پیچند (Persian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "پیچند" in Persian language version.

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43web.archive.org

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allenpress.com

amsglossary.allenpress.com

Glossary of Meteorology (2000). Section:T (2 ed.). American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
Glossary of Meteorology (2000-06-30). Funnel cloud (2 ed.). American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
"Gustnado". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-20.

ams.allenpress.com

Markowski, Straka, and Rasmussen (Winter 2002). "Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations". J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (6): 28. Bibcode:2003JAtS...60..795M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-12-13.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:تاریخ و سال (link) نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Harold E Brooks (2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Wea. Forecast. 19 (2): 310–9. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
Kelly, Schaefer, McNulty (1978). "An Augmented Tornado Climatology" (PDF). Mon. Wea. Rev. p. 12. Retrieved 2009-12-13.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)

ametsoc.org

journals.ametsoc.org

Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (2013-05-01). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (به انگلیسی). 94 (5): 641–653. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1.
Doswell, Charles A.; Moller, Alan R.; Brooks, Harold E. (1999-08-01). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948". Weather and Forecasting (به انگلیسی). 14 (4): 544–557. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.

apll.ir

«پیچند» [علوم جَوّ] هم‌ارزِ «tornado»؛ منبع: گروه واژه‌گزینی. جواد میرشکاری، ویراستار. دفتر پنجم. فرهنگ واژه‌های مصوب فرهنگستان. تهران: انتشارات فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی. شابک ۹۷۸-۹۶۴-۷۵۳۱-۷۶-۴ (ذیل سرواژهٔ پیچند)

archive-it.org

wayback.archive-it.org

Nikolai Dotzek (2000-05-16). "Tornadoes in Germany" (PDF). Atmos. Res. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

archive.org

Walter A Lyons (1997). "Tornadoes". -9781578590544 The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. pp. -9781578590544/page/175 175–200. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
Abdul Abdullah (April 1966). "The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"". Mon. Wea. Rev. 94 (4): 213–20. Bibcode:1966MWRv...94..213A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2.
A. J. Bedard (January 2005). "Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms". Mon. Wea. Rev. 133 (1): 241–63. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133..241B. doi:10.1175/MWR-2851.1.
Thomas P. Grazulis, Dan Flores (2003). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-8061-3538-7.
Paul M. Markowski (April 2002). "Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review". Mon. Wea. Rev. 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2.
Thomas P Grazulis (2001). "Tornado Myths". The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
Michael H Mogil (2007). Extreme Weather. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-1-57912-743-5.

bangladeshtornadoes.org

Jonathan Finch (2008-04-02). "Bangladesh and East India Tornadoes Background Information". Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Jonathan D. Finch, Ashraf M. Dewan (2007-05-23). "Bangladesh Tornado Climatology". Retrieved 2009-12-13.

bbc.co.uk

Staff (2002-03-28). "Natural Disasters: Tornadoes". BBC Science and Nature. BBC. Archived from the original on 14 October 2002. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

books.google.com

"Tornado Factory — Giant Simulator Probes Killer Twisters". Popular Science. 213 (1): 77. 1978. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
Thomas P. Grazulis (2001). The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-8061-3258-7. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0-8061-3258-7. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

britannica.com

"Tornado: Global occurrence". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
"Tornado: Diurnal patterns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. p. G.6. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

colorado.edu

Bimal Kanti Paul, Rejuan Hossain Bhuiyan (2005-01-18). "The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

colostate.edu

chill.colostate.edu

"The First Tornadic Hook Echo Weather Radar Observations". Colorado State University. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

confex.com

ams.confex.com

Russell S Schneider, Harold E. Brooks, and Joseph T. Schaefer (2004). "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-20.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Timothy M. Samaras (October 2004). "A Historical Perspective of In-Situ Observations within Tornado Cores". Preprints of the 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society.
Julian J. Lee, Timothy P. Samaras, Carl R. Young (2004-10-07). "Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado". Preprints of the 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society.{{cite conference}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
David C Lewellen, M I Zimmerman (2008-10-28). Using Simulated Tornado Surface Marks to Decipher Near-Ground Winds (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Ashton Robinson Cook, Joseph T. Schaefer (2008-01-22). "The Relation of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". 19th Conf. Probability and Statistics. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

cswr.org

Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29). "Doppler On Wheels". Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

doi.org

Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (2013-05-01). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (به انگلیسی). 94 (5): 641–653. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1.
Nilton O. Renno (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Robert Davies-Jones (1984). "Streamwise Vorticity: The Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Storms". J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (20): 2991–3006. Bibcode:1984JAtS...41.2991D. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2991:SVTOOU>2.0.CO;2.
Richard Rotunno, Joseph Klemp (1985). "On the Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms". J. Atmos. Sci. 42 (3): 271–92. Bibcode:1985JAtS...42..271R. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2.
Louis J. Wicker, Robert B. Wilhelmson (1995). "Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm". J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (15): 2675–703. Bibcode:1995JAtS...52.2675W. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2675:SAAOTD>2.0.CO;2.
Abdul Abdullah (April 1966). "The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"". Mon. Wea. Rev. 94 (4): 213–20. Bibcode:1966MWRv...94..213A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2.
A. J. Bedard (January 2005). "Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms". Mon. Wea. Rev. 133 (1): 241–63. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133..241B. doi:10.1175/MWR-2851.1.
Howard Bluestein (1999). "A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs". Wea. Forecast. 14 (4): 558–77. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..558B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2.
Frank Tatom, Kevin R. Knupp, and Stanley J. Vitto (1995). "Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal". J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (2): 572–82. Bibcode:1995JApMe..34..572T. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
John R Leeman, E.D. Schmitter (April 2009). "Electric signals generated by tornados". Atmos. Res. 92 (2): 277–9. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029.
Antony H Perez, Louis J. Wicker, and Richard E. Orville (1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Wea. Forecast. 12 (3): 428–37. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Markowski, Straka, and Rasmussen (Winter 2002). "Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations". J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (6): 28. Bibcode:2003JAtS...60..795M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-12-13.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:تاریخ و سال (link) نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Harold E Brooks (2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Wea. Forecast. 19 (2): 310–9. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
Nikolai Dotzek (2003-03-20). "An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe" (PDF). Atmos. Res. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00049-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
J Holden, A Wright (2003-03-13). "UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools" (PDF). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 (598): 1009–21. Bibcode:2004QJRMS.130.1009H. doi:10.1256/qj.03.45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Robert J Trapp, NS Diffenbaugh, HE Brooks, ME Baldwin, ED Robinson, and JS Pal (2007-12-12). "Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (50): 19719–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705494104.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Paul M. Markowski (April 2002). "Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review". Mon. Wea. Rev. 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2.
Doswell, Charles A.; Moller, Alan R.; Brooks, Harold E. (1999-08-01). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948". Weather and Forecasting (به انگلیسی). 14 (4): 544–557. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.

ec.gc.ca

pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca

"Tornadoes". Prairie Storm Prediction Centre. Environment Canada. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 9 March 2001. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

mb.ec.gc.ca

"Tornado Detection at Environment Canada". Environment Canada. 2004-06-02. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

epa.gov

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009-09-30). "Tornadoes". Retrieved 2009-11-20.

essl.org

"European Severe Weather Database definitions". 2012-01-02.
Dotzek, Nikolai, Jürgen Grieser, Harold E. Brooks (2003-03-01). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions" (PDF). Atmos. Res. Vol. 67–68. pp. 163–87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-06.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Nikolai Dotzek (2000-05-16). "Tornadoes in Germany" (PDF). Atmos. Res. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-27.

etymonline.com

Douglas Harper (2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 2009-12-13.

extremwetter.ch

Michael Graf (2008-06-28). "Synoptical and mesoscale weather situations associated with tornadoes in Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Nilton O. Renno (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Robert Davies-Jones (1984). "Streamwise Vorticity: The Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Storms". J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (20): 2991–3006. Bibcode:1984JAtS...41.2991D. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2991:SVTOOU>2.0.CO;2.
Richard Rotunno, Joseph Klemp (1985). "On the Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms". J. Atmos. Sci. 42 (3): 271–92. Bibcode:1985JAtS...42..271R. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2.
Louis J. Wicker, Robert B. Wilhelmson (1995). "Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm". J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (15): 2675–703. Bibcode:1995JAtS...52.2675W. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2675:SAAOTD>2.0.CO;2.
Abdul Abdullah (April 1966). "The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"". Mon. Wea. Rev. 94 (4): 213–20. Bibcode:1966MWRv...94..213A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2.
A. J. Bedard (January 2005). "Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms". Mon. Wea. Rev. 133 (1): 241–63. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133..241B. doi:10.1175/MWR-2851.1.
Howard Bluestein (1999). "A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs". Wea. Forecast. 14 (4): 558–77. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..558B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2.
Frank Tatom, Kevin R. Knupp, and Stanley J. Vitto (1995). "Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal". J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (2): 572–82. Bibcode:1995JApMe..34..572T. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Antony H Perez, Louis J. Wicker, and Richard E. Orville (1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Wea. Forecast. 12 (3): 428–37. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Markowski, Straka, and Rasmussen (Winter 2002). "Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations". J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (6): 28. Bibcode:2003JAtS...60..795M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-12-13.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:تاریخ و سال (link) نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Harold E Brooks (2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Wea. Forecast. 19 (2): 310–9. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
J Holden, A Wright (2003-03-13). "UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools" (PDF). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 (598): 1009–21. Bibcode:2004QJRMS.130.1009H. doi:10.1256/qj.03.45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Paul M. Markowski (April 2002). "Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review". Mon. Wea. Rev. 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2.

leeds.ac.uk

geog.leeds.ac.uk

J Holden, A Wright (2003-03-13). "UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools" (PDF). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 (598): 1009–21. Bibcode:2004QJRMS.130.1009H. doi:10.1256/qj.03.45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

merriam-webster.com

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newsok.com

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noaa.gov

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nssl.noaa.gov

"Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes". National Severe Storms Laboratory. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
National Severe Storms Laboratory (2006-11-15). "Detecting Tornadoes: What Does a Tornado Look Like?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
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crh.noaa.gov

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