Robin S. Engel, The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration, Oxford University Press, (ISBN9780199859016, lire en ligne), p. 147
Kimberly Barrett et William H. George, Race, culture, psychology, and law By Kimberly Barrett, William George pg. 396, (ISBN9780761926627, lire en ligne)
Covington (1995:182-183). The work referred to is The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology by Wolfgang & Ferracuti (1967). See also Hawkins (1983:247-248), Gabbidon & Greene (2005a:75-78). For a general review, see Gabbidon (2007:91–100), Clevenger (2009:780-783).
Sampson, Robert J., « Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption », American Journal of Sociology, vol. 93, no 2, , p. 348–382 (DOI10.1086/228748, JSTOR2779588, lire en ligne)
Sampson, Morenoff et Raudenbush, « Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence », American Journal of Public Health, vol. 95, no 2, , p. 224–232 (PMID15671454, PMCID1449156, DOI10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705)
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(en) Kevin Drakulich et Eric Rodriguez-Whitney (Des inégalités intentionnelles et effets combinés), The Handbook of Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Justice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (ISBN9781119113799, DOI10.1002/9781119113799.ch1), p. 17-38
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(en) Arnold, Dobbie et Yang, « Racial Bias in Bail Decisions », The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 133, no 4, , p. 1885–1932 (DOI10.1093/qje/qjy012, lire en ligne)
(en) Pierson, Simoiu, Overgoor et Corbett-Davies, « A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States », Nature Human Behaviour, , p. 1–10 (ISSN2397-3374, DOI10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1, lire en ligne)
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(en) Braun, Rosenthal et Therrian, « Police Discretion and Racial Disparity in Organized Retail Theft Arrests: Evidence from Texas », Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, vol. 15, no 4, , p. 916–950 (ISSN1740-1461, DOI10.1111/jels.12201)
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Quillian et Pager, « Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime », American Journal of Sociology, vol. 107, no 3, , p. 717 (DOI10.1086/338938, lire en ligne)
(en) Shihadeh et Flynn, « Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence », Social Forces, vol. 74, no 4, , p. 1325–1352 (ISSN0037-7732, DOI10.1093/sf/74.4.1325, lire en ligne)
(en) Rehavi et Starr, « Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences », Journal of Political Economy, vol. 122, no 6, , p. 1320–1354 (ISSN0022-3808, DOI10.1086/677255, lire en ligne)
(en) Pierson, Simoiu, Overgoor et Corbett-Davies, « A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States », Nature Human Behaviour, , p. 1–10 (ISSN2397-3374, DOI10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1, lire en ligne)
(en) Braun, Rosenthal et Therrian, « Police Discretion and Racial Disparity in Organized Retail Theft Arrests: Evidence from Texas », Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, vol. 15, no 4, , p. 916–950 (ISSN1740-1461, DOI10.1111/jels.12201)
(en) Hester et Gray, « For Black men, being tall increases threat stereotyping and police stops », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no 11, , p. 2711–2715 (ISSN0027-8424, PMID29483263, PMCID5856523, DOI10.1073/pnas.1714454115)
Frederick et Goddard, « Exploring the relationship between poverty, childhood adversity and child abuse from the perspective of adulthood », Child Abuse Review, vol. 16, no 5, , p. 323–341 (ISSN1099-0852, DOI10.1002/car.971)
Leslie et Pope, « The Unintended Impact of Pretrial Detention on Case Outcomes: Evidence from New York City Arraignments », The Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 60, no 3, , p. 529–557 (ISSN0022-2186, DOI10.1086/695285)
Vélez, Krivo et Peterson, « Structural Inequality and Homicide: An Assessment of the Black-White Gap in Killings* », Criminology, vol. 41, no 3, , p. 645–672 (ISSN1745-9125, DOI10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01000.x)
Peterson et Krivo, « Racial Segregation, the Concentration of Disadvantage, and Black and White Homicide Victimization », Sociological Forum, vol. 14, no 3, , p. 465–493 (ISSN0884-8971, DOI10.1023/A:1021451703612)
Sampson, Robert J., « Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption », American Journal of Sociology, vol. 93, no 2, , p. 348–382 (DOI10.1086/228748, JSTOR2779588, lire en ligne)
Donohue III et Levitt, « The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests », The Journal of Law & Economics, vol. 44, no 2, , p. 367–394 (DOI10.1086/322810, JSTOR10.1086/322810)
(en) Pierson, Simoiu, Overgoor et Corbett-Davies, « A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States », Nature Human Behaviour, , p. 1–10 (ISSN2397-3374, DOI10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1, lire en ligne)
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(en) Hester et Gray, « For Black men, being tall increases threat stereotyping and police stops », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no 11, , p. 2711–2715 (ISSN0027-8424, PMID29483263, PMCID5856523, DOI10.1073/pnas.1714454115)
(en) Shihadeh et Flynn, « Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence », Social Forces, vol. 74, no 4, , p. 1325–1352 (ISSN0037-7732, DOI10.1093/sf/74.4.1325, lire en ligne)
Jarjoura, « Growing Up Poor: Examining the Link Between Persistent Childhood Poverty and Delinquency », Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 18, no 2, , p. 159–187 (DOI10.1023/A:1015206715838, lire en ligne)
(en) Arnold, Dobbie et Yang, « Racial Bias in Bail Decisions », The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 133, no 4, , p. 1885–1932 (DOI10.1093/qje/qjy012, lire en ligne)
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(en) Rehavi et Starr, « Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences », Journal of Political Economy, vol. 122, no 6, , p. 1320–1354 (ISSN0022-3808, DOI10.1086/677255, lire en ligne)
Holms, Maahs & Vito (2007:35-36). See also Gabbidon & Greene (2005a:35–38). For more information on the UCR program, see: "UCR Data Quality Guidelines" at www.fbi.gov.