Yamnaya culture (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Yamnaya culture" in English language version.

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63nih.gov

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academia.edu

Anthony 2019a, p. 1-19. Anthony, David (Spring–Summer 2019a). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 47 (1–2). Retrieved 2020-01-09.

archive.org

Mallory 1999. Mallory, J.P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
Mallory 1999, p. 215. Mallory, J.P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
Mallory 1999, p. 210-211. Mallory, J.P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7

arxiv.org

Per Haak et al. (2015), adding a north-Siberian people as a fourth reference population improves residuals for northeastern European populations. This accounts for the higher than expected Yamnaya contribution and brings it down to expected levels (67.8–50.4 % in Finns, 64.9–46.8 % in Russians). Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Haak et al. 2015. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Haak et al. 2015, pp. 121–124. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Lazaridis et al. 2014. Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Mittnik, Alissa; Renaud, Gabriel; et al. (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.
Haak et al. 2015, pp. 121–122. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.

bbc.com

"Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered". BBC. 16 November 2015.

biorxiv.org

Lazaridis et al. 2016. Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (16 June 2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers". bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. Supplementary Information

books.google.com

Schneider, Thomas (2023). Language Contact in Ancient Egypt. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 110-113. ISBN 978-3-643-91507-8.
Anthony 2019b, p. 36. Anthony, David W. (2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European. BRILL. pp. 21–54. ISBN 978-9004416192.
Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (11 May 2023). The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. p. 70-76. ISBN 978-1-009-26174-6.

bris.ac.uk

research-information.bris.ac.uk

Heyd, Volker (April 2017). "Kossinna's smile". Antiquity. 91 (356): 348–359. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.21. hdl:10138/255652. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 164376362.

cambridge.org

Shishlina, Natalia I. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "Yamnaya Pastoralists in the Eurasian Desert Steppe Zone: New Perspectives on Mobility", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–41, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.006, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-23
Anthony, David W. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "The Yamnaya Culture and the Invention of Nomadic Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–33, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.005, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-13
Olsen, Birgit A. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "Marriage Strategies and Fosterage among the Indo-Europeans: A Linguistic Perspective", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 296–302, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.027, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-13
Nikitin, Alexey; Ivanova, Svetlana (28 November 2022). "Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem". Cambridge Open Engage. doi:10.33774/coe-2022-7m315.

ceon.pl

depot.ceon.pl

Allentoft 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.

degruyter.com

Gerling, Claudia (1 July 2015). Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC: An Isotopic Approach. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110311211. ISBN 978-3-11-031121-1.

doi.org

Per Haak et al. (2015), adding a north-Siberian people as a fourth reference population improves residuals for northeastern European populations. This accounts for the higher than expected Yamnaya contribution and brings it down to expected levels (67.8–50.4 % in Finns, 64.9–46.8 % in Russians). Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Allentoft 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
Morgunova & Khokhlova 2013. Morgunova, Nina; Khokhlova, Olga (2013). "Chronology and Periodization of the Pit-Grave Culture in the Area Between the Volga and Ural Rivers Based on 14C Dating and Paleopedological Research". Radiocarbon. 55 (2–3): 1286–1296. doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16087. ISSN 0033-8222.
Shishlina, Natalia I. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "Yamnaya Pastoralists in the Eurasian Desert Steppe Zone: New Perspectives on Mobility", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–41, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.006, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-23
Anthony, David W. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "The Yamnaya Culture and the Invention of Nomadic Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–33, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.005, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-13
Novembre 2015, "evidence to support theories of a back-migration from Corded Ware-related populations that contributed to the origins of the Sintashta culture in the Urals and their descendants, the Andronovo." Novembre, John (11 June 2015). "Ancient DNA steps into the language debate". Nature. 522 (7555): 164–165. doi:10.1038/522164a. PMID 26062506. S2CID 205085294.
Hermes, Taylor R.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Makarewicz, Cheryl A. (1 December 2020). "Mitochondrial DNA of domesticated sheep confirms pastoralist component of Afanasievo subsistence economy in the Altai Mountains (3300-2900 cal BC)". Archaeological Research in Asia. 24: 100232. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100232. ISSN 2352-2267. S2CID 225136827.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; Brandt, Guido; Jeong, Choongwon; Cheronet, Olivia; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Keating, Denise; Mallick, Swapan (4 February 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
Haak et al. 2015. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, et al. 2015. Mathieson, Iain; et al. (10 October 2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv 10.1101/016477.
Mathieson, Iain; et al. (23 November 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583) (published 24 December 2015): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (June 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815.
Nikitin, Alexey G.; Potekhina, Inna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Reich, David; Lillie, Malcolm (24 February 2017). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots". PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0172952. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272952N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172952. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5325568. PMID 28235025.
Nordgvist & Heyd 2020. Nordgvist, Kerkko; Heyd, Volker (2020). "The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 86: 65–93. doi:10.1017/ppr.2020.9. S2CID 228923806.
Trautmann, Martin (2023). "First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship". Science Advances. 9 (9): eade2451. Bibcode:2023SciA....9E2451T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade2451. hdl:10138/356326. PMC 10954216. PMID 36867690. S2CID 257334477.
Gerling, Claudia (1 July 2015). Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC: An Isotopic Approach. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110311211. ISBN 978-3-11-031121-1.
Librado, Pablo (2021). "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes". Nature. 598 (7882): 634–640. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..634L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. PMC 8550961. PMID 34671162.
Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (3 July 2020). "Skin colour and vitamin D: An update". Experimental Dermatology. 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. PMID 32621306.
Jones et al. 2015. Jones, Eppie R.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Connell, Sarah; Siska, Veronika; et al. (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969.
Lazaridis et al. 2016. Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (16 June 2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers". bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. Supplementary Information
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (30 May 2022). Perry, George H (ed.). "The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene". eLife. 11: e77625. doi:10.7554/eLife.77625. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9293011. PMID 35635751.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (4 February 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.
Wang 2019. Wang, Chuan-Chao (4 February 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia". Nature Communications. 10 (1). Nature Research: 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. bioRxiv 10.1101/322347. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.
Pilipenko, Aleksandr S.; Trapezov, Rostislav O.; Cherdantsev, Stepan V.; Babenko, Vladimir N.; Nesterova, Marina S.; Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V.; Molodin, Vyacheslav I.; Polosmak, Natalia V. (20 September 2018). "Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC)". PLOS ONE. 13 (9). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0204062. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304062P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147448. PMID 30235269.
Nikitin, Alexey G; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (2 February 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815. "In the 12 successfully haplotyped specimens, 75% of mtDNA lineages consisted of west Eurasian haplogroup U and its U4 and U5 sublineages. Furthermore, we identified a subgroup of east Eurasian haplogroup C in two representatives of the Yamna culture in one of the studied kurgans."
Gibbons, A. (24 July 2015). "Revolution in human evolution". Science. 349 (6246): 362–366. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..362G. doi:10.1126/science.349.6246.362. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26206910.
Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (September 2020). "Skin colour and vitamin D: An update". Experimental Dermatology. 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. ISSN 0906-6705. PMID 32621306.
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Fernandes, Daniel (March 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 6091220. PMID 29466330.
Heyd, Volker (April 2017). "Kossinna's smile". Antiquity. 91 (356): 348–359. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.21. hdl:10138/255652. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 164376362.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Segurel, Laure (2020). "Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000742. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742. PMC 7302802. PMID 32511234. "Furthermore, ancient DNA studies found that the LP mutation was absent or very rare in Europe until the end of the Bronze Age [26–29] and appeared first in individuals with steppe ancestry [19,20]. Thus, it was proposed that the mutation originated in Yamnaya-associated populations and arrived later in Europe by migration of these steppe herders."
Furholt, Martin (2018). "Massive Migrations? The Impact of Recent DNA Studies on our View of Third Millennium Europe". European Journal of Archaeology. 21 (2): 159–191. doi:10.1017/eaa.2017.43. "For example, one lineage could have a biological evolutionary advantage over the other. Allentoft et al. (2015: 171) have found a remarkably high rate of lactose tolerance among individuals connected to Yamnaya and to Corded Ware, as opposed to the majority of Late Neolithic individuals."
Saag, L (2020). "Human Genetics: Lactase Persistence in a Battlefield". Current Biology. 30 (21): R1311–R1313. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1311S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.087. PMID 33142099. S2CID 226229587.
Lazaridis et al. 2022c. Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia". Science. 377 (6609): 940–951. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..940L. doi:10.1126/science.abq0755. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10019558. PMID 36007020. S2CID 251844202.
Klejn, Leo (2017). "The Steppe Hypothesis of Indo-European Origins Remains to be Proven". Acta Archaeologica. 88 (1): 193–204. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2017.12184.x.
Balanovsky, O. (2017). "Genetic differentiation between upland and lowland populations shapes the Y-chromosomal landscape of West Asia". Human Genetics. 136 (4): 437–450. doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1770-2. PMID 28281087. S2CID 3735168. "The ancient Yamnaya samples are located on the "eastern" R-GG400 branch of haplogroup R1b-L23, showing that the paternal descendants of the Yamnaya still live in the Pontic steppe and that the ancient Yamnaya population was not an important source of paternal lineages in present-day West Europeans."
Olsen, Birgit A.; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian (23 August 2019), Tracing the Indo-Europeans, Oxbow Books, pp. 1–6, doi:10.2307/j.ctvmx3k2h.6, ISBN 978-1-78925-273-6, S2CID 202354040
Olsen, Birgit A. (11 May 2023), Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (eds.), "Marriage Strategies and Fosterage among the Indo-Europeans: A Linguistic Perspective", The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 296–302, doi:10.1017/9781009261753.027, ISBN 978-1-00-926175-3, retrieved 2023-05-13
Nikitin, Alexey; Ivanova, Svetlana (28 November 2022). "Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem". Cambridge Open Engage. doi:10.33774/coe-2022-7m315.
Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel I.; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022). "Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages". PLOS ONE. 17 (10): e0275744. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1775744K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9555676. PMID 36223379.
Stoneking, Mark; Arias, Leonardo; Liu, Dang; Oliveira, Sandra; Pugach, Irina; Rodriguez, Jae Joseph Russell B. (24 January 2023). "Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (4): e2209475119. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12009475S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2209475119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9942792. PMID 36649433.
Haak et al. 2015, pp. 121–124. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Lazaridis et al. 2014. Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Mittnik, Alissa; Renaud, Gabriel; et al. (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.
Jones et al. 2017. Jones ER, Zarina G, Moiseyev V, Lightfoot E, Nigst PR, Manica A, Pinhasi R, Bradley DG (2017). "The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers". Current Biology. 27 (4): 576–582. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..576J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060. PMC 5321670. PMID 28162894.
Haak et al. 2015, pp. 121–122. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
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dx.doi.org

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handle.net

hdl.handle.net

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harvard.edu

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nature.com

Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (June 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815.
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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Per Haak et al. (2015), adding a north-Siberian people as a fourth reference population improves residuals for northeastern European populations. This accounts for the higher than expected Yamnaya contribution and brings it down to expected levels (67.8–50.4 % in Finns, 64.9–46.8 % in Russians). Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
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Pilipenko, Aleksandr S.; Trapezov, Rostislav O.; Cherdantsev, Stepan V.; Babenko, Vladimir N.; Nesterova, Marina S.; Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V.; Molodin, Vyacheslav I.; Polosmak, Natalia V. (20 September 2018). "Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC)". PLOS ONE. 13 (9). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0204062. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304062P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147448. PMID 30235269.
Nikitin, Alexey G; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (2 February 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815. "In the 12 successfully haplotyped specimens, 75% of mtDNA lineages consisted of west Eurasian haplogroup U and its U4 and U5 sublineages. Furthermore, we identified a subgroup of east Eurasian haplogroup C in two representatives of the Yamna culture in one of the studied kurgans."
Gibbons, A. (24 July 2015). "Revolution in human evolution". Science. 349 (6246): 362–366. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..362G. doi:10.1126/science.349.6246.362. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26206910.
Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (September 2020). "Skin colour and vitamin D: An update". Experimental Dermatology. 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. ISSN 0906-6705. PMID 32621306.
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Fernandes, Daniel (March 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 6091220. PMID 29466330.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
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Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel I.; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022). "Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages". PLOS ONE. 17 (10): e0275744. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1775744K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9555676. PMID 36223379.
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Haak et al. 2015, pp. 121–122. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Per Haak et al. (2015), adding a north-Siberian people as a fourth reference population improves residuals for northeastern European populations. This accounts for the higher than expected Yamnaya contribution and brings it down to expected levels (67.8–50.4 % in Finns, 64.9–46.8 % in Russians). Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
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nytimes.com

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science.org

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wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

/ˈjæmnaɪə/ YAM-ny-yə; Russian: Я́мная культу́ра, romanized: Yámnaya kultúra, pronounced [ˈjamnəjə kʊlʲˈturə], from яма "pit, hole"

worldcat.org

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Morgunova & Khokhlova 2013. Morgunova, Nina; Khokhlova, Olga (2013). "Chronology and Periodization of the Pit-Grave Culture in the Area Between the Volga and Ural Rivers Based on 14C Dating and Paleopedological Research". Radiocarbon. 55 (2–3): 1286–1296. doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16087. ISSN 0033-8222.
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Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; Brandt, Guido; Jeong, Choongwon; Cheronet, Olivia; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Keating, Denise; Mallick, Swapan (4 February 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (June 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815.
Nikitin, Alexey G.; Potekhina, Inna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Reich, David; Lillie, Malcolm (24 February 2017). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots". PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0172952. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272952N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172952. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5325568. PMID 28235025.
Anthony, David. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. pp. 328–329. OCLC 1102387902.
J., Harrison, Richard. The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC: the example of "Le Petit-Chasseur I + II" (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). p. 196. OCLC 718304072.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
P., Mallory, J. (2003) [1989]. In search of the Indo-Europeans : language, archaeology, and myth. Thames and Hudson. p. 213. ISBN 0-500-27616-1. OCLC 886668216.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 653. ISBN 1-884964-98-2. OCLC 37931209.
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (30 May 2022). Perry, George H (ed.). "The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene". eLife. 11: e77625. doi:10.7554/eLife.77625. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9293011. PMID 35635751.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (4 February 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.
Eske, Allentoft; Morten E. Pokutta; Dalia Willerslev (2015). Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. University of Copenhagen, Denmark. OCLC 1234973657.
Pilipenko, Aleksandr S.; Trapezov, Rostislav O.; Cherdantsev, Stepan V.; Babenko, Vladimir N.; Nesterova, Marina S.; Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V.; Molodin, Vyacheslav I.; Polosmak, Natalia V. (20 September 2018). "Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC)". PLOS ONE. 13 (9). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0204062. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304062P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147448. PMID 30235269.
Nikitin, Alexey G; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (2 February 2017). "Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 605–613. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.12. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 28148921. S2CID 7459815. "In the 12 successfully haplotyped specimens, 75% of mtDNA lineages consisted of west Eurasian haplogroup U and its U4 and U5 sublineages. Furthermore, we identified a subgroup of east Eurasian haplogroup C in two representatives of the Yamna culture in one of the studied kurgans."
Gibbons, A. (24 July 2015). "Revolution in human evolution". Science. 349 (6246): 362–366. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..362G. doi:10.1126/science.349.6246.362. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26206910.
Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (September 2020). "Skin colour and vitamin D: An update". Experimental Dermatology. 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. ISSN 0906-6705. PMID 32621306.
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Fernandes, Daniel (March 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 6091220. PMID 29466330.
Heyd, Volker (April 2017). "Kossinna's smile". Antiquity. 91 (356): 348–359. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.21. hdl:10138/255652. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 164376362.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Lazaridis et al. 2022c. Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (26 August 2022). "A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia". Science. 377 (6609): 940–951. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..940L. doi:10.1126/science.abq0755. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10019558. PMID 36007020. S2CID 251844202.
Reich, David (2018). Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-19-882125-0. OCLC 1006478846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Reich, David (2018). Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-882125-0. OCLC 1006478846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel I.; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022). "Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages". PLOS ONE. 17 (10): e0275744. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1775744K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9555676. PMID 36223379.
Stoneking, Mark; Arias, Leonardo; Liu, Dang; Oliveira, Sandra; Pugach, Irina; Rodriguez, Jae Joseph Russell B. (24 January 2023). "Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (4): e2209475119. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12009475S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2209475119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9942792. PMID 36649433.
Unterländer et al. 2017Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age." and "The blend of EHG [European hunter-gatherer] and Caucasian elements in carriers of the Yamnaya culture was formed on the European steppe and exported into Central Asia and Siberia". We therefore considered an alternative model in which we treat them as a mix of Yamnaya and the Han (Supplementary Table 25). This model fits all of the Iron Age Scythian groups, consistent with these groups having ancestry related to East Asians not found in the other populations. Alternatively, the Iron Age Scythian groups can also be modelled as a mix of Yamnaya and the north Siberian Nganasan (Supplementary Note 2, Supplementary Table 26). Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; et al. (2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537.

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Reich, David, (24 April, 2024). "The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans", in: The Transfomation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC, International Conference, HUN-REN RCH Institute of Archaeology, Budapest.