Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Filipinas" in Galician language version.
[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
O primeiro renacemento moderno da Reconquista en Filipinas tivo un profundo efecto nas illas, que aínda se está a sentir hoxe. Como se describiu anteriormente, a Reconquista española serviu para unificar aos cristiáns contra un inimigo común moro, contribuíndo a reunir os pobos castelán, catalán, galego e vasco nunha única unidade política: España. Na época precolonial, as illas Filipinas eran unha parte dividida e non especifica do arquipélago malaio, illas habitadas por decenas de grupos etnolingüísticos, que residían en incontables aldeas independentes, espalladas por miles de illas. A finais do século XVII, porén, produciuse un cambio dramático no arquipélago. Unha comunidade multiétnica uniuse para formar os inicios coloniais dunha nación algún día: Filipinas. A poderosa influencia dos antagonismos cristiáns-moros na formación das primeiras Filipinas segue sendo evidente máis de catrocentos anos despois, mentres o goberno nacional filipino segue lidiando cos grupos separatistas moro, mesmo en 2013.
Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic signifijicance from Manila.
[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
O primeiro renacemento moderno da Reconquista en Filipinas tivo un profundo efecto nas illas, que aínda se está a sentir hoxe. Como se describiu anteriormente, a Reconquista española serviu para unificar aos cristiáns contra un inimigo común moro, contribuíndo a reunir os pobos castelán, catalán, galego e vasco nunha única unidade política: España. Na época precolonial, as illas Filipinas eran unha parte dividida e non especifica do arquipélago malaio, illas habitadas por decenas de grupos etnolingüísticos, que residían en incontables aldeas independentes, espalladas por miles de illas. A finais do século XVII, porén, produciuse un cambio dramático no arquipélago. Unha comunidade multiétnica uniuse para formar os inicios coloniais dunha nación algún día: Filipinas. A poderosa influencia dos antagonismos cristiáns-moros na formación das primeiras Filipinas segue sendo evidente máis de catrocentos anos despois, mentres o goberno nacional filipino segue lidiando cos grupos separatistas moro, mesmo en 2013.
Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic signifijicance from Manila.
