“La confidencialidad y la obligación de guardar el secreto profesional están presente en las leyes del ejercicio profesional así como en los códigos de ética del psicólogo en todos los países, v.g: artículo 7 de la Ley 10306
del ejercicio profesional del psicólogo en la Argentina, inciso 5 capítulo tercero del código de ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile , artículo 40 del Código Deontológico del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos de España, artículo 31 del título 7 del Código Deontológico y ético del psicólogo colombiano, el artículo 5: Privacidad y confidencialidad del Código de ética y principios de conducta para los psicólogos de la Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct “
«Report of the American Psychological Association»(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 3 de marzo de 2005. Consultado el 12 de agosto de 2011. «Some professionals assume that accusations of physical or sexual abuse of children that arise during divorce or custody disputes are likely to be false, but the empirical research to date shows no such increase in false reporting at that time. In many instances, children are frightened about being alone with a father they have seen use violence towards their mother or a father who has abused them. Sometimes children make it clear to the court that they wish to remain with the mother because they are afraid of the father, but their wishes are ignored.»
«Asociación de Padres Alejados de sus Hijos». Archivado desde el original el 16 de julio de 2011. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «APADESHI impulsó en el Congreso de la Nación Argentina el proyecto que dio origen a la Ley penal 24.270 que sanciona al padre o tercero que impidiere u obstruyere el vinculo con los hijos, y variados proyectos a nivel legislativo y ejecutivo, tanto nacionales, como provinciales como la Ley de registro de obstructores de vinculo (Prov. de Santa Cruz) y la Ley de Registro de obstructores de lazos familiares (Prov. de Mendoza) y otras iniciativas destinadas a a sancionar y/o limitar la obstaculización del vínculo por parte de uno de los progenitores».
Rohrbaugh, Joanna Bunker (2008). A comprehensive guide to child custody evaluations: mental health and legal perspectives. Berlin: Springer. pp. 399-438. ISBN0-387-71893-1.
Miguel Ángel Rosales Leal (13 de abril). centroesperi.com, ed. «Custodia compartida»(documento de msword). Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2009.
Miguel Ángel Rosales Leal. «Custodia compartida». Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2009.
«Reporting child abuse and neglect». 2, issue 2. Child Trends: Early childhood hightlights. 2001. Archivado desde el original el 11 de enero de 2012. Consultado el 20 de setiembre de 2011.
cop.es
“La confidencialidad y la obligación de guardar el secreto profesional están presente en las leyes del ejercicio profesional así como en los códigos de ética del psicólogo en todos los países, v.g: artículo 7 de la Ley 10306
del ejercicio profesional del psicólogo en la Argentina, inciso 5 capítulo tercero del código de ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile , artículo 40 del Código Deontológico del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos de España, artículo 31 del título 7 del Código Deontológico y ético del psicólogo colombiano, el artículo 5: Privacidad y confidencialidad del Código de ética y principios de conducta para los psicólogos de la Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct “
Gardner, Richard (1991). When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2011. «It is important for judges to appreciate that treatment for the children is most often not possible while the children are still living in the mother's home».
Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation(en inglés)29 (2). Academy Forum. pp. 3-7. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2011. «The most important element in the treatment of these children is immediate transfer to the home of the so-called hated parent».
Gardner, Richard (1991). (Severe Cases of the Parental Alienation Syndrome) Legal and psychotherapeutic approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 27 de julio de 2011. «It is important for judges to appreciate that treatment for the children is most often not possible while the children are still living in the mother's home. No matter how frequently they are seen in treatment, no matter how skilled the therapist, the time in therapy is only a small fraction of the total exposure time to the mother's vilification of the father. There is a pathological psychological bond here between the mother and children that is not going to be changed by therapy as long as the children live with the mother.»
Gardner, Richard (1991). When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2011. «The therapist must appreciate that more of the therapy relates to manipulating and structuring situations than to providing people with insight».
Gardner, Richard (1991). When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2011. «The therapeutic approach must first involve a significant degree of people manipulation».
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The court sanctions program), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «It is in the treatment of PAS families that threats are crucial. Empty threats are not only a waste of time but also compromise the treatment. Threats that have little if any possibility of implementation provide the therapist with a reputation of being weak and impotent and significantly compromise the likelihood that the treatment will be effective. In order for the threats to have clout, the therapist must be court ordered. Otherwise, the therapist's threats are going to be meaningless.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «If the mother wants to see the children who live in the father's home, then she must allow the children in her home to visit with the father, (…), I sometimes refer to this as a trade-of-prisoners program.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «They appreciate that the court is serious and that they will actually suffer serious consequences (including house arrest and even incarceration) if the children do not visit. Accordingly, it is not only the children who are likely to respond to threats of court sanctions but also the alienator."».
Gardner, Richard (1998). «(Legal Approaches), Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children»(en inglés)28 (3/4). Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. pp. 1-21. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2011. «In most cases, recalcitrant mothers need to be warned by the court that if the children do not visit with the father, for whatever reason, court sanctions will be imposed. These not only serve to remind the recalcitrant mother to cooperate with visitation but are very useful for the children as well.”».
Gardner, Richard (1998). Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children(en inglés)28 (3/4). Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. pp. 1-21. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2011. «I generally recommend that the first level of such sanctions be financial, e.g., reduction of alimony payments. If this does not serve to bring about visitation, then house arrest for short periods should be ordered by the court. At the first level of house arrest, the woman would merely be required to remain in her home throughout the prescribed time frame of the sentence, with none of the traditional monitoring by police. Generally a sentence of a few days will suffice, e.g., the time frame of a child's weekend visitation. The woman should be put on notice that if during that time frame she will be arrested. If this fails, then a more formal arrangement should be made with electronic transmitters placed on the woman's ankle and telephone calls from the police to the home, randomly made throughout the 24-hour time frame. If, then actual incarceration for limited periods should be utilized.»
Gardner, Richard (1998). Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children, Severe cases of PAS: Legal Approaches(en inglés)28 (3/4). Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2011. «The main purpose of the program presented here is to enforce the mother's separation from the children pending upon the case-in order to protect the children from the mother's ongoing campaign of manipulation and programming. Accordingly, during this early phase it contact at all between the children and their mother, either or indirectly, e.g., via telephone or mail.”».
Gardner, Richard (1998). (The Three Levels of Transitional Sites), Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children(en inglés)28 (3/4). Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. pp. 1-21. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2011. «No mail or telephone calls from the mother should be allowed. If she is seen in the area of the father's home, this is to be reported immediately to the court, after which serious sanctions, such as a fine, a reduction in alimony payments, and even incarceration or hospitalization in selected cases should be seriously considered.»
Gardner, Richard (1991). Legal and psychotherapeutic approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 27 de julio de 2011. «They must have thick skins to tolerate the children's antics as they claim that they are being exposed to terrible traumas and indignities in their fathers' homes. They must also be comfortable with taking a somewhat dictatorial position. This is especially important in their relationship with the mothers of these children.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (Discussion), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «The Mr. (Mrs.)-good-guy' approach, so important in traditional individual and family therapy, has no place in the treatment of PAS families. Only therapists who are comfortable with stringent and authoritarian treatment procedures should be involved in conducting therapy with PAS families."».
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «When a fabricated sex abuse allegation has been introduced (the terapist) does well not to allow the children to dwell on these allegations."».
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «It is antitherapeutic to listen to these. Rather, it is therapeutic to say: That didn't happen! So let's go on and talk about real things, like your next visit with your father."».
Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation(en inglés)29 (2). Academy Forum. pp. 3-7. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2011. «It is no longer true that the child does not possess the information to make a credible accusation. Children who are looking for excuses for vilification and/or ammunition for alienation now have a wealth of information for the creation of their sexual scenarios. And there are even situations in which there has been no particular sexual abuse indoctrination or prompting by the parent; the child him or herself originates the complaint.»
Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation(en inglés)29 (2). Academy Forum. pp. 3-7. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2011. «Another way of finding out whether the child is telling the truth is to place the child and the accused parent in the same room. The adversary system does not allow itself this important method for obtaining information that could be useful to it in determining "the truth." When the accused and the accuser are in the same room together, with the opportunity for an "eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation," there is a much greater likelihood that the two individuals will be honest with one another».
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «When forced by the therapist to visit with the alienated parent, PAS children can say to the programmer that the therapist is mean, cruel, and so on, and that they really do not want to see the despised parent, but the therapist makes them."».
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «The children actually want to be forced to visit so that they have an excuse to do so, and such an excuse necessarily involves complaints about the therapist's coercions and cruel manipulations.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «Therapists should express incredulity over the children's vilification of the targeted parent. They should not take seriously the children's allegations, quickly refute and discount allegations that are patently false, and should then move on to other subjects."».
Gardner, Richard (1991). When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2011. «The children of these mothers are similarly fanatic. They often share her paranoid fantasies about the father. They may become panic-stricken over the prospect of visiting their father. Their blood-curdling shrieks, panicked states, and hostility may be so severe that visitation may seem impossible. If placed in the father's home they may run away, become paralyzed with morbid fear, or be so destructive that removal becomes necessary.»
Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation(en inglés)29 (2). Academy Forum. pp. 3-7. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2011. «Presents sent to the child's home are refused, remain unopened, or even destroyed.»
Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation(en inglés)29 (2). Academy Forum. pp. 3-7. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2011. «The child may exhibit a guiltless disregard for the feelings of the hated parent. There will be a complete absence of gratitude for gifts, support payments and other manifestations of the hated parent's continued involvement and affection. Often these children will want to be certain the alienated parent continues to provide support payments but at the same time adamantly refuse to visit. Commonly they will say that they never want to see the hated parent again.»
Gardner, Richard. (Basic structure of the therapeutic program), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés). 27, pp195-212, 1999. The American Journal of Family Therapy. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «The therapist must be comfortable with a treatment program in which there is a modification of traditional confidentiality. Specifically the therapist must have free access to reveal, at his or her discretion, any and all information disclosed in the treatment to specific outside parties, such as attorneys on both sides, the guardian ad litem, and the court.”».
Gardner, Richard. “Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent?”(en inglés). The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001. Consultado el 29 de julio de 2011. «Such possible sanctions include: posting a bond, fines, community service, probation, house arrest, and even short-term incarceration.»
Gardner, Richard. (The court sanctions program), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés). 27, pp195-212, 1999. The American Journal of Family Therapy. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «A higher level threat might involve a court-ordered reduction in the payments the alienated parent is required to provide to the alienator “, pero “ This threat is not viable when the alienated parent is not giving any money at all to the alienator.”».
Gardner, Richard. Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés). 27, pp195-212,1999. The American Journal of Family Therapy. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «The court must be willing to impose sanctions for recalcitrants, for example, fines, transfer of custody, or even jail. If the court is unwilling to impose such sanctions, then the therapy is likely to prove futile.»
Gardner, Richard. (The court sanctions program), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés). 27, pp195-212, 1999. The American Journal of Family Therapy. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «Although I have repeatedly recommended such a ruling or rulings to courts, I have thus far not been successful in convincing judges that this is the only treatment that is likely to work. One could start with house arrest, in which the alienator would be put to jail if discovered out of the home during a prescribed period”,…, “The next step would be the more traditional house arrest, in which there is random telephone monitoring by the police and an electronic ankle band that communicates with the local police station. The next step is more formal incarceration in the local jail.”».
Gardner, Richard (1998). (Severe cases of PAS: Legal Approaches) Recommendations for Dealing with Parents who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in their Children,(en inglés)28 (3/4). Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2011. «My frustration, resulting from the unreceptivity of courts to implement this recommendation, has been made especially poignant by the recognition that the children's remaining in the mother's home dooms their relationship with their father and predictably results in their developing longstanding psychopathology.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 31 de julio de 2011. «Often, the threats are not enough, and an implemented sanction can get the alienator and children to appreciate the fact that the court means business. If the court is not willing to order such sanctions, and if the court is not willing to impose them if court warnings are not complied with, then the therapist's position is considerably weakened, and the total treatment program is likely to prove futile. "».
Gardner, Richard (2001). (Differential diagnosis of the three tyes of parental alienation syndrome), Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study(en inglés)19 (3). The American Journal of Forensic Psychology. pp. 61-106. Consultado el 29 de julio de 2011. «The PAS is an excellent example of a disorder in which mental health and legal professionals must work together if these children are to be helped. Neither discipline can help these children without the significant involvement of the other. Mental health professionals need the court’s power to implement their recommendations and the court needs the mental health professionals to conduct the appropriate therapy».
Gardner, Richard (1991). When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces(en inglés)28 (1). Court Review. pp. 14-21. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2011. «Without the therapist's having the court's power to bring about the various manipulations and structural changes, the therapy is not likely to be possible.»
Gardner, Richard (1999). (The children), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome(en inglés)27. The American Journal of Family Therapy. pp. 195-212. Consultado el 31 de julio de 2011. «The following interchange took Place in the context of a discussion I had with Sally, a 6-year-old PAS child who refused to visit with her father for a whole weekend (as ordered by the court) but agreed to see him for,hour or two. This decision, of course, represented a compromise between her two parents' requests of her. Gardner: What would you do if the judge said that if you don't see your father for a full weekend, he'll stop your mother's money for that week? Sally: I wouldn't see him. I'd get a job and give her all the money I have. Gardner: Suppose he said that if you don't see him, he'll stop your mother's money forever. She'd have no money. What would you do? Sally: All of us (Sally and her two brothers) would get jobs. Gardner: Suppose the judge said that if you don't see your father for a full weekend, he'll put your mother in jail for that weekend? Sally: My mother said she'd go to jail for me if I was that uncomfortable with him and didn't want to go. Gardner: Suppose the judge said, "I'll keep her in jail unless you go and I'll keep her in jail until you go. Sally: I guess I'd go! This is a classical PAS interchange."».
“La confidencialidad y la obligación de guardar el secreto profesional están presente en las leyes del ejercicio profesional así como en los códigos de ética del psicólogo en todos los países, v.g: artículo 7 de la Ley 10306
del ejercicio profesional del psicólogo en la Argentina, inciso 5 capítulo tercero del código de ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile , artículo 40 del Código Deontológico del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos de España, artículo 31 del título 7 del Código Deontológico y ético del psicólogo colombiano, el artículo 5: Privacidad y confidencialidad del Código de ética y principios de conducta para los psicólogos de la Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct “
Berliner, Lucy y Conte, Jon Robert (1993). Sexual abuse evaluations: Conceptual and empirical obstacles (17). Child Abuse & Neglect. pp. 111-125. ISSN0145-2134.
“La confidencialidad y la obligación de guardar el secreto profesional están presente en las leyes del ejercicio profesional así como en los códigos de ética del psicólogo en todos los países, v.g: artículo 7 de la Ley 10306
del ejercicio profesional del psicólogo en la Argentina, inciso 5 capítulo tercero del código de ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile , artículo 40 del Código Deontológico del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos de España, artículo 31 del título 7 del Código Deontológico y ético del psicólogo colombiano, el artículo 5: Privacidad y confidencialidad del Código de ética y principios de conducta para los psicólogos de la Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct “
Miguel Ángel Rosales Leal (13 de abril). centroesperi.com, ed. «Custodia compartida»(documento de msword). Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2009.
Miguel Ángel Rosales Leal. «Custodia compartida». Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2009.
«Asociación de Padres Alejados de sus Hijos». Archivado desde el original el 16 de julio de 2011. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2011. «APADESHI impulsó en el Congreso de la Nación Argentina el proyecto que dio origen a la Ley penal 24.270 que sanciona al padre o tercero que impidiere u obstruyere el vinculo con los hijos, y variados proyectos a nivel legislativo y ejecutivo, tanto nacionales, como provinciales como la Ley de registro de obstructores de vinculo (Prov. de Santa Cruz) y la Ley de Registro de obstructores de lazos familiares (Prov. de Mendoza) y otras iniciativas destinadas a a sancionar y/o limitar la obstaculización del vínculo por parte de uno de los progenitores».
«Report of the American Psychological Association»(en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 3 de marzo de 2005. Consultado el 12 de agosto de 2011. «Some professionals assume that accusations of physical or sexual abuse of children that arise during divorce or custody disputes are likely to be false, but the empirical research to date shows no such increase in false reporting at that time. In many instances, children are frightened about being alone with a father they have seen use violence towards their mother or a father who has abused them. Sometimes children make it clear to the court that they wish to remain with the mother because they are afraid of the father, but their wishes are ignored.»
«Reporting child abuse and neglect». 2, issue 2. Child Trends: Early childhood hightlights. 2001. Archivado desde el original el 11 de enero de 2012. Consultado el 20 de setiembre de 2011.
