ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים (Hebrew Wikipedia)

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bbc.co.uk

"History of life on Earth". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2016-08-16. נבדק ב-2016-08-09.
Ghosh, Pallab (1 במרץ 2017). "Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found'". BBC News. נבדק ב-2 במרץ 2017. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

berkeley.edu

Waggoner, Ben M.; Collins, Allen G.; et al. (22 בנובמבר 1994). Rieboldt, Sarah; Smith, Dave (eds.). "The Cambrian Period". Tour of geologic time (Online exhibit). Berkeley, CA: University of California Museum of Paleontology. נבדק ב-2015-03-09. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
"Pteridopsida: Fossil Record". University of California Museum of Paleontology. נבדק ב-2014-03-11.

bgs.ac.uk

"Graptolites". British Geological Survey (באנגלית בריטית). נבדק ב-2022-09-24.

biomedcentral.com

bioone.org

books.google.com

Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. p. preface x. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. נבדק ב-30 במאי 2017. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)

bris.ac.uk

Lane, Abby (20 בינואר 1999). "Timing". The Cambrian Explosion. Bristol, England: University of Bristol. נבדק ב-2015-03-09. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

britannica.com

cambridge.org

cbc.ca

copernicus.org

cosmosmagazine.com

doi.org

ecologicalprocesses.com

elasmo-research.org

Martin, R. Aidan. "Evolution of a Super Predator". Biology of Sharks and Rays. North Vancouver, BC, Canada: ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. נבדק ב-2015-03-10. The ancestry of sharks dates back more than 200 million years before the earliest known dinosaur.

evolution-textbook.org

Barton et al. 2007, Figure 10.20 Four diagrams of evolutionary models

frontiersin.org

geoscienceworld.org

ghostarchive.org

harvard.edu

mindat.org

"Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. נבדק ב-2022-10-03.

montana.edu

nasa.gov

"Formation of the Ozone Layer". Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. NASA. 9 בספטמבר 2009. נבדק ב-2013-05-26. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

nationalgeographic.com

Greshko, Michael (2020-02-11). "Oldest evidence of modern bees found in Argentina". National Geographic. נבדק ב-2022-06-22. The model shows that modern bees started diversifying at a breakneck pace about 114 million years ago, right around the time that eudicots—the plant group that comprises 75 percent of flowering plants—started branching out. The results, which confirm some earlier genetic studies, strengthen the case that flowering plants and pollinating bees have coevolved from the very beginning.
"Case for 'river monster' Spinosaurus strengthened by new fossil teeth". Science (באנגלית). 2020-09-23. נבדק ב-2022-10-03.

Dell'Amore, Christine (24 באפריל 2014). "Meet Kryptodrakon: Oldest Known Pterodactyl Found in China". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. נבדק ב-2014-04-25. {{cite news}}: (עזרה)

nature.com

"Proton Gradient, Cell Origin, ATP Synthase - Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com.
Clarke, Tom (30 באפריל 2002). "Oldest fossil footprints on land". Nature. doi:10.1038/news020429-2. ISSN 1744-7933. נבדק ב-2015-03-09. The oldest fossils of footprints ever found on land hint that animals may have beaten plants out of the primordial seas. Lobster-sized, centipede-like animals made the prints wading out of the ocean and scuttling over sand dunes about 530 million years ago. Previous fossils indicated that animals didn't take this step until 40 million years later. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)

nih.gov

noaa.gov

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "What are the vampire squid and the vampire fish?". oceanservice.noaa.gov (באנגלית אמריקאית). נבדק ב-2019-09-27.

nsf.gov

nytimes.com

palaeos.com

paleobiodb.org

"Amphibia". paleobiodb.org. נבדק ב-2022-10-07.

pnas.org

Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (24 בנובמבר 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. נבדק ב-2015-12-30. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)

psi.edu

Herres, Gregg; Hartmann, William K (2010-09-07). "The Origin of the Moon". Planetary Science Institute. Tucson, AZ. נבדק ב-2015-03-04.

psu.edu

"First Land Plants and Fungi Changed Earth's Climate, Paving the Way for Explosive Evolution of Land Animals, New Gene Study Suggests". science.psu.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2018-04-08. נבדק ב-10 באפריל 2018. The researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago — much earlier than previous estimates of around 480 million years ago, which were based on the earliest fossils of those organisms. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

queensu.ca

Narbonne, Guy (בינואר 2008). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals". Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen's University. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2015-07-24. נבדק ב-2007-03-10. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

researchpages.net

sci-news.com

"Devonian Fossil Forest Unearthed in China | Paleontology | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com (באנגלית אמריקאית). נבדק ב-2019-09-28.

sciam.com

Clack, Jennifer A. (21 בנובמבר 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American. 293 (6): 100–107. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100. PMID 16323697. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-02-25. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)

science.org

Moreau, Corrie S.; Bell, Charles D.; Vila, Roger; Archibald, S. Bruce; Pierce, Naomi E. (2006-04-07). "Phylogeny of the Ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms". Science (באנגלית). 312 (5770): 101–104. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..101M. doi:10.1126/science.1124891. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16601190.

sciencedaily.com

scientificamerican.com

si.edu

"Corals and sea anemones (anthozoa)". Smithsonian's National Zoo (באנגלית). 2018-12-11. נבדק ב-2022-09-24.

snowballearth.org

Hoffman, Paul F.; Kaufman, Alan J.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schrag, Daniel P. (28 באוגוסט 1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth" (PDF). Science. 281 (5381): 1342–1346. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1342H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9721097. נבדק ב-2007-05-04. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)

space.com

Moskowitz, Clara (29 במרץ 2012). "Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun". Space.com. Salt Lake City, UT: Purch. נבדק ב-2012-03-30. {{cite news}}: (עזרה)

stratigraphy.org

studyfinds.org

Finds, Study (2021-12-02). "T-rex fossil reveals dinosaur from 68 million years ago likely had a terrible toothache!". Study Finds (באנגלית אמריקאית). נבדק ב-2022-09-24.

uml.edu

walla.co.il

web.archive.org

Hickman, Crystal; Starn, Autumn. "The Burgess Shale & Models of Evolution". Reconstructions of the Burgess Shale and What They Mean... Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University. נבדק ב-2015-10-18.
"Measuring the sixth mass extinction - Cosmos". cosmosmagazine.com.
"History of life on Earth". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2016-08-16. נבדק ב-2016-08-09.
Doolittle, W. Ford (בפברואר 2000). "Uprooting the Tree of Life" (PDF). Scientific American. 282 (2): 90–95. Bibcode:2000SciAm.282b..90D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 10710791. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2006-09-07. נבדק ב-2015-04-05. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)
"First Land Plants and Fungi Changed Earth's Climate, Paving the Way for Explosive Evolution of Land Animals, New Gene Study Suggests". science.psu.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2018-04-08. נבדק ב-10 באפריל 2018. The researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago — much earlier than previous estimates of around 480 million years ago, which were based on the earliest fossils of those organisms. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
Boyle, Richard A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Williams, Hywel T. P. (בדצמבר 2007). "Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' glaciations and the evolution of altruism" (PDF). Geobiology. 5 (4): 337–349. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00115.x. ISSN 1472-4677. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2008-09-10. נבדק ב-2015-03-09. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)
Narbonne, Guy (בינואר 2008). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals". Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen's University. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2015-07-24. נבדק ב-2007-03-10. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
"Palaeos Paleozoic: Cambrian: The Cambrian Period - 2". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2009-04-29. נבדק ב-2009-04-20.
Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. (2004). "A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)" (PDF). Cladistics. 20 (5): 454–486. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.2026. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x. PMID 34892953. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2015-02-10.
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (1 בינואר 2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland" (PDF). Nature (באנגלית). 463 (7277): 43–48. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20054388. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)
Clack, Jennifer A. (21 בנובמבר 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American. 293 (6): 100–107. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100. PMID 16323697. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-02-25. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)
"About > The Origins of Oaks". www.oaksofchevithornebarton.com. נבדק ב-2019-09-28.

weizmann.ac.il

whiterose.ac.uk

Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (2 במרץ 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates" (PDF). Nature. 543 (7643): 60–64. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...60D. doi:10.1038/nature21377. PMID 28252057. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)

wiley.com

worldcat.org

ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים (Hebrew Wikipedia)

bbc.co.uk

berkeley.edu

ucmp.berkeley.edu

bgs.ac.uk

biomedcentral.com

evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com

bioone.org

books.google.com

bris.ac.uk

palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk

britannica.com

cambridge.org

cbc.ca

copernicus.org

bg.copernicus.org

cosmosmagazine.com

doi.org

ecologicalprocesses.com

elasmo-research.org

evolution-textbook.org

frontiersin.org

geoscienceworld.org

paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org

ghostarchive.org

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

mindat.org

montana.edu

shiva.msu.montana.edu

nasa.gov

disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov

nationalgeographic.com

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

nature.com

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noaa.gov

oceanservice.noaa.gov

nsf.gov

nytimes.com

palaeos.com

paleobiodb.org

pnas.org

psi.edu

psu.edu

science.psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

queensu.ca

geol.queensu.ca

researchpages.net

sci-news.com

sciam.com

science.org

sciencedaily.com

scientificamerican.com

si.edu

nationalzoo.si.edu

snowballearth.org

space.com

stratigraphy.org

studyfinds.org

uml.edu

faculty.uml.edu

walla.co.il

news.walla.co.il

web.archive.org

weizmann.ac.il

davidson.weizmann.ac.il

weizmann.ac.il

whiterose.ac.uk

eprints.whiterose.ac.uk

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

worldcat.org