Hourani 1991, pp. 5, 11, "In the early seventh century a religious movement appeared on the margins of the great empires, those of the Byzantines and Sasanians, which dominated the western half of the world....The Byzantine and Sasanian empires were engaged in long wars, which lasted with intervals from 540 to 629." Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: MJF Books. ISBN978-1-56731-216-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Coedès 1968, p. 225, "However that may be, various texts agree that the solemn coronation of Fa Ngum, which marks the founding of the kingdom of Lan Chang, took place in 1353; this date has most probably been transmitted correctly." Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Cowing, Susan Brown. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
Saidi, O. (1984). "The unification of the Maghreb under the Alhomads". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan (1984). "The disintegration of the political unity of the Maghreb". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Kropacek, Lubos (1984). "Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest in the early 15th century". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Tadesse, Tamrat (1984). "The Horn of Africa: The Solomonids in Ethiopia and the states of the Horn of Africa". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. pp. 423, 431. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Niane, Djibril (1984). "Mali and the second Mandingo expansion". General History of Africa. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Mahdi, Adamu (1984). "The Hausa and their neighbours in central Sudan". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Ly-Tall, Madina (1984). "The decline of the Mali empire". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Vansina, Jan (1984). "Equatorial Africa and Angola: Migrations and the emergence of the first states". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Matveiev, Victor (1984). "The development of Swahili civilization". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Fagan, Brian (1984). "The Zambezi and Limpopo basins: 1100–1500". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Naver Naver. 남북국시대 [North-South States Period]. Encyclopedia (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Christian 2015, p. 400, "In any case, by the end of the era of climatic fluctuation, humans occupied almost all the habitats their descendants occupy today, with the exception of relatively remote parts of the Pacific, accessible only by high-seas navigation and unsettled, as far as we know, for many millennia more." Christian, David, ed. (2015). Introducing World History, to 10,000 BCE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139194662. ISBN978-0-521-76333-2. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
Barker & Goucher 2015, pp. 325, 336, "More recent improvements in archaeobotanical recovery have indicated that rice domestication was underway durin...the Hemudu cultural phase in the lower Yangtze valley...This points to a start of cultivation in this region of c. 10,000–9,000 years ago; in the middle Yangtze valley it could have begun someone earlier but may represent a parallel process to the lower Yangtze...it has been suggested on the basis of phytolith and starch residue evidence that broomcorn and foxtail millet were already in use in northern China prior to 7000 BCE. Nonetheless, the most abundant macrofossil evidence of broomcorn and foxtail millet is found in association with the early Neolithic sites post-7000 BCE." Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candace, eds. (2015). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-19218-7. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
Barker & Goucher 2015, p. 518, "Arrowroot was the earliest domesticate [in Panama], dating to 7800 BC at the Cueva de los Vampiros site and 5800 BCE at Aguadulce...Plant domestication began before 8500 BCE in southwest coastal Ecuador. Squash phytoliths were recovered from terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene strata at Vegas sites. Phytoliths recovered from the earliest levels are from wild squash, with domesticated size squash phytoliths directly dated to 9840–8555 BCE." Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candace, eds. (2015). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-19218-7. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
Barker & Goucher 2015, p. 518, "Arrowroot was the earliest domesticate [in Panama], dating to 7800 BC at the Cueva de los Vampiros site and 5800 BCE at Aguadulce...Plant domestication began before 8500 BCE in southwest coastal Ecuador. Squash phytoliths were recovered from terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene strata at Vegas sites. Phytoliths recovered from the earliest levels are from wild squash, with domesticated size squash phytoliths directly dated to 9840–8555 BCE." Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candace, eds. (2015). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-19218-7. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
Barker & Goucher 2015, p. 518, "Arrowroot was the earliest domesticate [in Panama], dating to 7800 BC at the Cueva de los Vampiros site and 5800 BCE at Aguadulce...Plant domestication began before 8500 BCE in southwest coastal Ecuador. Squash phytoliths were recovered from terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene strata at Vegas sites. Phytoliths recovered from the earliest levels are from wild squash, with domesticated size squash phytoliths directly dated to 9840–8555 BCE." Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candace, eds. (2015). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-19218-7. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
Lewin 2009, p. 247, "The date of 12,000 years before present (BP) is usually given as the beginning of what has been called the Agricultural (or Neolithic) Revolution...The tremendous changes wrought during the Neolithic can be seen as a prelude to the emergence of cities and city states and, of course, to a further rise in population." Lewin, Roger (2009) [1984]. Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4051-5614-1. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
Kent 2020, p. 6, "Ancient societies ruled themselves according to a system known as patriarchy, or the rule of the father, in which male heads of households and states claimed nearly absolute power over women." Kent, Susan Kingsley (2020). Gender: A World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-062197-1. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
Geraghty 1994, pp. 236–239, Linguistic Evidence for the Tongan Empire Geraghty, Paul (1994). "Linguistic Evidence for the Tongan Empire". In Dutton, Tom (ed.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 77. Gruyter. ISBN978-3-11-012786-7. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Christian 2011, p. 383, "Because such crops flourished where more familiar staples grew less well, American crops effectively increased the area under cultivation and thereby made possible population growth in many parts of Afro-Eurasia from the 16th century onward." Christian, David (2011) [2004]. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-27144-9. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Christian 2011, p. 383, "Because such crops flourished where more familiar staples grew less well, American crops effectively increased the area under cultivation and thereby made possible population growth in many parts of Afro-Eurasia from the 16th century onward." Christian, David (2011) [2004]. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-27144-9. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Carter & Butt 2005, p. 4, "Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)." Carter, Tim; Butt, John, eds. (2005). The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-79273-8.
Thornton, John K., ed. (2020). "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540". A History of West Central Africa to 1850. New Approaches to African History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–55. ISBN978-1-107-56593-7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
McPherron et al. 2010, pp. 857–860 McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010). "Evidence for Stone-tool-assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 466 (7308): 857–860. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. doi:10.1038/nature09248. PMID20703305. S2CID4356816.
Spoor et al. 2015, pp. 83–86, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo." Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed Homo Habilis Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID25739632. S2CID4470282.
Zhu et al. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World." Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (2018). "Hominin Occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau Since About 2.1 million Years Ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID29995848. S2CID49670311.
Christian 2015, p. 400, "In any case, by the end of the era of climatic fluctuation, humans occupied almost all the habitats their descendants occupy today, with the exception of relatively remote parts of the Pacific, accessible only by high-seas navigation and unsettled, as far as we know, for many millennia more." Christian, David, ed. (2015). Introducing World History, to 10,000 BCE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139194662. ISBN978-0-521-76333-2. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
McPherron et al. 2010, pp. 857–860 McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010). "Evidence for Stone-tool-assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 466 (7308): 857–860. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. doi:10.1038/nature09248. PMID20703305. S2CID4356816.
Spoor et al. 2015, pp. 83–86, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo." Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed Homo Habilis Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID25739632. S2CID4470282.
Zhu et al. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World." Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (2018). "Hominin Occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau Since About 2.1 million Years Ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID29995848. S2CID49670311.
Naver Naver. 남북국시대 [North-South States Period]. Encyclopedia (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
McPherron et al. 2010, pp. 857–860 McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010). "Evidence for Stone-tool-assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 466 (7308): 857–860. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. doi:10.1038/nature09248. PMID20703305. S2CID4356816.
Spoor et al. 2015, pp. 83–86, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo." Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed Homo Habilis Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID25739632. S2CID4470282.
Zhu et al. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World." Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (2018). "Hominin Occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau Since About 2.1 million Years Ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID29995848. S2CID49670311.
Spoor et al. 2015, pp. 83–86, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo." Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed Homo Habilis Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID25739632. S2CID4470282.
McPherron et al. 2010, pp. 857–860 McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010). "Evidence for Stone-tool-assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 466 (7308): 857–860. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. doi:10.1038/nature09248. PMID20703305. S2CID4356816.
Spoor et al. 2015, pp. 83–86, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo." Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed Homo Habilis Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early Homo". Nature. 519 (7541): 83–86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. doi:10.1038/nature14224. PMID25739632. S2CID4470282.
Zhu et al. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World." Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (2018). "Hominin Occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau Since About 2.1 million Years Ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID29995848. S2CID49670311.
Lal 2001 Lal, Vinay (2001). "The Mughal Empire". Manas: India and its Neighbors. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
unesco.org
unesdoc.unesco.org
Mones, H. (1988). "The conquest of North Africa and the Berber resistance". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan (1988). "The emergence of the Fatimids". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan; Devisse, Jean (1988). "The Almovarids". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Saidi, O. (1984). "The unification of the Maghreb under the Alhomads". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan (1984). "The disintegration of the political unity of the Maghreb". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Jakobielski, Stefan (1988). "Christian Nubia at the height of its civilization". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Kropacek, Lubos (1984). "Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest in the early 15th century". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Mekouria, Tekle-Tsadik (1988). "The Horn of Africa". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Tadesse, Tamrat (1984). "The Horn of Africa: The Solomonids in Ethiopia and the states of the Horn of Africa". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. pp. 423, 431. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Niane, Djibril (1984). "Mali and the second Mandingo expansion". General History of Africa. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Mahdi, Adamu (1984). "The Hausa and their neighbours in central Sudan". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Ly-Tall, Madina (1984). "The decline of the Mali empire". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Vansina, Jan (1984). "Equatorial Africa and Angola: Migrations and the emergence of the first states". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Masao, Fidelis (1988). "The East African coast and the Comoro Islands". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Matveiev, Victor (1984). "The development of Swahili civilization". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Fagan, Brian (1984). "The Zambezi and Limpopo basins: 1100–1500". General History of Africa. Vol. 4. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Akerman, Iain (17 May 2023). "The language of the stars". WIRED Middle East. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
Mones, H. (1988). "The conquest of North Africa and the Berber resistance". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan (1988). "The emergence of the Fatimids". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Hrbek, Ivan; Devisse, Jean (1988). "The Almovarids". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Jakobielski, Stefan (1988). "Christian Nubia at the height of its civilization". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Mekouria, Tekle-Tsadik (1988). "The Horn of Africa". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Thornton, John K., ed. (2020). "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540". A History of West Central Africa to 1850. New Approaches to African History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–55. ISBN978-1-107-56593-7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Masao, Fidelis (1988). "The East African coast and the Comoro Islands". General History of Africa. Vol. 3. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Lal 2001 Lal, Vinay (2001). "The Mughal Empire". Manas: India and its Neighbors. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
Akerman, Iain (17 May 2023). "The language of the stars". WIRED Middle East. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
Huffman, Thomas N. (2015). "Mapela, Mapungubwe and the Origins of States in Southern Africa". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 70 (201): 15–27. ISSN0038-1969.
