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6434. Obsolete. p. 17. Obsoleted by RFC 8504. Obsoletes RFC 4294. Previously, IPv6 mandated implementation of IPsec and recommended the key management approach of IKE. This document updates that recommendation by making support of the IPsec Architecture RFC4301 a SHOULD for all IPv6 nodes.
Younglove, R. (December 2000). "Virtual private networks - how they work". Computing & Control Engineering Journal. 11 (6): 260–262. doi:10.1049/cce:20000602 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 0956-3385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)^{[dead link]}
- Benjamin Dowling, and Kenneth G. Paterson (12 June 2018). "A cryptographic analysis of the WireGuard protocol". International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security. ISBN 978-3-319-93386-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Cheng, Roger. "Lost Connections" Archived 28 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 11 December 2007.

Virtual private network (English Wikipedia)

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