X-ray (English Wikipedia)

Peters P (1995). "W. C. Roentgen and the discovery of x-rays". Textbook of Radiology. Medcyclopedia.com, GE Healthcare. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008.

arxiv.org

Köhn, Christoph; Ebert, Ute (January 2014). "Angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung photons and of positrons for calculations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and positron beams". Atmospheric Research. 135–136: 432–465. arXiv:1202.4879. Bibcode:2014AtmRe.135..432K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.012.

berkeley.edu

ast.coe.berkeley.edu

Attwood, David (1999). Soft X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation. Cambridge University. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-65214-8. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Attwood, David (1999). "3". Soft X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65214-8. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

birmingham.gov.uk

"Major John Hall-Edwards". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
"Major John Hall-Edwards". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
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boneandjoint.org.uk

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Van Haver A, Kolk S, DeBoodt S, Valkering K, Verdonk P (2018). "Accuracy of total knee implant position assessment based on postoperative X-rays, registered to pre-operative CT-based 3D models". Orthopaedic Proceedings. 99-B (Supp 4).

books.google.com

Dental Assistants' Association of Australia (2005). The Manual of Dental Assisting. Elsevier Australia. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7295-3737-7.
Illustrated Electrical Review: A Journal of Scientific and Electrical Progress. Electrical Review Publishing Company. 1894.
Glasser O (1993). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the early history of the roentgen rays. Norman Publishing. pp. 10–15. ISBN 978-0930405229.
Ce4Rt (March 2014). Understanding Ionizing Radiation and Protection. p. 174.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Glasser O (1934). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early History of the Roentgen Rays. Norman Publishing. p. 294. ISBN 978-0930405229. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Denny PP, Heaton B (1999). Physics for Diagnostic Radiology. US: CRC Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7503-0591-4.
L'Annunziata M, Abrade M (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-12-436603-9.
Whaites E, Cawson R (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 15–20. ISBN 978-0-443-07027-3.
Bushburg J, Seibert A, Leidholdt E, Boone J (2002). The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-683-30118-2.
Emilio B, Ballerna A (1994). "Preface". Biomedical Applications of Synchrotron Radiation: Proceedings of the 128th Course at the International School of Physics -Enrico Fermi- 12–22 July 1994, Varenna, Italy. IOS Press. p. xv. ISBN 90-5199-248-3.
US National Research Council (2006). Health Risks from Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BEIR 7 phase 2. National Academies Press. pp. 5, fig.PS–2. ISBN 978-0-309-09156-5., data credited to NCRP (US National Committee on Radiation Protection) 1987
Kasai N, Kakudo, M (2005). X-ray diffraction by macromolecules. Tokyo: Kodansha. pp. 291–2. ISBN 978-3-540-25317-4.
Bickmore, Helen (2003). Milady's Hair Removal Techniques: A Comprehensive Manual. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-1401815554.

borderreport.com

Sanchez, Sandra (17 January 2023). "From the ground up, X-rays scan vehicles for contraband at border checkpoints". Border Report. Retrieved 27 June 2025.

britannica.com

"X-ray microscope | High-Resolution, Non-Destructive, Imaging | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
"X-ray astronomy | X-ray Sources, Celestial Objects & Galaxies | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 March 2025.

cancer.gov

seer.cancer.gov

"National Cancer Institute: Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data". Seer.cancer.gov. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2011.

carleton.edu

serc.carleton.edu

Mogk, David (13 August 2021). "X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS; aka Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, ESCA)". Montana Nanotechnology Facility. Montana State University. Retrieved 27 June 2025.

ccohs.ca

Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (9 May 2019). "Radiation – Quantities and Units of Ionizing Radiation: OSH Answers". CCOHS.ca. Retrieved 9 May 2019.

chsopensource.org

"Radiography for Art". Cultural Heritage Science Open Source. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2025.

cwi.nl

ir.cwi.nl

Köhn, Christoph; Ebert, Ute (27 February 2015). "Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons, and protons associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120 (4): 1620–1635. Bibcode:2015JGRD..120.1620K. doi:10.1002/2014JD022229.

dentalgentlecare.com

X-Ray Safety Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Dentalgentlecare.com (6 February 2008). Retrieved on 2011-05-05.

doctorspiller.com

X-Rays Archived 15 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Doctorspiller.com (9 May 2007). Retrieved on 2011-05-05.

doe.gov

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D.O.E. – About Radiation Archived 27 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine

doi.org

Filler A (2009). "The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3267.4.
Morgan W (24 February 1785). "Electrical Experiments Made in Order to Ascertain the Non-Conducting Power of a Perfect Vacuum, &c". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 75. Royal Society of London: 272–278. doi:10.1098/rstl.1785.0014.
Anderson JG (January 1945). "William Morgan and X-rays". Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries. 17: 219–221. doi:10.1017/s0071368600003001.
Walden, T L (December 1991). "The first radiation accident in America: a centennial account of the x-ray photograph made in 1890". Radiology. 181 (3): 635–639. doi:10.1148/radiology.181.3.1947073. PMID 1947073.
Hrabak M, Padovan RS, Kralik M, Ozretic D, Potocki K (July 2008). "Scenes from the past: Nikola Tesla and the discovery of X-rays". Radiographics. 28 (4): 1189–1192. doi:10.1148/rg.284075206. PMID 18635636.
Stanton A (23 January 1896). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen On a New Kind of Rays: translation of a paper read before the Würzburg Physical and Medical Society, 1895". Nature. 53 (1369): 274–6. Bibcode:1896Natur..53R.274.. doi:10.1038/053274b0. see also pp. 268 and 276 of the same issue.
Garcia, J.; Buchwald, N. A.; Feder, B. H.; Koelling, R. A.; Tedrow, L. (1964). "Sensitivity of the head to X-ray". Science. 144 (3625): 1470–1472. Bibcode:1964Sci...144.1470G. doi:10.1126/science.144.3625.1470. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14171545. Rats have been trained to respond to signals consisting of very low doses of chi-ray directed to the head.
Takahashi, K.; Case, B. W.; Dufresne, A.; Fraser, R.; Higashi, T.; Siemiatycki, J. (1994). "Relation between lung asbestos fibre burden and exposure indices based on job history". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 51 (7): 461–469. doi:10.1136/oem.51.7.461. PMC 1128015. PMID 8044245.
Natale, Simone (November 2011). "THE INVISIBLE MADE VISIBLE: X-rays as attraction and visual medium at the end of the nineteenth century". Media History. 17 (4): 345–358. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.602856. hdl:2134/19408.
Natale S (4 August 2011). "A Cosmology of Invisible Fluids: Wireless, X-Rays, and Psychical Research Around 1900". Canadian Journal of Communication. 36 (2): 263–276. doi:10.22230/cjc.2011v36n2a2368. hdl:2318/1770480.
Grove AW (1997). "Röntgen's ghosts: photography, X-rays, and the Victorian imagination". Literature and Medicine. 16 (2): 141–173. doi:10.1353/lm.1997.0016. PMID 9368224.
Feldman A (November 1989). "A sketch of the technical history of radiology from 1896 to 1920". Radiographics. 9 (6): 1113–1128. doi:10.1148/radiographics.9.6.2685937. PMID 2685937.
"Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles1". Nature. 55 (1432): 539–540. 1 April 1897. Bibcode:1897Natur..55..539.. doi:10.1038/055539a0.
Mayba, Ihor I.; Gaiua, Roman; Kyle, Robert A.; Shampo, Marc A. (July 1997). "Ukrainian Physicist Contributes to the Discovery of X-Rays". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 72 (7): 658. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63573-8. PMID 9212769.
Spiegel PK (January 1995). "The first clinical X-ray made in America—100 years". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 164 (1): 241–243. doi:10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549. PMID 7998549.
Daniel J (April 1896). "THE X-RAYS". Science. 3 (67): 562–563. Bibcode:1896Sci.....3..562D. doi:10.1126/science.3.67.562. PMID 17779817.
Sansare K, Khanna V, Karjodkar F (February 2011). "Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception". Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 40 (2): 123–125. doi:10.1259/dmfr/73488299. PMC 3520298. PMID 21239576.
Stoddart, Charlotte (March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1.
Soltis, Tomas; Folan, Lorcan M.; Eltareb, Waleed (May 2017). "One hundred years of Moseley's law: An undergraduate experiment with relativistic effects". American Journal of Physics. 85 (5): 352–358. Bibcode:2017AmJPh..85..352S. doi:10.1119/1.4977793.
Fitzgerald R (2000). "Phase-sensitive x-ray imaging". Physics Today. 53 (7): 23–26. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..23F. doi:10.1063/1.1292471.
David C, Nöhammer B, Solak H, Ziegler (2002). "Differential x-ray phase contrast imaging using a shearing interferometer". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (17): 3287–3289. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81.3287D. doi:10.1063/1.1516611.
Wilkins SW, Gureyev TE, Gao D, Pogany A, Stevenson AW (1996). "Phase-contrast imaging using polychromatic hard X-rays". Nature. 384 (6607): 335–338. Bibcode:1996Natur.384..335W. doi:10.1038/384335a0.
Davis TJ, Gao D, Gureyev TE, Stevenson AW, Wilkins SW (1995). "Phase-contrast imaging of weakly absorbing materials using hard X-rays". Nature. 373 (6515): 595–598. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..595D. doi:10.1038/373595a0.
Momose A, Takeda T, Itai Y, Hirano K (April 1996). "Phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography for observing biological soft tissues". Nature Medicine. 2 (4): 473–475. doi:10.1038/nm0496-473. PMID 8597962.
Paul, Sudip; Saikia, Angana; Majhi, Vinayak; Pandey, Vinay Kumar (2022). "Radiological devices". Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation and Its Applications. pp. 169–211. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821674-3.00004-8. ISBN 978-0-12-821674-3.
Lin, Eugene C. (2010). "Radiation Risk From Medical Imaging". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 85 (12): 1142–1146. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0260. PMC 2996147. PMID 21123642.
Kissel, Lynn (August 2000). "RTAB: the Rayleigh scattering database". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 59 (2): 185–200. Bibcode:2000RaPC...59..185K. doi:10.1016/S0969-806X(00)00290-5.
Camara, Carlos G.; Escobar, Juan V.; Hird, Jonathan R.; Putterman, Seth J. (October 2008). "Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape". Nature. 455 (7216): 1089–1092. Bibcode:2008Natur.455.1089C. doi:10.1038/nature07378.
Paul H, Muhr J (1986). "Review of experimental cross sections for K-shell ionization by light ions". Physics Reports. 135 (2): 47–97. Bibcode:1986PhR...135...47P. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90149-3.
Köhn, Christoph; Ebert, Ute (January 2014). "Angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung photons and of positrons for calculations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and positron beams". Atmospheric Research. 135–136: 432–465. arXiv:1202.4879. Bibcode:2014AtmRe.135..432K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.012.
Köhn, Christoph; Ebert, Ute (27 February 2015). "Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons, and protons associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120 (4): 1620–1635. Bibcode:2015JGRD..120.1620K. doi:10.1002/2014JD022229.
Kochkin, Pavlo; Köhn, Christoph; Ebert, Ute; van Deursen, Lex (August 2016). "Analyzing x-ray emissions from meter-scale negative discharges in ambient air" (PDF). Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 25 (4): 044002. Bibcode:2016PSST...25d4002K. doi:10.1088/0963-0252/25/4/044002.
Cooray V, Arevalo L, Rahman M, Dwyer J, Rassoul H (2009). "On the possible origin of X-rays in long laboratory sparks". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 71 (17–18): 1890–1898. Bibcode:2009JASTP..71.1890C. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.07.010.
Köhn C, Chanrion O, Neubert T (March 2017). "Electron acceleration during streamer collisions in air". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (5): 2604–2613. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.2604K. doi:10.1002/2016GL072216. PMC 5405581. PMID 28503005.
Köhn C, Chanrion O, Babich LP, Neubert T (2018). "Streamer properties and associated x-rays in perturbed air". Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 27 (1): 015017. Bibcode:2018PSST...27a5017K. doi:10.1088/1361-6595/aaa5d8.
Köhn C, Chanrion O, Neubert T (May 2018). "High-Energy Emissions Induced by Air Density Fluctuations of Discharges". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (10): 5194–5203. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.5194K. doi:10.1029/2018GL077788. PMC 6049893. PMID 30034044.
Förster A, Brandstetter S, Schulze-Briese C (June 2019). "Transforming X-ray detection with hybrid photon counting detectors". Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2147): 20180241. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780241F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0241. PMC 6501887. PMID 31030653.
Thomas, Adrian M.K. (August 2007). "The first 50 years of military radiology 1895–1945". European Journal of Radiology. 63 (2): 214–219. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.05.024. PMID 17629432.
Roobottom CA, Mitchell G, Morgan-Hughes G (November 2010). "Radiation-reduction strategies in cardiac computed tomographic angiography". Clinical Radiology. 65 (11): 859–867. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.021. PMID 20933639. Of the 5 billion imaging investigations performed worldwide...
Rhinehart, D. A. (December 1931). "Air and Gas in the Soft Tissues: A Radiologic Study". Radiology. 17 (6): 1158–1170. doi:10.1148/17.6.1158.
Davros, William J. (April 2007). "Fluoroscopy: basic science, optimal use, and patient/operator protection". Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 11 (2): 44–54. doi:10.1053/j.trap.2007.02.005.
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Thwaites DI, Tuohy JB (July 2006). "Back to the future: the history and development of the clinical linear accelerator". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 51 (13): R343 – R362. Bibcode:2006PMB....51R.343T. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R20. PMID 16790912.
Hall EJ, Brenner DJ (May 2008). "Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology". The British Journal of Radiology. 81 (965): 362–378. doi:10.1259/bjr/01948454. PMID 18440940.
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Upton AC (July 2003). "The state of the art in the 1990's: NCRP Report No. 136 on the scientific bases for linearity in the dose-response relationship for ionizing radiation". Health Physics. 85 (1): 15–22. Bibcode:2003HeaPh..85...15U. doi:10.1097/00004032-200307000-00005. PMID 12852466.
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Oakley PA, Ehsani NN, Harrison DE (1 April 2019). "The Scoliosis Quandary: Are Radiation Exposures From Repeated X-Rays Harmful?". Dose-Response. 17 (2): 1559325819852810. doi:10.1177/1559325819852810. PMC 6560808. PMID 31217755.
Berrington de González A, Darby S (January 2004). "Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries". Lancet. 363 (9406): 345–351. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15433-0. PMID 15070562.
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Chalkley M, Listl S (March 2018). "First do no harm – The impact of financial incentives on dental X-rays". Journal of Health Economics. 58 (March 2018): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.005. hdl:2066/190628. PMID 29408150.
Monico L, Van der Snickt G, Janssens K, De Nolf W, Miliani C, Verbeeck J, et al. (February 2011). "Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods. 1. Artificially aged model samples". Analytical Chemistry. 83 (4): 1214–1223. Bibcode:2011AnaCh..83.1214M. doi:10.1021/ac102424h. PMID 21314201.
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Ahi, Kiarash; Anwar, Mehdi (2016). "Advanced terahertz techniques for quality control and counterfeit detection". In Anwar, Mehdi F.; Crowe, Thomas W.; Manzur, Tariq (eds.). Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems X: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense. Vol. 9856. pp. 98560G. doi:10.1117/12.2228684.
Tendler, Irwin I.; Hartford, Alan; Jermyn, Michael; LaRochelle, Ethan; Cao, Xu; Borza, Victor; Alexander, Daniel; Bruza, Petr; Hoopes, Jack; Moodie, Karen; Marr, Brian P.; Williams, Benjamin B.; Pogue, Brian W.; Gladstone, David J.; Jarvis, Lesley A. (February 2020). "Experimentally Observed Cherenkov Light Generation in the Eye During Radiation Therapy". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 106 (2): 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.031. PMC 7161418. PMID 31669563.
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engole.info

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epa.gov

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handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Thomson, Joseph John (1900). "Leonard's Experiments". The Discharge of Electricity Through Gases. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 182–186. hdl:2027/uiug.30112112077497.
Natale, Simone (November 2011). "THE INVISIBLE MADE VISIBLE: X-rays as attraction and visual medium at the end of the nineteenth century". Media History. 17 (4): 345–358. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.602856. hdl:2134/19408.
Natale S (4 August 2011). "A Cosmology of Invisible Fluids: Wireless, X-Rays, and Psychical Research Around 1900". Canadian Journal of Communication. 36 (2): 263–276. doi:10.22230/cjc.2011v36n2a2368. hdl:2318/1770480.
Chalkley M, Listl S (March 2018). "First do no harm – The impact of financial incentives on dental X-rays". Journal of Health Economics. 58 (March 2018): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.005. hdl:2066/190628. PMID 29408150.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Stanton A (23 January 1896). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen On a New Kind of Rays: translation of a paper read before the Würzburg Physical and Medical Society, 1895". Nature. 53 (1369): 274–6. Bibcode:1896Natur..53R.274.. doi:10.1038/053274b0. see also pp. 268 and 276 of the same issue.
Garcia, J.; Buchwald, N. A.; Feder, B. H.; Koelling, R. A.; Tedrow, L. (1964). "Sensitivity of the head to X-ray". Science. 144 (3625): 1470–1472. Bibcode:1964Sci...144.1470G. doi:10.1126/science.144.3625.1470. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14171545. Rats have been trained to respond to signals consisting of very low doses of chi-ray directed to the head.
"Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles1". Nature. 55 (1432): 539–540. 1 April 1897. Bibcode:1897Natur..55..539.. doi:10.1038/055539a0.
Daniel J (April 1896). "THE X-RAYS". Science. 3 (67): 562–563. Bibcode:1896Sci.....3..562D. doi:10.1126/science.3.67.562. PMID 17779817.
Soltis, Tomas; Folan, Lorcan M.; Eltareb, Waleed (May 2017). "One hundred years of Moseley's law: An undergraduate experiment with relativistic effects". American Journal of Physics. 85 (5): 352–358. Bibcode:2017AmJPh..85..352S. doi:10.1119/1.4977793.
Fitzgerald R (2000). "Phase-sensitive x-ray imaging". Physics Today. 53 (7): 23–26. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..23F. doi:10.1063/1.1292471.
David C, Nöhammer B, Solak H, Ziegler (2002). "Differential x-ray phase contrast imaging using a shearing interferometer". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (17): 3287–3289. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81.3287D. doi:10.1063/1.1516611.
Wilkins SW, Gureyev TE, Gao D, Pogany A, Stevenson AW (1996). "Phase-contrast imaging using polychromatic hard X-rays". Nature. 384 (6607): 335–338. Bibcode:1996Natur.384..335W. doi:10.1038/384335a0.
Davis TJ, Gao D, Gureyev TE, Stevenson AW, Wilkins SW (1995). "Phase-contrast imaging of weakly absorbing materials using hard X-rays". Nature. 373 (6515): 595–598. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..595D. doi:10.1038/373595a0.
Kissel, Lynn (August 2000). "RTAB: the Rayleigh scattering database". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 59 (2): 185–200. Bibcode:2000RaPC...59..185K. doi:10.1016/S0969-806X(00)00290-5.
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