Fowlers, HW; Fowler, FG (1964). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Greek γράμμα (as it were γράφ-μα, Doric γράθμα) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to 1/24 of an ounce (1/288 of a libra, which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French gramme was adopted from Latin gramma, itself quite obscure, but found in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (8.25) attributed by Remmius Palaemon (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two oboli (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionarys.v. "gramma", 1879).
Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γράμμα, citing the 10th-century work Geopónica and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
Convention nationale, décret du 1er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre, vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), p. 70.
The metre (mètre) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's meridian, given in traditional units as 3 pieds, 11.44 lignes (a ligne being the 12th part of a pouce —inch—, or the 144th part of a pied).
Peltier, Jean-Gabriel (1795). «Paris, during the year 1795». Monthly Review17: 556. Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2018. Contemporaneous English translation of the French decree of 1795
Kennelly, Arthur E. (Julio de 1903). «Magnetic Units and Other Subjects that Might Occupy Attention at the Next International Electrical Congress». Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical EngineersXXII: 529-536. S2CID51634810. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1903.4764390. «The expedient suggests itself of attaching the prefix ab or abs to a practical or Q. E. S. unit, in order to express the absolute or corresponding C. G. S. magnetic unit. … [p. 535] In a comprehensive system of electromagnetic terminology, the electric C. G. S. units should also be christened. They are sometimes referred to in electrical papers, but always in an apologetic, symbolical fashion, owing to the absence of names to cover their nakedness. They might be denoted by the prefix abstat.»
Silsbee, Francis (Abril-junio de 1962). «Systems of Electrical Units». Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section C. 66C (2): 137-183. doi:10.6028/jres.066C.014.
Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (7 de noviembre de 2018). «La semana que viene se decide si abandonamos para siempre la definición actual de kilogramo»(html). Gizmodo. Archivado desde el original el 7 de noviembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «Lo más grave es que las últimas mediciones de alta precisión del cilindro y sus copias revelan que su masa no es exactamente la misma. Quizá el metal haya absorbido moléculas del aire. Quizá el cambio se deba a las limpiezas periódicas a las que se somete. Sea como sea, el caso es que el kilo original ya no pesa exactamente un kilo.»
Kennelly, Arthur E. (Julio de 1903). «Magnetic Units and Other Subjects that Might Occupy Attention at the Next International Electrical Congress». Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical EngineersXXII: 529-536. S2CID51634810. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1903.4764390. «The expedient suggests itself of attaching the prefix ab or abs to a practical or Q. E. S. unit, in order to express the absolute or corresponding C. G. S. magnetic unit. … [p. 535] In a comprehensive system of electromagnetic terminology, the electric C. G. S. units should also be christened. They are sometimes referred to in electrical papers, but always in an apologetic, symbolical fashion, owing to the absence of names to cover their nakedness. They might be denoted by the prefix abstat.»
«Spelling of "gram", etc». Weights and Measures Act 1985. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 30 de octubre de 1985. Consultado el 6 de noviembre de 2011.
«A Turning Point for Humanity: Redefining the World’s Measurement System»(html). Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología(en inglés). 12 de mayo de 2018. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «The kilogram was the mass of one liter of water. The meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. But those units had to be embodied in physical objects, such as the meter bar and a piece of metal that serves as the kilogram: objects that could wear out, and were certainly not available “for all times, for all people.” […] This cylinder of platinum-iridium — about the size of a votive candle — is still kept in a vault at the BIPM. The International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) is so precious that it is only used to calibrate the rest of the planet’s mass standards about once every 40 years. But even with this careful treatment, the mass of Le Grand K — its informal name — seems to be changing over time.»
Brumfiel, Geoff (20 de agosto de 2009). «This Kilogram Has A Weight-Loss Problem»(html). NPR Set Station(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 21 de agosto de 2009. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «As it stands, the entire world's system of measurement hinges on the cylinder. If it is dropped, scratched or otherwise defaced, it would cause a global problem. "If somebody sneezed on that kilogram standard, all the weights in the world would be instantly wrong," says Richard Steiner, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Md.»
Cho, Adrian (6 de noviembre de 2018). «Metric system overhaul will dethrone the one, true kilogram»(html). Science Mag(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 7 de noviembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «Like an aging monarch, Le Grand K is about to bow to modernity. For 130 years, this gleaming cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy has served as the world’s standard for mass. Kept in a bell jar and locked away at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France, the weight has been taken out every 40 years or so to calibrate similar weights around the world.»
Kennelly, Arthur E. (Julio de 1903). «Magnetic Units and Other Subjects that Might Occupy Attention at the Next International Electrical Congress». Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical EngineersXXII: 529-536. S2CID51634810. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1903.4764390. «The expedient suggests itself of attaching the prefix ab or abs to a practical or Q. E. S. unit, in order to express the absolute or corresponding C. G. S. magnetic unit. … [p. 535] In a comprehensive system of electromagnetic terminology, the electric C. G. S. units should also be christened. They are sometimes referred to in electrical papers, but always in an apologetic, symbolical fashion, owing to the absence of names to cover their nakedness. They might be denoted by the prefix abstat.»
Fowlers, HW; Fowler, FG (1964). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Greek γράμμα (as it were γράφ-μα, Doric γράθμα) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to 1/24 of an ounce (1/288 of a libra, which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French gramme was adopted from Latin gramma, itself quite obscure, but found in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (8.25) attributed by Remmius Palaemon (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two oboli (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionarys.v. "gramma", 1879).
Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γράμμα, citing the 10th-century work Geopónica and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
Cho, Adrian (6 de noviembre de 2018). «Metric system overhaul will dethrone the one, true kilogram»(html). Science Mag(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 7 de noviembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «Like an aging monarch, Le Grand K is about to bow to modernity. For 130 years, this gleaming cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy has served as the world’s standard for mass. Kept in a bell jar and locked away at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France, the weight has been taken out every 40 years or so to calibrate similar weights around the world.»
«A Turning Point for Humanity: Redefining the World’s Measurement System»(html). Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología(en inglés). 12 de mayo de 2018. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «The kilogram was the mass of one liter of water. The meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. But those units had to be embodied in physical objects, such as the meter bar and a piece of metal that serves as the kilogram: objects that could wear out, and were certainly not available “for all times, for all people.” […] This cylinder of platinum-iridium — about the size of a votive candle — is still kept in a vault at the BIPM. The International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) is so precious that it is only used to calibrate the rest of the planet’s mass standards about once every 40 years. But even with this careful treatment, the mass of Le Grand K — its informal name — seems to be changing over time.»
Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (7 de noviembre de 2018). «La semana que viene se decide si abandonamos para siempre la definición actual de kilogramo»(html). Gizmodo. Archivado desde el original el 7 de noviembre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «Lo más grave es que las últimas mediciones de alta precisión del cilindro y sus copias revelan que su masa no es exactamente la misma. Quizá el metal haya absorbido moléculas del aire. Quizá el cambio se deba a las limpiezas periódicas a las que se somete. Sea como sea, el caso es que el kilo original ya no pesa exactamente un kilo.»
Brumfiel, Geoff (20 de agosto de 2009). «This Kilogram Has A Weight-Loss Problem»(html). NPR Set Station(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 21 de agosto de 2009. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2018. «As it stands, the entire world's system of measurement hinges on the cylinder. If it is dropped, scratched or otherwise defaced, it would cause a global problem. "If somebody sneezed on that kilogram standard, all the weights in the world would be instantly wrong," says Richard Steiner, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Md.»
«Style Guide». The Economist. 7 de enero de 2002. Archivado desde el original el 1 de julio de 2017. Consultado el 8 de noviembre de 2011.
«kilo». How Many?. Archivado desde el original el 16 de noviembre de 2011. Consultado el 6 de noviembre de 2011.
