World War II casualties (English Wikipedia)

Jonathan E. Helmreich (Summer 2000). "The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II". Aerospace Power Journal. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2016 – via Airpower.maxwell.af.mil.
Jonathan E. Helmreich (Summer 2000). "The Bombing of Zurich". Aerospace Power Journal. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2016 – via Airpower.maxwell.af.mil.

africamuseum.be

Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. pp. 92–3.
United Nations 1948 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. p. 94.

anesi.com

"United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946 p. 20". Retrieved 2015-06-25.

apjjf.org

"The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited1944−45". 24 January 2011.

archive.org

Dower, John W. (1986). War Without Mercy. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 295–96. ISBN 0-394-75172-8.
Ian Dear (1995). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 290. ISBN 978-0198662259. (10 million military dead)
Ian Dear (1995). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. pp. 290. ISBN 978-0198662259. (10 million civilian dead)
Davies, R. W. (2005) [1994]. "(E) The Second World War, 1939-1945". Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0521457705. Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million, which included 20.3 million annexed territories
Gilbert, Martin (1988). Atlas of the Holocaust. William Morrow. p. 244. ISBN 0-688-12364-3.
McKernan, Michael (2006). Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II. Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 393. ISBN 1-74114-714-X.
Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947), pp. 143–44

archive.today

Jonathan E. Helmreich (Summer 2000). "The Bombing of Zurich". Aerospace Power Journal. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2016 – via Airpower.maxwell.af.mil.

archives.gov

"The National Archives Catalog". National Archives. August 15, 2016.

army.mil

history.army.mil

"World War II, Korea and Vietnam Casualties Listed by State". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
"Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36". History.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
"Reports of General MacArthur. MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase, Volume I Supplement – U.S. Government printing Office 1966, p. 130, endnote 36". History.army.mil. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

aucklandmuseum.com

"Auckland War Museum, World War Two Hall of Memories". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

austria.gv.at

Austria facts and Figures p. 44 The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews.

awm.gov.au

"Deaths as a result of service with Australian units (AWM) web page". AWM. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
"Australian Military Statistics World War II – A Global Perspective". AWM. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Long, Gavin (1963). The Final Campaigns. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
Stevens, The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30 Retrieved 10 March 2016.

ajrp.awm.gov.au

"Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964". Australia-Japan Research Project. Retrieved 2016-03-10.

bac-lac.gc.ca

"Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939–1947". Library and Archived Canada. 2013-03-26. Retrieved July 4, 2016.

bbc.co.uk

Marika Sherwood. "Colonies, Colonials and World War Two". BBC. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

bbc.com

"Does Germany owe Greece wartime reparations money?". BBC News. June 14, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

befrielsen1945.dk

"Hvor mange dræbte danskere?". Danish Ministry of Education. 2005-03-11. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

books.google.com

Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union". Harvard University Press. p. 242; ISBN 0-674-02178-9
Ishikida, Miki (July 13, 2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc. p. 30. ISBN 978-0595350636. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Anne Sharp Wells (28 September 2009). The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan. Scarecrow Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8108-7026-0.
Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9 Google Books
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 633. ISBN 9780802078209.
Giorgi, Alessandro (2015-08-26). Cronaca della Seconda Guerra Mondiale 1939–1945. Alessandro Giorgi. ISBN 9786050408539.
Arrigo Petacco (9 December 2014). La nostra guerra 1940–1945. Mondadori. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-88-520-5783-0.
Giovanni Di Capua (2005). Resistenzialismo versus Resistenza. Rubbettino Editore. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-88-498-1197-1.
Bruno Vespa (7 October 2010). Vincitori e vinti (in Italian). Edizioni Mondadori. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-88-520-1191-7.
Grant, Reg. "World War II: Europe", p. 60.
Antill, Peter (2005-10-10). Peter Antill & Dennis, Peter. Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich. Bloomsbury USA. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84176-915-8. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 3. ISBN 978-0595350636. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Andreev, EM; Darski, LE; Kharkova, TL (11 September 2002). "Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes". In Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei; Volkov, Andrei (eds.). Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-85320-5.
Andreev, EM; Darski, LE; Kharkova, TL (11 September 2002). "Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes". In Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei; Volkov, Andrei (eds.). Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-85320-5.
Roger Mansell (2012). Captured: The Forgotten Men of Guam. Naval Institute Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-61251-114-6.

bpb.de

"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße", bpb.de (2005); accessed December 6, 2014.(in German)
"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße", bpb.de; accessed 1 December 2015.(in German)

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bundesarchiv.de

Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine 2003 report by German Federal Archive puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000
Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945 (Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar. Einführung von Harald Jenner)
Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar [1]
Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus Bundesarchiv Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine;
Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, bundesarchiv.de; accessed March 5, 2016.(in German)

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"Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich - Startseite". www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
"Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich – Startseite – Bundeskanzleramt Österreich". www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at.

ca.gov

leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

"AJR-27 War crimes: Japanese military during World War II". California Legislative Information. State of California. 26 August 1999. Retrieved 23 July 2019. WHEREAS, At the February 1945 "Battle of Manila," 100,000 men, women, and children were killed by Japanese armed forces in inhumane ways, adding to a total death toll that may have exceeded one million Filipinos during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, which began in December 1941 and ended in August 1945;

campagnadirussia.info

the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine.
"Italian Ministry of Defence, Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro, 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2023.

capmembers.com

"CAP History and Organization" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. Retrieved February 27, 2011.

cbs.nl

"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

cdli.ca

"Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland". Cdli.ca. Retrieved March 5, 2016.

cdmhost.com

cgsc.cdmhost.com

STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL (June 1, 1953). "Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946"". U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II. U.S. Department of the Army. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 11 January 2015 – via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL (June 1, 1953). "Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946"". U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II. U.S. Department of the Army. pp. 102–107 – via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.

ceeol.com

Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1. This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com

census.gov

"International Programs – Historical Estimates of World Population – U.S. Census Bureau". 2013-03-06. Archived from the original on 2013-03-06. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
"U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population". Retrieved March 4, 2016.

www2.census.gov

"Statistical Abstract of the United States" (PDF). census.gov. United States Department of Commerce. 1941. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2014.

cwgc.org

"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2021-2022 p. 36". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2023.Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
"Eire Civilian War Dead". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.
Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, page 44.

archive.cwgc.org

"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016.Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials

cyprusveterans.com.cy

"Cyprus Veterans Association World War II". Cyprusveterans.com.cy. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

datapandas.org

"WW2 Casualties by State 2024". www.datapandas.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.

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"Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor"". Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-03. (accessdate: October 13, 2010.)

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France Ministry of Defense. "Mémoire des hommes".

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demographic-research.org

"The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy: A first attempt. Demographic Research, Vol. 13, No. 15". Demographic-research.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.

demoscope.ru

Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war
"НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922–1991" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War and Statistical Lynbrinth (in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017.

deutschlandfunk.de

Stefan Koldehoff, Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik (interview with Christoph Bergner), Deutschlandfunk, 29 November 2006.
Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk; accessed June 21, 2015. (in German)

dhm.de

Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45, dhm.de; accessed 21 June 2015.(in German)

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Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.78 (available online at https://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
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Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960. Bonn. 1961. p. 79.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78, available online at [4].

direct.gov.uk

"The "Debt of Honour Register" from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Direct.gov.uk. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

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"Council for Reparations from Germany, Black Book of the Occupation (in Greek and German), Athens 2006, p. 126" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

doi.org

Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature (Submitted manuscript). 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671. – p. 19
Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, V. N. (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word". Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 315–345. doi:10.1080/09668139999056.
Conquest, Robert (1991). "Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments". Soviet Studies. 43 (5): 949–952. doi:10.1080/09668139108411973.

ecsocman.edu.ru

"L.L. Rybakovsky. Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian), Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000, No. 6" (PDF).

eldis.org

Archived copy Archived May 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Report). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. p. 6. IDS Working Paper 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-16.

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"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm". Users.erols.com. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

fas.org

"Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010" (PDF). Retrieved March 4, 2016.
https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf Archived 2016-01-12 at the Wayback Machine CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan (figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned)

francoangeli.it

600,000 POWs of Allies; 50,000 POWs of Russians; 650,000 POWs of Germans [3]

gpo.gov

"ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS, COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12, 2009". Retrieved March 4, 2016.

gracesguide.co.uk

"SS_Refah, Graces Guide". Retrieved 2015-06-23.

groene.nl

"De vervolging van gemengd-gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler". 4 May 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2016.

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Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature (Submitted manuscript). 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671. – p. 19
Summary of merchant marine personnel casualties, World War II. Washington. March 3, 1950. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082088017.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

United States Strategic Bombing Survey Report # 55 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1947, p. 7. [Washington]. 2018-10-11. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale. United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1947, p. 194. [Washington]. 1947. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

hawaii.edu

"Commentary: Was American WWII Bombing Democide?". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 [2]
Rummel, R. J. (1998). Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. Transaction. Chapter 14. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7.
R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 (1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight)
"R.J. Rummel "Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900" Transaction 1998; ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 (Chapter 3)". Hawaii.edu. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Statistics of Democide (1997).

heritage.nf.ca

Higgins, Jenny (2007). "Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII". Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
"Sinking of the Caribou". www.heritage.nf.ca.

hi.is

visindavefur.hi.is

"Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?". Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2015-06-23.

hic.hr

Danijela Nadj (1993). Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims. Zagreb: Croatian Information Center. ISBN 978-0-919817-32-6. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Danijela Nadj (1993). Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims-The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia. Zagreb: Croatian Information Center. ISBN 978-0-919817-32-6. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

historians.org

American Historical Association: Lessons from Iwo Jima footnote 1 Retrieved 10 March 2016

ibiblio.org

"United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946, p. 15". Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Major Chas. S. Nichols Jr., USMC Henry I. Shaw Jr. "Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific". Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

indiatogether.org

Sen, Amartya. "Reflections of an economist". India Together. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2018.

irishexaminer.com

"In service to their country: Moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII". irishexaminer.com. 2015-08-28. Retrieved 14 June 2019.

issuu.com

Commonwealth War Graves Commission (2015-04-12). "Annual Report 2014-2015". issuu. p. 39. Retrieved 2019-03-05.^{[permanent dead link‍]} Table: "Breakdown of War Dead by Forces". Figures include identified burials as and those commemorated by name on memorials attributed to the United Kingdom.
Commonwealth War Graves Commission (2014-05-11). "Annual Report 2013-2014". issuu. p. 43. Retrieved 2019-03-05.^{[permanent dead link‍]} References the War Dead Roll of Honour. Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain, Siege of Malta, and civilians interned by enemy nations. The CWGC list foreign nationals killed by enemy action on British territory among these.
"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015, p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials

japanfocus.org

Gunn, Geoffrey (2011) "The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944–45 Revisited", The Asia-Pacific Journal, 9(5), no 4, January 31, 2011. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483

japanww2.com

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jstor.org

Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature (Submitted manuscript). 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671. – p. 19
Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, V. N. (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.

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lexpress.fr

"Seconde Guerre mondiale: tombés sous les bombes "amies"". LExpress.fr. June 6, 2014.

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marines.mil

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mca-marines.org

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"US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II". History.navy.mil. Retrieved June 29, 2015.

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"Mitchell Recreation Area". Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos. Servicio de Parques Nacionales, Departamento del Interior de los Estados Unidos. 20 February 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

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