Benzena (Indonesian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Benzena" in Indonesian language version.

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archive.org

The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression "luban jawi", or "frankincense of Java". Morris, Edwin T. (1984). Fragrance: The Story of Perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel. Charles Scribner's Sons. hlm. 101. ISBN 978-0684181950.
Read, John (1995). From alchemy to chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. hlm. 179–180. ISBN 9780486286907.
English translation Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.

auschwitz.org

"Selections and lethal injections"

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022 . JSTOR 107752. Pada halaman 443–450, Faraday mendiskusikan "bikarburet hidrogen" (benzena). Pada halaman 449–450, ia menunjukkan bahwa rumus empiris benzena adalah C₆H₆, meskipun dia tidak menyadarinya karena ia (seperti kimiawan di zamannya), menggunakan massa atom karbon yang salah (6 bukannya 12).
Kekulé, F. A. (1890). "Benzolfest: Rede". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 1302–11. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301204.
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .

books.google.com

Coker, A. Kayode; Ludwig, Ernest E. (2007). Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical And Petrochemical Plants. 1. Elsevier. hlm. 114. ISBN 978-0-7506-7766-0. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-31.
Atherton Seidell; William F. Linke (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds: A Compilation of Solubility Data from the Periodical Literature. Supplement. Van Nostrand.
Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Über das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten" [On benzol and oily and fatty types of acids]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 9 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. Pada catatan kaki halaman 43, Liebig, editor jurnal, menyarankan perubahan nama asli Mitscherlich untuk benzena (disebut "benzin") menjadi "benzol", karena akhiran "-in" memberi kesan bahwa benzin adalah alkaloid (contoh: Chinin (quinine, bahasa Indonesia: kuinina)), padahal benzena bukan alkaloid, sementara akhiran "-ol" memberi kesan bahwa benzena berminyak, yang memang dimiliki oleh benzena. Sehingga pada halaman 44, Mitscherlich menyatakan: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Oleh karena cairan ini [benzena] diperoleh dari asam benzoat dan mungkin senyawa benzoil terkait, nama terbaiknya adalah "benzol", karena nama "benzoin" telah dipilih, oleh Liebig dan Wöhler, untuk senyawa yang berisomer dengan minyak badam pahit [benzaldehida].)
Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophénise et les acides chlorophénisique et chlorophénèsique," Annales de Chemie et de Physique, vol. 63, pp. 27–45, see p. 44: "Je donne le nom de phène au radical fondamental des acides précédens (φαινω, j'éclaire), puisque la benzine se trouve dans le gaz de l'éclairage." (Saya memberi nama "phène" (φαινω, saya menerangi) ke radikal mendasar dari asam sebelumnya, karena benzena ditemukan dalam gas yang menerangi.)
Hofmann, A. W. (1845) "Ueber eine sichere Reaction auf Benzol" (On a reliable test for benzene), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, vol. 55, pp. 200–205; pada halaman 204–205, Hofmann menemukan benzena dalam minyak tar batu bara.
Mansfield Charles Blachford (1849). "Untersuchung des Steinkohlentheers". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 69 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490690203.
Dewar, James (1867) "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6: 82–86.
Ladenburg, Albert (1869) "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" (Observations on the aromatic theory), Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 2: 140–142.
Armstrong, Henry E. (1887) "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds," Journal of the Chemical Society, 51, 258–268; see p. 264.
Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie,306: 87–142; see: "VIII. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Das Benzol." (VIII. The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pp. 125–129. See further: Thiele (1901) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigen Verbindungen," Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 319: 129–143.
J. Loschmidt, Chemische Studien (Vienna, Austria-Hungary: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1861), pp. 30, 65.
Kekulé, F. A. (1865). "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 3: 98–110. Pada halaman 100, Kekulé menyarankan bahwa atom karbon benzena dapat membentuk sebuah "chaîne fermée" (rantai tertutup, suatu simpal).
Kekulé, F. A. (1866). "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 137 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202.

cbsnews.com

"FDA: Too Much Benzene In Some Drinks", CBS News, May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.

cdc.gov

atsdr.cdc.gov

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2007). Benzene: Patient information sheet.
Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (August 2007). Benzene: Patient information sheet. Atsdr.cdc.gov (2011-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
"Public Health Statement for Benzene" U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Atsdr.cdc.gov (2011-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
ToxFAQs for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services Diarsipkan 2008-03-09 di Wayback Machine.
ToxGuide for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Statement. Benzene, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, August 2007

cdc.gov

"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0049". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"Benzene". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
NIOSH respirator selection logic Diarsipkan 2017-08-29 di Wayback Machine. (October 2004). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH). Publication No. 2005-100.
Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction. Cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.

ceresana.com

"Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014". ceresana.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-12-21. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-10.
"Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015". ceresana.com. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-10.

chemister.ru

"Benzol".

clinchem.org

Ashley, DL; Bonin, MA; Cardinali, FL; McCraw, JM; Wooten, JV (1994). "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 40 (7 Pt 2): 1401–4. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1401. PMID 8013127.

doi.org

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. hlm. 10, 22, 204, 494, 577. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
Arnold, D.; Plank, C.; Erickson, E.; Pike, F. (1958). "Solubility of Benzene in Water". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series. 3 (2): 253–256. doi:10.1021/i460004a016.
Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221 . PMID 2153285.
Rocke, A. J. (1985). "Hypothesis and Experiment in the Early Development of Kekule's Benzene Theory". Annals of Science. 42 (4): 355–81. doi:10.1080/00033798500200411.
Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022 . JSTOR 107752. Pada halaman 443–450, Faraday mendiskusikan "bikarburet hidrogen" (benzena). Pada halaman 449–450, ia menunjukkan bahwa rumus empiris benzena adalah C₆H₆, meskipun dia tidak menyadarinya karena ia (seperti kimiawan di zamannya), menggunakan massa atom karbon yang salah (6 bukannya 12).
Kaiser, R. (1968). "Bicarburet of Hydrogen. Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 7 (5): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.
Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Über das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten" [On benzol and oily and fatty types of acids]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 9 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. Pada catatan kaki halaman 43, Liebig, editor jurnal, menyarankan perubahan nama asli Mitscherlich untuk benzena (disebut "benzin") menjadi "benzol", karena akhiran "-in" memberi kesan bahwa benzin adalah alkaloid (contoh: Chinin (quinine, bahasa Indonesia: kuinina)), padahal benzena bukan alkaloid, sementara akhiran "-ol" memberi kesan bahwa benzena berminyak, yang memang dimiliki oleh benzena. Sehingga pada halaman 44, Mitscherlich menyatakan: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Oleh karena cairan ini [benzena] diperoleh dari asam benzoat dan mungkin senyawa benzoil terkait, nama terbaiknya adalah "benzol", karena nama "benzoin" telah dipilih, oleh Liebig dan Wöhler, untuk senyawa yang berisomer dengan minyak badam pahit [benzaldehida].)
Mansfield Charles Blachford (1849). "Untersuchung des Steinkohlentheers". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 69 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490690203.
Hoffman, Augustus W. (1856). "On insolinic acid". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 8: 1–3. doi:10.1098/rspl.1856.0002 . The existence and mode of formation of insolinic acid prove that to the series of monobasic aromatic acids, C_n2H_n2-8O₄, the lowest known term of which is benzoic acid, … . [Catatan: Rumus empiris senyawa organik yang muncul dalam artikel Hofmann (p.3) berdasarkan massa atom karbon 6 (bukan 12) dan massa atom oksigen 8 (bukan 16).]
Cernicharo, José; et al. (1997), "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C₄H₂, C₆H₂, and Benzene in CRL 618", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 546 (2): L123–L126, Bibcode:2001ApJ...546L.123C, doi:10.1086/318871 
Kekulé, F. A. (1866). "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 137 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202.
English translation Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.
Kekulé, F. A. (1890). "Benzolfest: Rede". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 1302–11. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301204.
Benfey O. T. (1958). "August Kekulé and the Birth of the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry in 1858". Journal of Chemical Education. 35 (1): 21–23. Bibcode:1958JChEd..35...21B. doi:10.1021/ed035p21.
Lonsdale, K. (1929). "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 123A (792): 494. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081 .
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .
Williams, P.R.D.; Knutsen, J.S.; Atkinson, C.; Madl, A.K.; Paustenbach, D.J. (2007). "Airborne Concentrations of Benzene Associated with the Historical Use of Some Formulations of Liquid Wrench". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 4 (8): 547–561. doi:10.1080/15459620701446642.
Hillis O. Folkins (2005). "Benzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_475. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Moran D, Simmonett AC, Leach FE, Allen WD, Schleyer PV, Schaefer HF (2006). "Popular Theoretical Methods Predict Benzene and Arenes To Be Nonplanar". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (29): 9342–3. doi:10.1021/ja0630285. PMID 16848464.
Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 323 (6090): 699–701. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..699C. doi:10.1038/323699a0.
Pauling, Linus (1987). "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 325 (6103): 396. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..396P. doi:10.1038/325396d0.
Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..492M. doi:10.1038/329492a0.
Harcourt, Richard D. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 491–492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..491H. doi:10.1038/329491b0.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS One. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738 . PMID 24932584.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010). "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility". Annu Rev Public Health. 31: 133–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999 . PMID 20070208.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010-01-01). "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility". Annual Review of Public Health. 31 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999 . PMID 20070208.
Huff J (2007). "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact". Int J Occup Environ Health. 13 (2): 213–21. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213. PMC 3363002 . PMID 17718179.
Yardley-Jones, A.; Anderson, D.; Parke, D. V. (1991). "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 48 (7): 437–44. doi:10.1136/oem.48.7.437. PMC 1035396 . PMID 1854646.
Ashley, DL; Bonin, MA; Cardinali, FL; McCraw, JM; Wooten, JV (1994). "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 40 (7 Pt 2): 1401–4. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1401. PMID 8013127.
Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, Colombi A, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Bonzini M, Farmer P, Garte S, Valerio F, Merlo DF, Bertazzi PA (2005). "Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 153–154: 253–6. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031. PMID 15935823.
Snyder, R; Hedli, C.C. (1996). "An overview of benzene metabolism". Environ Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl 6): 1165–1171. doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s61165. PMC 1469747 . PMID 9118888.
Dougherty, D; Garte, S; Barchowsky, A; Zmuda, J; Taioli, E (2008). "NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1 and STM1 polymorphisms and biological effects of benzene exposure—a literature review". Toxicology Letters. 182 (1–3): 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.008. PMID 18848868.
Fracasso ME, Doria D, Bartolucci GB, Carrieri M, Lovreglio P, Ballini A, Soleo L, Tranfo G, Manno M (2010). "Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects". Toxicol Lett. 192 (1): 22–8. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.028. PMID 19427373.
Eastmond, D.A.; Rupa, DS; Hasegawa, LS (2000). "Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes". Mutat Res. 322 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(94)90028-0. PMID 7517507.
Garte, S; Taioli, E; Popov, T; Bolognesi, C; Farmer, P; Merlo, F (2000). "Genetic susceptibility to benzene toxicity in humans". J Toxicol Environ Health A. 71 (22): 1482–1489. doi:10.1080/15287390802349974. PMID 18836923.

dx.doi.org

Welch, Vincent A.; Fallon, Kevin J. and Gelbke, Heinz-Peter (2005) "Ethylbenzene" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_035.pub2

epa.gov

"Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-03-29. hlm. 15853. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-27.

water.epa.gov

Drinking Water Contaminants|Organic Chemicals|Benzene. Water.epa.gov. Retrieved on 2014-04-17.

fileformat.info

"Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)". fileformat.info. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-16.
"Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)". fileformat.info. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-16.

haaretz.com

"A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site ", Haaretz, May 3, 2019.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221 . PMID 2153285.
Cernicharo, José; et al. (1997), "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C₄H₂, C₆H₂, and Benzene in CRL 618", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 546 (2): L123–L126, Bibcode:2001ApJ...546L.123C, doi:10.1086/318871 
English translation Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.
Benfey O. T. (1958). "August Kekulé and the Birth of the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry in 1858". Journal of Chemical Education. 35 (1): 21–23. Bibcode:1958JChEd..35...21B. doi:10.1021/ed035p21.
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166 .
Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 323 (6090): 699–701. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..699C. doi:10.1038/323699a0.
Pauling, Linus (1987). "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 325 (6103): 396. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..396P. doi:10.1038/325396d0.
Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..492M. doi:10.1038/329492a0.
Harcourt, Richard D. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 491–492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..491H. doi:10.1038/329491b0.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS One. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738 . PMID 24932584.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie,306: 87–142; see: "VIII. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Das Benzol." (VIII. The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pp. 125–129. See further: Thiele (1901) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigen Verbindungen," Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 319: 129–143.
In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. From p. 102: " … benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." See:
- Armstrong, H.E. (1890). "The structure of cycloid hydrocarbons". Proceedings of the Chemical Society. 6: 101–105.
- Graebe (1869) "Ueber die Constitution des Naphthalins" (On the structure of naphthalene), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 149 : 20–28; see especially p. 26.
- Victor Meyer (1870) "Untersuchungen über die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole" (Investigations into the structure of di-substituted benzenes), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 156 : 265–301; see especially pp. 299–300.

iarc.fr

monographs.iarc.fr

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jstor.org

Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022 . JSTOR 107752. Pada halaman 443–450, Faraday mendiskusikan "bikarburet hidrogen" (benzena). Pada halaman 449–450, ia menunjukkan bahwa rumus empiris benzena adalah C₆H₆, meskipun dia tidak menyadarinya karena ia (seperti kimiawan di zamannya), menggunakan massa atom karbon yang salah (6 bukannya 12).
Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N.; Wilson, S. (1964). "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 279: 98–110. Diakses tanggal April 22, 2020 – via JSTOR.

kemkes.go.id

kesjaor.kemkes.go.id

PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 70 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG STANDAR DAN PERSYARATAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA INDUSTRI (PDF), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-02-27, diakses tanggal 2020-05-02

merckmanuals.com

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msu.edu

www2.chemistry.msu.edu

"Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds". Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry.

nih.gov

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Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221 . PMID 2153285.
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Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS One. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738 . PMID 24932584.
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toxnet.nlm.nih.gov

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nist.gov

webbook.nist.gov

Benzene dalam Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (diakses tanggal 2014-05-29)

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uni-goettingen.de

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Claus, Adolph K.L. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry), Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau (Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg in Breisgau), 4 : 116-381. In the section Aromatischen Verbindungen (aromatic compounds), pp. 315-347, Claus presents Kekulé's hypothetical structure for benzene (p. 317), presents objections to it, presents an alternative geometry (p. 320), and concludes that his alternative is correct (p.326). See also figures on p. 354 or p. 379.

web.archive.org

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wikipedia.org

de.wikipedia.org

Kritik menunjukkan masalah dengan struktur asli benzena Kekulé (1865): Kapan saja benzena mengalami substitusi pada posisi orto, seharusnya dihasilkan dua isomer yang dapat dibedakan, tergantung pada apakah ada ikatan rangkap atau ikatan tunggal di antara atom-atom karbon tempat substituen menempel; namun, tidak ada isomer yang diamati. Pada tahun 1872, Kekulé menyarankan bahwa benzena memiliki dua struktur yang saling melengkapi dan bahwa bentuk-bentuk ini saling bertukar dengan cepat, sehingga jika ada ikatan rangkap antara setiap pasangan atom karbon pada satu saat, ikatan rangkap itu akan menjadi ikatan tunggal pada saat berikutnya (dan sebaliknya). Untuk menyediakan mekanisme bagi proses konversi, Kekulé mengusulkan bahwa valensi atom ditentukan oleh frekuensi bertabrakan dengan tetangganya dalam sebuah molekul. Ketika atom karbon pada cincin benzena saling bertabrakan, setiap atom karbon akan bertabrakan dua kali dengan satu tetangga selama interval yang diberikan dan kemudian dua kali dengan tetangga lainnya selama interval berikutnya. Dengan demikian, ikatan rangkap akan ada dengan satu tetangga selama interval pertama dan dengan tetangga lain selama interval berikutnya. Oleh karena itu, di antara atom karbon benzena tidak ada ikatan tunggal atau rangkap yang tetap (konstan) dan berbeda; sebaliknya, ikatan antar atom karbon adalah identik. Lihat halaman 86–89 Auguste Kekulé (1872) "Ueber einige Condensationsprodukte des Aldehyds" (On some condensation products of aldehydes), Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 162(1): 77–124, 309–320. Dari hal. 89: "Das einfachste Mittel aller Stöße eines Kohlenstoffatoms ergiebt sich aus der Summe der Stöße der beiden ersten Zeiteinheiten, die sich dann periodisch wiederholen. … man sieht daher, daß jedes Kohlenstoffatom mit den beiden anderen, … daß diese Verschiedenheit nur eine scheinbare, aber keine wirkliche ist." (Rata-rata paling sederhana dari semua tumbukan atom karbon [dalam benzena] adalah jumlah tumbukan dari dua satuan waktu pertama, yang kemudian berulang secara berkala. ... dengan demikian kita dapat melihat bahwa setiap atom karbon bertabrakan secara merata dengan dua atom karbon yang dihadapinya, [dan] dengan demikian memiliki hubungan yang persis sama dengan kedua tetangganya. Rumus struktur benzena yang biasa hanya mengekspresikan tumbukan yang terjadi selama satu unit dalam satu waktu, sehingga selama satu fase, dan karenanya mengarah pada pandangan [bahwa] turunan [benzena] yang disubstitusi dua kali harus berbeda pada posisi 1,2 dan 1,6 [pada cincin benzena]. Jika ide [yang] baru saja disajikan — atau yang serupa — dapat dianggap benar, maka perbedaan [antara ikatan di posisi 1,2 dan 1,6] hanya sesuatu yang semu, bukan kenyataan.)