Tibet (French Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Tibet" in French language version.

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24heures.ch

archives.24heures.ch

acorn.net

  • (en) CIA Operations in China Part III, Ralph McGehee's Archive on JFK Place, 5/2/96 : « the Laogai Research Foundation, (funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a surrogate CIA) of which Wu is the executive director ».

allbusiness.com

  • (en) Barry Sautman, "Cultural genocide" and Tibet, in Texas International Law Journal, April 1, 2003 : « The emigres try to attribute "vices" found in Tibet's cities to cultural corrosion due to the Han presence. Lhasa, like many cities around the world, has abundant outlets for prostitution, gambling, and drugs.502 The ICT director has stated, "We are concerned that more and more young Tibetans are being tempted by the very worst aspects of Chinese culture." However, none of the "vices" complained of are particularly "Chinese." Billiards is a Western invention, karaoke was born in Japan, and prostitution and drugs are universals. When questioned about Lhasa's discos and nightclubs, the Tibetan vice-chairman of the TAR referred to them as part of "the Western lifestyle" and said that they added diversity to the Tibetan and Han cultures found among local people, although TAR authorities do denounce gambling and prostitution and stage raids in an effort to rid the TAR of those vices. "Vices" in Tibet decried by the emigres are for the most part also present in such religious centers as Dharamsala and Kathmandu and are not uncommon among Buddhist monks in some countries ».

amb-chine.fr

web.amb-chine.fr

  • Tibet - Questions-Réponses, Site de l'Ambassade de Chine en France « Le Tibet a été officiellement proclamé Région autonome en septembre 1965. ».

amchi.org

american-buddha.com

  • (en) Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, THE CIA'S SECRET WAR IN TIBET, the University Press of Kansas, 2002, p. 14 : « She [Princess Kukula] also mentioned that waves of Tibetan traders came to India almost quarterly to get treatment for venereal disease (a scourge in Tibet) and to pick up food shipments for import ».

amigospais-guaracabuya.org

  • Tendzin Choegyal, le conseiller du dalaï-lama, dans un discours fait en 1999 au Hillsdale’s Center pour un seminaire sur les alternatives constructives, intitulé "Faith and Freedom Around the World" : (en) Tendzin Choegyal, « The Truth about Tibet », sur Guaracabuya, Revista Electronica, Imprimis (publication of Hillsdale College, Michigan),  : « More than 1,2 million Tibetans are dead as a result of the Chinese occupation ».

amis-tibet.lu

archive.is

archive.org

  • (en) Robert Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, D. McKay Co., 1957, 338 pages, p. 82 : « One was that the Khambas did not bathe and rarely washed their bodies. One might have got used to that, but I could never stomach their sanitary habits. They squatted down whenever they felt the need. In Lhasa they used the open drains {...}. To Tibetans such matters are no more offensive than blowing one’s nose. Esthetically I suppose they are right, for the Tibetan robe conceals everything ».
  • (en) Powell Millington, To Lhassa at last, 25-31 p. (lire en ligne)..

archives-ouvertes.fr

halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr

artclair.com

arte.tv

archives.arte.tv

asiaone.com

news.asiaone.com

  • (en) Hong Xiaoyong, China Did Well by Tibet', The Straits Times, 23 avril 2008, reproduit sur le site AsiaoneNews : « From 1727 to 1911, altogther 57 Ambans (ministers in charge of Tibet affairs in the Qing Dynasty) were stationed in Tibet to supervise local administration on behalf of the central authority ».

asiaquarterly.com

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

beck.org

san.beck.org

  • (en) Sanderson Beck, Tibet, Nepal, and Ceylon 1800-1950 : « The British were ordered not to loot [...]; but they did take some images and paintings from monasteries that resisted ».
  • Sanderson Beck, Tibet, Nepal, and Ceylon 1800-1950 : « The Tengyeling monastery was disendowed; traitors were banished, and the rest of the monks were distributed to other monasteries ».
  • (en) Sanderson Beck, Tibet, Nepal, and Ceylon 1800-1950 : « The Tibetan army attacked the Che College again on April 27 and took it over, killing about two hundred monks while 15 soldiers died ».

bloomberg.com

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

catalogue.bnf.fr

  • Léon Feer, Étymologie, histoire, orthographe du mot Tibet, Vienne, Alfred Hölder, , 19 p. (OCLC 457852731, BNF 30424734, lire en ligne), p. 2 « Ce pays que les indigènes appellent Bod, les Européens le nomment Tibet. Seulement ils ne sont pas bien sûrs de l'orthographe de ce mot, car ils hésitent entre Tibet et Thibet ».

books.google.com

  • (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, A history of modern Tibet, vol. 2 : the Calm Before the Storm, 1951-1955, Berkeley, University of California Press, , 674 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-93332-3, lire en ligne), p. 104-105 : « In addition to acknowledging Chinese sovereignty for the first time in Tibetan history (point 1), the Tibetans would now assist the troops and cadres of the PLA to occupy Tibet peacefully (point 2). The Tibetans also agreed to give up control over Tibet's foreign affairs, border defense, and commerce (point 14) and agreed that the Tibetan army would be gradually incorporated into the PLA, albeit with no set deadline (point 8). They also accepted the return of the Panchen Lama to Tibet (points 5 and 6) and, in point 15, the creation of a new administrative entity, the Military Administrative Committee, separate from the Tibetan local government and under the Central People's Government ».
  • (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, A history of modern Tibet, vol. 2 : the Calm Before the Storm, 1951-1955, Berkeley, University of California Press, , 674 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-93332-3, lire en ligne), p. 104.
  • (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, A history of modern Tibet, vol. 2 : the Calm Before the Storm, 1951-1955, Berkeley, University of California Press, , 674 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-93332-3, lire en ligne), p. 105 : « points 3 and 4 state that Tibetans would have the right of exercising regional autonomy and that the central government in Beijing would not alter either the existing political system in Tibet or the "established status, functions and powers of the Dalai Lama" or his officials. Point 7 said religious freedom would be protected, and the income of the monasteries would not be changed by the central government ».
  • (en) Gordon Mc Granaham and Cecilia Tacoli, Rural-urban migration in China: Policy Options for Economic Growth, environmental sustainability and equity, IIED, 2006, 58 p., p. 9-10.

bookschina.com

bu.edu

buddhachannel.tv

buddhaline.net

cafe-geo.net

cairn.info

  • Alice Travers (chargée de recherche, CNRS (Section 33), Chronologie de l'histoire du Tibet« 1260 : Phagpa (tib. ’Phags pa ; 1235-1280), neveu de Sakya Pandita, se rend sur ordre à la cour du Grand Khan Khubilaï (1215-1294), futur empereur de Chine et fondateur de la dynastie mongole des Yuan (1271-1368). Phagpa reçoit de Khubilaï le pouvoir de régence sur les treize myriarchies du Tibet (réorganisation territoriale et administrative du Tibet par les Mongols, comprenant le Tibet central ou U (tib. Dbus), le Tsang (tib. Gtsang), le Tibet de l’Ouest, le Kham (tib. Khams) et l’Amdo (tib. A mdo). Il est l’un des principaux artisans de la relation « maître religieux-protecteur laïc » entre religieux tibétains et dirigeants mongols ».

cam.ac.uk

himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk

case.edu

  • Sur les définitions du Tibet, cf. (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, What is Tibet? – Fact and Fancy, extrait de Change, Conflict and Continuity Among a Community of Nomadic Pastoralists — A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950-1990, in Resistance and Reform in Tibet (sous la direction de Barnett et Akiner), Londres, Hurst & Co., 1994 : « [...] the two major sub-ethnic regions known in Tibetan and Kham and Amdo. The ‘modern’ Sino-Tibetan border in these two regions was generally established during the mid-18th century when the Tibetan Government lost political control over most of these areas to Manchu (Qing) China. While the Tibetan Government has never accepted the loss of these regions as permanent or de jure – for example it claimed all of Kham and Amdo in the Simla Convention of 1913-14 – most of these areas in fact were not a part of its polity for the two centuries preceding the rise to power of the Communists in China in 1949. Consequently, the convention used in Tibetan historiography in the West has been to differentiate analytically between the political entity Tibet and other areas outside it where ethnic Tibetans lived. For example, Hugh Richardson, the well-known British diplomat and historian, for practical purposes differentiated the Tibetan world into two categories. Following the work of Sir Charles Bell, he used the term ‘political’ Tibet for the polity ruled by the Dalai Lamas, and the term ‘ethnographic’ Tibet for other areas such as Amdo and Kham which were outside that state. He explained his rationale as follows: In ‘political’ Tibet the Tibetan government have ruled continuously from the earliest times down to 1951. The region beyond that to the north and east [Amdo and Kham]… is its « ‘ethnographic’ extension which people of Tibetan race once inhabited exclusively and where they are still in the majority. In that wider area, ‘political’ Tibet exercised jurisdiction only in certain places and at irregular intervals; for the most part, local lay or monastic chiefs were in control of districts of varying size. From the 18th century onwards the region was subject to sporadic Chinese infiltration. But in whatever hands actual authority might lie, the religious influence of Lhasa was a long-standing and all-pervasive force and large donations of money and valuable goods were annually sent to the Dalai Lama… In the text that follows Tibet means ‘political’ Tibet except where otherwise stated » (Richardson, p. 1-2) ».
  • (en) Tibetan Population in China: Myths and Facts Re-examined - Yan Hao [PDF].
  • « [...] the death figures provided by the TGIE are exaggerations not sustained by the evidence. », Tibetan Population in China: Myths and Facts Re-examined, Yan Hao (Institute of Economic Research, State Department of Planning Commission, Beijing) [PDF].

cctv.com

video.cctv.com

cdlib.org

publishing.cdlib.org

  • (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow lion and the Dragon, University of california Press, 1997, p. 18.
  • Melvyn Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, University of California Press, 1997, p. 31 : « on April 12, 1912, the new Chinese republic headed by Yuan Shikai issued an edict that declared Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang on equal footing with the provinces of China proper and as integral parts of the republic. Seats were set aside for Tibetans in the National Assembly and a five-colored flag was created, the black band representing Tibet ».
  • (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997, p. 26.

cefc.com.hk

china.com.cn

  • Administrative Division of Tibetan Areas : « History proves that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a place many Chinese nationalities once lived. They include the Tibetan nationality formed during the 7th century when the Tubo Kingdom unified many tribes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As the Tibetan have since been living and multiplying in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the lion's share of the plateau is referred to as the Tibetan areas. But the plateau is not a place solely inhabited by Tibetans. It has been home to many nationalities, including the Han, Mongolian, Tu, Hui and Qiang, who have played an important role in the development of the plateau ».
  • (en) Lhasa Today, China Internet Information Center, August 1998 : « historical documents showing that some 7,000 people died in 1925 when a smallpox epidemic spread through the city. Typhoid fever swept Lhasa in 1934 and once again in 1937 killing over 5,000 people ».

china.org.cn

french.china.org.cn

chinadaily.com.cn

  • (en) Catherine Liu, Xinghua Insight: Tibetans leave home to seek new opportunities], [2], english.chinatibetnews.com, 15 mars 2012, « en »

chinadigitaltimes.net

  • (en) The wishes of a Tibetan, China Digital Times, 27 mars 2009 : « At present, the two most popular television channels in the Tibetan areas are the Qinghai Tibetan language channel and the Tibet Tibetan language channel » (« Actuellement, les deux chaînes télé les plus regardées dans les régions tibétaines sont la chaîne en langue tibétaine du Qinghai et la chaîne en langue tibétaine du Tibet »).

chinatibetnews.com

english.chinatibetnews.com

chomsky.info

claudearpi.net

clio.fr

  • Laurent Deshayes, Les Chinois au Tibet « Mais, en réalité, jamais Pékin n'exerça d'autorité à la hauteur de ses prétentions. Les réformes imposées, qui touchaient les rites funéraires comme la sélection des grands religieux réincarnés, ne furent jamais vraiment appliquées, soit par incompétence de l'empire et de ses agents, soit parce que les Tibétains s'y refusaient, et ce n'est pas faire une caricature que de dire que le seul élément tangible de la protection chinoise fut l'octroi de titres nobiliaires honorifiques aux grandes familles tibétaines. Sous une formulation qui se voulait plus concrète, le rapport traditionnel de « religieux-protecteur » restait inchangé dans les faits, une fois passés les armées chinoises et le vent réformateur. Au milieu du XIXe siècle d'ailleurs, le gouvernement de Pékin ne considérait toujours pas le Tibet comme une province, encore moins comme une dépendance, mais au contraire, comme un pays à part entière dans lequel, pour le bien-être de la population, il entendait exercer une sorte de droit de regard de manière à sécuriser ses propres frontières ».
  • Chronologie du Tibet sur le site Clio.fr.
  • Laurent DeshayesLe bouddhisme tibétain : seigneuries monastiques et figures spirituelles : « Dans l'imaginaire occidental, le Tibet et le bouddhisme semblent indissociables, presque synonymes. Pourtant, si le Tibet est l'un des pays asiatiques les plus récemment convertis à la religion originaire de l'Inde, il reste toutefois vrai que celle-ci en a considérablement influencé la culture et la société. » juillet 2002.

cntv.cn

cctv.cntv.cn

cornell.edu

ecommons.library.cornell.edu

  • (en) Vajrayana Forms in Upstate New York, A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Annika Antoinetta Lundkvist, May 2008, p. 19 : « When one looks for Tibet on the map today, one finds Xizang, Chinese for “Western Treasury House.” The Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) is an administrative unit, established in 1965, covering a region of approximately 1.2 million square kilometers. » [PDF].

courrierinternational.com

cri.cn

french.cri.cn

csmonitor.com

  • (en) Robert Marquand, 'Seeking truth from facts' in Tibet, The Christian Science Monitor, August 30, 2004 : « Since Tibet is viewed as part of the Chinese motherland dating back thousands of years, Chinese assume the right to establish themselves here ».

dalailama.com

davidrumsey.com

developpementdurable.com

digitalhimalaya.com

ecns.cn

  • (en) Xu Aqing (Global Times), Authorities condemn rioters in Tibetan-populated counties, Ecns.cn, 1er février 2012 : « The next day, on January 24, more violent riots struck Seda, another county in Ganzi. Rioters threw Molotov cocktails and stones, and opened fire, injuring 14 police officers, before they were dispersed. The official document does not mention deaths from the riots or the number of rioters. Hu Weidong, an office director with the CPC Sichuan committee's publicity department, told the Global Times that one rioter was killed in each of the counties, and 13 others were detained in Seda. Some injured rioters were suspected to be hiding in local monasteries. [...] Rioters involved in both attacks also smashed residential houses that had Spring Festival decorations and lanterns, in an apparent attempt to intimidate people observing Han culture ».

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

environmental-expert.com

escholarship.org

eur.nl

publishing.eur.nl

europe-solidaire.org

  • Frédéric Bobin, Crise du Tibet : des enjeux cruciaux pour Pékin, Le Monde, 26 mars 2008, reproduit : [1] : « En 2004, un article du Quotidien du peuple allait jusqu'à évaluer à 78,4 milliards de dollars le potentiel du Tibet en ressources minérales. ... Une troisième ressource offre davantage de disponibilité : l’eau. Le Tibet historique est le « château d’eau de l’Asie ». Dix des plus grands fleuves de la région y prennent leur source : Yangzi (fleuve Bleu), fleuve Jaune, Mékong, Indus, Brahmapoutre, Salouen, Irrawaddy, Sutlej et deux affluents du Gange. Le Tibet recèle, selon la presse chinoise, 30 % des ressources hydrauliques de la Chine. Une aubaine alors que la crise de l’eau menace le nord du pays ».

fmprc.gov.cn

foreignpolicy.com

  • (en) Seven Questions: What Tibetans Want, site Foreign Policy, mars 2008 : « I think we have to get over any suggestion that the Chinese are ill-intentioned or trying to wipe out Tibet ».

fpif.org

  • (en) A. Tom Grunfeld, Reassessing Tibet Policy, sur le site Foreign Policy in Focus, 12 octobre 2005 : « During the 1980s, CCP moderates paved the way for increased usage of the Tibetan language, the reconstruction of religious buildings (with more temples in some regions now than before 1951), and the encouragement of Tibetan culture. »

free.fr

jean.dif.free.fr

  • Jean Dif, Carnet de route d'un voyage au Tibet septembre - octobre 2004.
  • Jean Dif, Chronologie de l'histoire du Tibet et de ses relations avec le reste du monde (suite 2), op. cit., en part. texte de l'accord, article I: « The Government of Great Britain engages not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet. The Government of China also undertakes not to permit any other foreign State to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet ».

acdn.france.free.fr

nicosoft.free.fr

freetibet.org

  • (en) Ten Facts about Tibet, sur le site FreeTibet : « The Chinese government has divided historical Tibet into one region and several prefectures and counties, with the TAR encompassing only the central area and some eastern regions of Tibet. [...] Historical Tibet was a vast country, with an area roughly equal to Western Europe ».

friends-of-tibet.org.nz

google.fr

books.google.fr

googlepages.com

gangjanba1.googlepages.com

googleusercontent.com

webcache.googleusercontent.com

gouv.qc.ca

cslf.gouv.qc.ca

gov.cn

grands-reporters.com

guardian.co.uk

commentisfree.guardian.co.uk

guardian.co.uk

huhai.net

map.huhai.net

humanite.fr

ibtimes.com

  • (en) Mark Johanson, Tibet Closed to Foreign Tourists, Travelers Today,  : « "But one thing to keep in mind in Tibet is the tourism is now driven by the Chinese, so the few westerners that turn up in Tibet are not exactly driving the economy" ».

iivs.de

  • (en) Victor et Victoria Trimondi, The Shadow of the Dalaï Lama, part II - 16, Tactics, Strategies, Forgeries and Illusions : « The Lhasa of tradition, (...), as a number of world travelers have reported, was until the mid-twentieth century one of the dirtiest cities on the planet. As a rule, refuse was tipped unto the street. The houses had no toilets. Everywhere, wherever they were, the inhabitants unburdened themselves. Dead animals were left to rot in public places. For such reasons the stench was so penetrating and nauseating that the XIII Dalai Lama felt sick every time he had to traverse the city. Nobles who stepped out usually held a handkerchief over their nose ».

info-buddhism.com

informaworld.com

  • Howard Giles, Tenzin Dorjee, Cultural Identity in Tibetan Diasporas, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol. 26, Issue 2, March 2005, p. 138-157 : « Historical Tibet once stretched across much of Asia, including some parts of China, during its golden era in the 7th and 8th centuries (Shakabpa, 1967; van Walt van Praag, 1987) ».

infoseek.co.jp

keropero888.hp.infoseek.co.jp

iss.nl

ir.iss.nl

issn.org

portal.issn.org

  • Françoise Robin, « Tibet : des vérités qui dérangent », Perspectives chinoises, no 1 « Sport et Politique »,‎ , p. 102-107 (ISSN 1996-4609, lire en ligne).
  • (en) « Logging Ban » (version du sur Internet Archive), TIN News Update, 26 août 1998 (ISSN 1355-3313), « Policy decisions regarding deforestation on the Tibetan plateau also have implications for countries in South Asia, such as Bangladesh, where flooding is frequent and often devastating, and attributed by some experts to the soil erosion brought on by deforestation in Tibet ».

japantimes.co.jp

search.japantimes.co.jp

jstor.org

jstor.org

  • (en) Dawa Norbu, The 1959 Tibetan Rebellion: An Interpretation, in The China Quarterly, No. 77, Mar., 1979 : « Tibet in 1950 was an isolated, working theocracy, possibly unique among the various political systems of the modern world. (1) I use "theocracy" as the nearest western equivalent of the Buddhist society that existed in Tibet. Although tibetologists and Tibetans are likely to object to the term, I use it in a political and social concept within the western political science ».
  • (en) Richard Pierre Claude, compte rendu de Howard B. Tolley Jr., The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Humam Rights, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, in Human Rights Quarterly, August 1994 : « Based on documentation and named respondents, the author presents the tale of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in secretly bankrolling the formation of the ICJ as an instrument of the Cold War. [...] Tolley shows that the tainted source of funding was unknown to most ICJ officers and members, [...] ».

links.jstor.org

  • « In the official doctrinaire explanation the sharp decline in population, which ran contrary to the national trend, is attributed to the prevalence of feudal serfdom. 'Cruel persecution and oppression of the labouring people by the ruling classes was the root cause for the decline in population. The serfs and slaves had to do corvée labour like beasts of burden. Many of them were prohibited from getting married or having children. The heavy work for women after birth, and epidemic deseases were among the reasons for the shrinking population.' No mention is made, however, of the state of intermittent civil war which has existed since the Chinese entered Tibet in 1951, and the flight of refugees which occurred especially after the 1959 uprising. », Changing Population Characteristics in Tibet, 1959 to 1965, Michael Freeberne, Population Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Mar., 1966), p. 317. Extrait en ligne.

kagyuoffice-fr.org

la-croix.com

larousse.fr

  • Encyclopédie Larousse.
  • Tibet Encyclopédie Larousse, « En 1980, Hu Yaobang, secrétaire général du PCC, préconise une plus grande autonomie et proclame le respect de la liberté de croyance ».

lecourrier.ch

lefigaro.fr

lemonde.fr

liberation.fr

libreinfo.org

guerre.libreinfo.org

locpg.gov.cn

  • Mandchous 在清朝建立之前,滿族與蒙古族形成了政治聯盟,蒙古族信仰的喇嘛教(藏傳佛教)也很快傳入滿族,因此,佛教在滿族人中有著。 Avant la fondation de la dynastie Qing, les Mandchous et les Mongols créent une alliance politique, grâce à laquelle, la croyance des mongols - le lamaïsme (le bouddhisme tibétain) se répand vite chez les mandchous.

mazerolle.fr

men-tsee-khang.org

monde-diplomatique.fr

  • Elisabeth Martens, Lettre au Monde diplomatique en réponse à l'article de Mathieu Vernerey, Bourgeonnement précoce du printemps de Lhassa, avril 2008, sur le site du Monde diplomatique, Archives, mai 2008 : « L’indépendance du Tibet ne s’appuie sur aucun document officiel et ne fut jamais reconnue par aucun pays au monde, ni par les Nations unies ».
  • (en) Slavoj Žižek, Tibet: dream and reality, Le Monde diplomatique (édition anglaise), mai 2008 : « Facing social unrest and disintegration, the ruling elite prohibited any development of industry, so all metal had to be imported from India » ; voir aussi Le Tibet pris dans le rêve de l’autre (édition française du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008.
  • Martine Bulard, « Au Tibet, une visite très guidée », sur Le Monde diplomatique, .

mondediplo.com

mondediplo.net

blog.mondediplo.net

  • Martine Bulard, Chine-Tibet, des identités communes, article du blog Planète Asie du Monde diplomatique à la date du 30 avril 2008, reproduit sur le site de l'UPMF de Grenoble : « Rappelons que les Nations unies n’ont jamais inclus le Tibet dans les pays à décoloniser (avant comme après 1971 – date du remplacement de Taïwan par la République populaire de Chine) et qu’aucun pays n’a reconnu le « gouvernement » tibétain en exil et donc la possibilité d’une indépendance. » [PDF].

nanzan-u.ac.jp

  • (en) Margaret Evelyn Miller, « Educational Practices of Tibetan Lama Training »(Archive.orgWikiwixArchive.isGoogleQue faire ?), B - Definitions of Terms, p. 189 : « Such areas as Sikkim, Ladak, and Tibetan populated areas of adjoining Chinese provinces provide religious training similar or almost identical with Tibet proper. Including this wider area, which is sometimes called ethnological Tibet, makes possible a more complete discussion of the lama training. » [PDF]

nejm.org

content.nejm.org

news.cn

french.news.cn

nih.gov

pubmedcentral.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nouvelobs.com

nsd.edu.cn

en.nsd.edu.cn

  • (en) « Rong Ma », sur National School of Development.

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

nytimes.com

occultisme.tk

padma.ch

peopledaily.com.cn

french.peopledaily.com.cn

persee.fr

  • H.-J. de Dianous, Le Tibet et ses relations avec la Chine, Politique étrangère, vol. 27, année 1962, No 1, pp. 38-72, en part. p. 45.
  • Fabienne Jagou, « Vers une nouvelle définition de la frontière sino-tibétaine : la Conférence de Simla (1913-1914) et le projet de création de la province chinoise du Xikang »(Archive.orgWikiwixArchive.isGoogleQue faire ?) In: Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident. 2006, n° 28, p. 147-167. « Au cours des différentes phases de négociations engagées à Simla, divers arguments furent avancés par les protagonistes pour parvenir à un éventuel accord. Les Tibétains souhaitaient recouvrer un Tibet composé des trois provinces (Û-Tsang, Amdo et Kham) avec une frontière sino-tibétaine allant de Dartsédo au Kham au nord du lac Kokonor en Amdo. Les Chinois revendiquèrent une frontière interne passant à l'ouest de Gyamda, incluant de la sorte tout l'Amdo et la majeure partie du Kham au territoire chinois. Les Britanniques proposèrent alors de diviser le Tibet en un Tibet Extérieur (Û-Tsang) autonome et un Tibet Intérieur (Amdo et Kham) sous suzeraineté chinoise. Mais, les Tibétains et les Chinois rejetèrent cette proposition. Face à ce double refus, les Britanniques modifièrent leur projet en avril 1914, ne parlant alors que d'une suzeraineté chinoise dite «nominale» sur le Tibet extérieur et «effective» sur le Tibet intérieur. Cette version fut d'abord paraphée par les trois protagonistes, avant que le gouvernement chinois ne se rétracte. Finalement, seuls les Britanniques et les Tibétains la signèrent le 3 juillet 1914 ».
  • La Chine nationaliste et communiste au pays des lamas p488, Centre d’Étude de Politique Étrangère, janvier 1954.

phayul.com

pierreyvesginet-photos.com

pladaily.com.cn

prochoix.org

railwaygazette.com

rangzen.net

  • (en) Elliot Sperling, The History Boy, Rangzen Alliance, 24 juin 2010 : « That the Tibetans and Mongols asserted in their 1913 treaty that they had emerged from under rule by the Manchu State and were thus no longer linked with China (Rgya-nag) is significant in terms of terminology ».

rediff.com

specials.rediff.com

  • (en) China launches Tibetan channel for India, Nepal, PTI, 1er octobre 2007 (en ligne sur le site rediff NEWS) : « China launched the first-ever 24-hour Tibetan language television channel on Monday to mark its 58th National Day [...]. The channel only broadcast 11 hours a day when it was opened in 1999 ».

reting.org

  • (en) Gyeten Namgyal, A Tailor's Tale. As Recounted by Gyeten Namgyal to Kim Yeshi, extrait dans The Fifth Reting Hutuktu Thubden Jampal Yeshe Tenpai Gyaltsen (1912-1947), sur le site HH Reting Hutuktu : « Soldiers were sent in, Reting was looted and all the buildings destroyed, just the way Tengyeling had been thirty years before. I was appalled when I heard what had happened. Statues were smashed, thankas torn from their brocades and precious volumes pulled out of their cloth bindings and strewn everywhere ».

revues.org

perspectiveschinoises.revues.org

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

savetibet.de

savetibet.org

sch.uk

cowbridgehs.lea.valeofglamorgan.sch.uk

  • (en) « Flooding in Bangladesh, 1998 »(Archive.orgWikiwixArchive.isGoogleQue faire ?) (consulté le ) : « The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers have their headwaters in Nepal and in Tibet where recent years the rapidly increasing populations have caused the removal of vast areas of forest [...] The removal of the forest cover has reduced interception and increased landslides, soil erosion and overland flow. » [PDF].

scribd.com

senat.fr

senat.fr

  • Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ? - Rapport présenté par Louis de Broissia, sénateur, série Relations interparlementaires France-Tibet, 2006, p. 17 : « Le territoire revendiqué par le gouvernement tibétain en exil depuis 1959 correspond au Pö Chölka Sum, c’est-à-dire au « Tibet des trois provinces » : Ü-Tsang, Kham et Amdo. Ce Grand Tibet a une superficie d’environ 3,8 millions de km2, soit sept fois la France. Il représente donc près de 40 % de la superficie de la Chine dans ses frontières actuelles (9,6 millions de km2) ». [PDF].
  • « Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ? », sur Senat.fr, p. III - Le développement du Tibet : lumières et ombres.
  • Réponse du ministère des Affaires étrangères à une question écrite No 11393 de Gilbert Chabroux (Rhône - SOC), publiée dans le JO Sénat du 13 mai 2004, page 1028 ; reproduite sur le site Bienvenue au Sénat, Situation du Tibet, 12e législature : « L'assemblée générale des Nations unies, en accueillant en 1971 la Chine en son sein, n'a pas contesté la souveraineté de Pékin sur le Tibet. Cette souveraineté a d'ailleurs été admise par la totalité des États ayant engagé depuis 1949 des relations diplomatiques avec la Chine ».
  • Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ?, Senat.fr, 10 septembre 2014.
  • Réponse du ministère des Affaires étrangères à une question écrite No 11393 de M. Gilbert Chabroux (Rhône - SOC), publiée dans le JO Sénat du 13/05/2004, page 1028 ; reproduite sur le site Bienvenue au Sénat, Situation du Tibet, 12e législature : « S'agissant du droit à l'autodétermination des Tibétains, il convient de replacer dans son contexte historique la résolution 1723 (XVI) du 20 décembre 1961 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies. À cette époque, la République populaire de Chine ne siégeait pas à l'ONU. [...] En tout état de cause, les résolutions de l'Assemblée générale ne sont pas juridiquement contraignantes et n'ont qu'une portée recommandatoire ».
  • Réponse du ministère des Affaires étrangères à une question écrite No 11393 de M. Gilbert Chabroux (Rhône - SOC), publiée dans le JO Sénat du 13/05/2004, page 1028; reproduite sur le site Bienvenue au Sénat, Situation du Tibet, 12e législature : « L'assemblée générale des Nations unies, en accueillant en 1971 la Chine en son sein, n'a pas contesté la souveraineté de Pékin sur le Tibet. Cette souveraineté a d'ailleurs été admise par la totalité des États ayant engagé depuis 1949 des relations diplomatiques avec la Chine ».

extranet.senat.fr

  • Un dossier du groupe interparlementaire d'amitié liant le Sénat français au Tibet, intitulé "Un Tibet pour le XXIe siècle", chapitre "2.3. Bilan de l'occupation du Tibet par la Chine" avance : « Massacres et déni des droits individuels : si l'on doit donner une comptabilité des pertes en vies humaines depuis 1949, on estime à plus de 1,3 million le nombre de Tibétains (un cinquième de la population) morts directement ou indirectement du fait de l'occupation ».

sfgate.com

sina.com

news.sina.com

sina.com.cn

news.sina.com.cn

sinoptic.ch

soas.ac.uk

eprints.soas.ac.uk

  • (en) Nathan Hill, compte rendu de Sam van Schaik, Tibet: A History (Yale University Press, 2011, 324 p., 324 p.), in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 75 (1), pp. 190-192 : « The melting of the Himalayan glaciers, although bad, will not generally endanger Asia’s water supply (p. 264), because the contribution of glacier melt to overall run-off of most of the large Asian rivers is marginal compared to the contribution of the annual monsoon ».

springerlink.com

  • (en) The 1998 Flood on the Yangtze, China, Yongqiang Zong et Xiqing Chen : « 223 million people were affected by the floods in 1998 [...] The State Council of China issued an announcement in the People’s Daily, 11 August 1998, i.e., during the height of the 1998 flood, urging local governments to take drastic action to protect and restore natural forests. » [PDF].

state.gov

  • « Although Chinese officials asserted that 92 percent of the officially registered population in the TAR was Tibetan, they acknowledged that these figures did not include the large number of "temporary" Han residents, including military and paramilitary troops and their dependents, many of whom had lived in the TAR for years. Furthermore, freer movement of persons throughout China, government-sponsored development, and the prospect of economic opportunity in the TAR have led to a substantial increase in the non-Tibetan population, including both China's Muslim Hui minority and Han Chinese, in Lhasa and other urban areas, as migrant workers from China's large transient population sought to take advantage of the new economic opportunities. Most of these migrants professed to be temporary residents, but small businesses run by Han and Hui citizens, mostly restaurants and retail shops, predominated in almost all TAR cities. Many observers estimated that more than half of Lhasa's population was Han Chinese, and even official estimates put the number of temporary Han Chinese residents in Lhasa at over 100,000 out of a total population of 409,500. Elsewhere in the TAR, the Han percentage of the population was significantly lower. In rural areas, the Han presence was often negligible. », (en) China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 25 février 2004. Consulté le 16 novembre 2007.

stats.gov.cn

stonefoundation.org

studentsforafreetibet.org

blog.studentsforafreetibet.org

tchouktchouk.eu.org

tchrd.org

  • (en) A Briefing Paper Submitted for the 75th session (3 – 28 August 2009) of the United Nations Committee On The Elimination Of Racial Discrimination, TCHRD [PDF] : « For both surface mining and underground mining large quantities of soil and rock are excavated, altering the chemical balance of earth and rock and destroying the fragile topsoil. The erosion of the grasslands on the Tibetan plateau, and consequent situation of water courses, is already a serious problem. Gold mining, for example, appears to have had a wider impact on the Tibetan environment than other mineral resource exploitation due to the fact that gold is relatively cheap and easy to extract and process, potentially providing a quick profit. The environmental risks associated with mining have been exacerbated by poor protection in small scale gold mining, where the short term interests of stakeholders overrule the long term environmental concerns. […] In sum, the main issues that have been identified to further substantiate racial discrimination in infrastructure projects are as follows : (1) Minerals obtained from mining in Tibet are shipped to the east coast of China to feed the growing Chinese economy, offering few, if any, financial benefits to local Tibetans. (2) Virtually all jobs in Tibetan mines go to Chinese migrants, even unskilled manual labour positions, excluding the high number of unemployed local Tibetans. (3) There are serious concerns about the environmental impacts of mining in Tibet, such as the contamination of soil and water by arsenic or cyanide, which could seriously affect local farmers and communities further downstream in Asia. (4) Under the Chinese occupation, Tibetans are denied the right to decide how their resources are used and may be forcibly removed from their land, without compensation, to make way for mines ».
  • (en) « His Holiness the Dalai Lama is the patron of TCHRD », sur le site About TCHRD.
  • (en) Briefing paper for travellers to Tibet.
  • Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to life Imprisonment.
  • (en) Briefing paper for travellers to Tibet (cf Religion)
  • (en) « Education in Tibet, [[TCHRD]] »(Archive.orgWikiwixArchive.isGoogleQue faire ?).

telegraph.co.uk

tew.org

  • (en) Environment and Development Desk. Department of Information and International Relations; Central Tibetan Administration, Dharamsala, Inde, « Tibet: Environment and Development Issues », sur Tibet Environmental Watch, .

thestandard.com.hk

  • (en) « A nuclear attraction », The Standard, China Business Newspaper, (consulté le ).

thinkquest.org

library.thinkquest.org

tibet-info.net

  • Le Tibet survivra-t-il ?, Interview du Dalaï Lama par Chen Yan, traduction par Yang Mei et Marie Holzman, Tibet-info.net : « C’est le gouvernement chinois qui parle de Grand Tibet. Jamais nos représentants n’ont utilisé cette expression. La vérité, c’est qu’il existe, en dehors de la région autonome, des départements et des districts autonomes tibétains dans plusieurs provinces limitrophes du Tibet, qui possèdent leurs propres radios et journaux en langue tibétaine. Ce que nous demandons, c’est une réelle autonomie du Tibet qui permette de protéger la religion et la culture tibétaines. Pendant plus de mille ans, les régions de U-Tsang, d’Amdo et de Kham, qui se trouvent aujourd’hui en dehors de la région autonome tibétaine proprement dite, ont largement contribué au rayonnement de notre culture. Parmi les Tibétains qui ont quitté la Chine en 1959 nombreux sont ceux qui sont originaires de ces contrées ».
  • Gouvernement tibétain en exil, Réponse de l’Administration Centrale Tibétaine aux allégations du gouvernement chinois, 15 mai 2008 : « En 1987, 1988 et 1989 Lhassa a été secouée par une série de manifestations. Ces manifestations ont été brutalement réprimées et la loi martiale a été imposée à Lhassa en 1989 ».

tibet.ca

tibet.cn

zt.tibet.cn

info.tibet.cn

tibet.com

  • (en) The Status of Tibet, sur le site tibet.com : « After returning to Lhasa, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama issued a proclamation reaffirming the independence of Tibet on 14 February 1913 ».
  • La page Human rights sur http://www.tibet.com/] le site basé à Londres du gouvernement tibétain en exil, au chapitre "1949-1979: Killings and destructions", on peut lire : « Over 1.2 million Tibetans have died as a direct result of the Chinese invasion and occupation of Tibet. Today, it is hard to come across a Tibetan family that has not had at least one member imprisoned or killed by the Chinese regime. According to Jigme Ngabo, "after the suppressions of 1959 and 1969, almost every family in Tibet has been affected in some way". » et « According to information compiled by the Tibetan Administration in exile, over 1.2 million Tibetans died between 1949 and 1979. » avec un tableau détaillé donnant le chiffre total de 1 207 387 morts tibétains.

tibet.net

tibetanculture.org

  • (en) Monastic Education in the Gönpa, sur le site de The Conservancy for Tibetan Art & Culture : « More than 6,000 monasteries in Tibet were destroyed in the 1960s and 1970s following the Chinese invasion of Tibet ».

tibetanwomen.org

tibetheritagefund.org

  • (en) André Alexander, Different Approaches to Conservation in Tibet IATS Standing Committee for the Study of the Tibetan Architectural Heritage and Mural Art, International Association for Tibetan Studies, 2006 : « From 1959 to the late 1970s, a terrible wave of destruction swept across Tibet, leading to the complete destruction of the majority of monuments" ».

tibetjustice.org

tibetmap.org

tibetoffice.org

tibetology.ac.cn

tpprc.org

  • (en) The Political Philosophy of His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama, Selected Speeches and Writings - 1998, Édité par A.A. Shiromany, Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre, dalaï-lama, lettre au Secrétaire général de l'ONU datée du 9 septembre 1959, « Sixth, the sovereign status has also been recognised by other powers. In 1948 when the Trade Delegation from the government of Tibet visited India, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, the passport issued by the Tibetan government was accepted by the governments of these countries. » [PDF].

tripod.com

members.tripod.com

ucla.edu

international.ucla.edu

  • Leslie Evans, How repressive is the Chinese government in Tibet?, sur le site UCLA International Institute, 4 décembre 2002, compte rendu d'une conférence du professeur Barry Sautman à l'université de Californie à Los Angeles : « There are no bases at all for the figures used regularly by the exile groups. They use the figure of 1.2 million Tibetans dying from the 1950s to the 1970s, but no source for this is given. As a lawyer, I give no credence to statistics for which there is no data, no visible basis ».

umaryland.edu

digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu

  • Barry Sautman and Shiu-hing Lo, The Tibet Question and the Hong Kong Experience, Occasional Paper/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies Series, Number 2-1995 (127) : « Monks and nuns have played a prominent role in pro-independence protests ».

umich.edu

www-personal.umich.edu

  • (en) [PDF] Understanding Tibet in Time and Space, UROP China Project Group,  : « Modern industries in Tibet were close to non-existent prior to 1950. Industrial development finally surfaced in the late 1950s with the opening of several factories in Lhasa and the establishment of a hydroelectric power facility. By 1980, the economy was centered around tourism and agricultural industries. Tibet has seen gradual industrial growth during the late 20th Century, but still is one of the least prosperous provinces in China ».

un.org

  • « The world in 1945 », sur United Nations [PDF].
  • The World in 1945, no. 4135 « The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or any area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers boundaries. » [PDF].
  • Les Nations unies et la décolonisation.

unesco.org

unhcr.org

  • Giuseppe Tucci, Tibet : Land of Snows, Elek Books, London, 1967, p. 19. « Northeast of Kham is Amdo, through which the Yellow River pursues its leisurely course along the Bayankara chain; and then the great lake Koko Nor. In the north is Changthang — the Northern Plateau — inhabited by nomadic races. The indigenous name for Tibet is P'd (spelt Bod), or P'qytil, and more poetically, the ' Land of Snows' : a succession of uplands and valleys with an area of over one and a half million square miles, thirty times that of England. On all this territory lives a population of two or three million, according to what I could gather on my travels ». Cité par le professeur Colin P. Mackerras dans (en) People’s Republic of China: Background paper on the situation of the Tibetan population, A Writenet Report, pp. 19-20 [PDF].
  • « The decline in population between 1953 and 1964 can be explained by several factors, including the deaths following the various revolts of the 1950s and that of 1959; the famines of the late 1950s and early 1960s (mainly in the Tibetan areas outside Tibet itself); and continuing decline due to factors similar to those already attributed to the period before 1950 [(the high proportion of males in the monastic order, together with the custom of polyandry; widespread venereal diseases; high infant mortality rates as well as frequent smallpox epidemics and in some places endemic goitre; a declining ecological base; and a violent lifestyle in Kham, then part of the Chinese province of Xikang, at least in the 1930s and 1940s)]. Another major factor is emigration, which accounted for many thousands of people through the 1950s and after and formed the basis of the Dharamsala community [...] », People’s Republic of China: Background paper on the situation of the Tibetan population, A Writenet Report by Professor Colin P. Mackerras, p. 19-20. Consulté le 16 novembre 2007 [PDF].

universalis.fr

upmf-grenoble.fr

www-sciences-po.upmf-grenoble.fr

  • Martine Bulard, Chine-Tibet, des identités communes, article du blog Planète Asie du Monde diplomatique à la date du 30 avril 2008, reproduit sur le site de l'UPMF de Grenoble : « Rappelons que les Nations unies n’ont jamais inclus le Tibet dans les pays à décoloniser (avant comme après 1971 – date du remplacement de Taïwan par la République populaire de Chine) et qu’aucun pays n’a reconnu le « gouvernement » tibétain en exil et donc la possibilité d’une indépendance. » [PDF].

uqac.ca

classiques.uqac.ca

ust.hk

cctr.ust.hk

  • (en) Barry Sautman, “All that Glitters is Not Gold”: Tibet as a Pseudo-State, in Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No 3-2009 : « A US international law scholar who studied Tibet’s “declarations of independence” found they were not political-legal declarations at all, but merely the 13th Dalai Lama’s affirmations that the mchod-yon (priest-patron) relationship between Dalai Lamas and Chinese emperors had been extinguished due to the end of the empire (note : Alfred P. Rubin, “Tibet’s Declarations of Independence”, AJIL 60 (1966):812-814 and Rubin, “A Matter of Fact”, AJIL 60 (1966):586. » [PDF].
  • (en) Barry Sautman, “All that Glitters is Not Gold”: Tibet as a Pseudo-State, 2009 : « Tibet was not recognized by any established state in the modern era, the era that matters to the modern concept of statehood. Mongolia was not a recognized state in 1913. [...] Mongolia was not recognized until decades later by Russia and China, [...] or by Japan, [...]. The Soviet Union and ROC recognized Mongolia only in 1946 and the latter withdrew its recognition in 1953. It did not recognize Mongolia again until 2002. Japan recognized Mongolia in 1972; the US did so only in 1987. [...] The treaty [with Mongolia] was apparently inspired and executed with Russian interests at the fore; yet, whether that is so is not the main point, because Tibet and Mongolia were not recognized as states. Thus, for them to recognize each other had no more significance than the present-day mutual recognition by South Ossetia and Abhazia [...] » [PDF].
  • (en) Barry Sautman, “All that Glitters is Not Gold”: Tibet as a Pseudo-State, in Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No 3-2009, p. 21 : « Only if the Chinese government abandoned its sovereignty over Tibet would the Tibet Plateau have become the Lhasa government’s territory. It never did so. » ; p. 5 et 7 : « [...] the non-recognition by states and international organizations of both “old Tibet” and the TGIE ».
  • (en) Barry Sautman, "All that Glitters is Not Gold": Tibet as a Pseudo-State, op. cit. : « Exile leaders argue that Tibet’s statehood is based on [...] superficial indicators of a state, such as flags, passports, stamps and currency (note 31: The ICT, for example, in arguing that Tibet is under “Chinese occupiers”, states that Tibet had its own flag and currency. Most people do not know that such supposed indicia of sovereignty are also found among non-state territories. » [PDF].
  • (en) Barry Sautman, “All that Glitters is Not Gold”: Tibet as a Pseudo-State, pp. 5 et 7 : « Exile leaders argue that Tibet’s statehood is based on a lack of Chinese central government influence in Tibet from 1913 (when the Lhasa government “declared independence”) to 1951 [...]. Most people do not know that [...] legal standards for statehood exist or that hiatuses in national government control over a territory do not automatically convert the territory into a state. They are often unaware that parts of countries have no “right to independence”. [...] the non-recognition by states and international organizations of both “old Tibet” and the TGIE. » [PDF].

repository.ust.hk

  • (en) Barry Sautman, Preferential Policies for Ethnic Minorities in China: The Case of Xinjiang, ln Working Papers in the Social Sciences, No 32, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 30 septembre 1997, p. 14 : « Universities are adjured to "give ethnic minorities priority over others with equal qualifications." In fact, minorities are eligible for admissions with lower entrance examination scores as a matter of course. »[PDF].

uwm.edu

ceres.imt.uwm.edu

  • (en) G. Ts. Tsybikoff, Lhasa and Central Tibet, Smithsonian (Washington D.C. National Museum) Report for 1903, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1904, p. 727-746, p. 730 : « The most reliable evidence indicates that Central Tibet has not more than about 1,000,000 inhabitants. Reliable statistics of the whole population are not obtainable, but it is certainly not very great, for the many narrow river valleys between high, rocky mountains are unfit for agriculture and could not sustain many inhabitants. Besides, the numerous unmarried ascetic ecclesiastics of both sexes and epidemics of small-pox and other fatal diseases against which the Tibetans are almost defenseless, not only retards an increase but would appear to gradually decrease the country's growth. More than 10 per cent of the population of Lhasa and neighboring monasteries died of small-pox in 1900 ».
  • (en) G. Ts. Tsybikoff, « Lhasa and Central Tibet »(Archive.orgWikiwixArchive.isGoogleQue faire ?) (consulté le ), Smithsonian (Washington D.C. National Museum) Report for 1903, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1904, pp. 727-746, p. 732 : « when sick they prefer to take barley grains blessed by Lamas and prophets, or to have curing prayers read to them, rather than resort to medicine, which, by the way, is less developed in Central Tibet than in Amdo [...] ». p. 745 : « Tibet imports from India, [...] medicine ».

web.archive.org

wikiwix.com

archive.wikiwix.com

wikiwix.com

  • (en) China Admits to Nuclear Waste on Tibetan Plateau, sur tibet.com (ancien site du Bureau du Tibet de Londres), 1996 : "Washington, D.C. (ICT), August 8, 1995 - For the first time, China has admitted to the existence of nuclear waste on the Tibetan plateau. An official Xinhua news report, published on 19th July 1993 said there is a "20 sq. m dump for radioactive pollutants" in Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture near the shores of lake Kokonor, the largest lake on the Tibetan Plateau".
  • See An Appeal from Tibet in Human rights Update (January 31, 1997 Volume II : No. 2), Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy.
  • (en) Population transfer and control, Bureau du Tibet, 1996.
  • (en) People's Daily, Beijing, November 10, 1959, in Population transfer and control.
  • (en) Chinese population - Threat to Tibetan identity. « The exiled Tibetan government, however, revealed in 1984 that since the invasion over 1.2 million Tibetans died as a direct result of China's invasion of their nation. This figure was compiled after years of analysis of documents, refugee statements and interviews, and by official delegations sent to Tibet by the Tibetan Government between 1979 and 1983. The fact-finding delegations travelled to most parts of Tibet ». "Over 1.2 Million Tibetans Died Under Chinese Rule, " Tibetan Review, March 1984, p. 7.
  • La page Human rights sur http://www.tibet.com/] le site basé à Londres du gouvernement tibétain en exil, au chapitre "1949-1979: Killings and destructions", on peut lire : « Over 1.2 million Tibetans have died as a direct result of the Chinese invasion and occupation of Tibet. Today, it is hard to come across a Tibetan family that has not had at least one member imprisoned or killed by the Chinese regime. According to Jigme Ngabo, "after the suppressions of 1959 and 1969, almost every family in Tibet has been affected in some way". » et « According to information compiled by the Tibetan Administration in exile, over 1.2 million Tibetans died between 1949 and 1979. » avec un tableau détaillé donnant le chiffre total de 1 207 387 morts tibétains.
  • Résolution numéro 1353 de l'ONU
  • Résolution numéro 1723 de l'ONU.
  • Résolution numéro 2079 de l'ONU.
  • (en) Masood Butt, 'Muslims of Tibet', Bureau du Tibet, janvier-février 1994 : « Tibetan Muslims trace their origin from immigrants from four main regions: China, Kashmir, Ladakh and Nepal. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia and Turkestan. Muslims are known as Khache among Tibetans. This appear to be because the earliest Muslim settlers to Tibet were from Kashmir which was known as Khache Yul to Tibetans ».
  • (en) General background to the state of education in Tibet, Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, 1997.
  • « In independent Tibet, monasteries and nunneries, numbering over 6,000, served as schools and universities, fulfilling Tibet's educational needs. » Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts - Socio-economic conditions and colonialism.

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  • Léon Feer, Étymologie, histoire, orthographe du mot Tibet, Vienne, Alfred Hölder, , 19 p. (OCLC 457852731, BNF 30424734, lire en ligne), p. 2 « Ce pays que les indigènes appellent Bod, les Européens le nomment Tibet. Seulement ils ne sont pas bien sûrs de l'orthographe de ce mot, car ils hésitent entre Tibet et Thibet ».

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