Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114;
Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford DictionariesDiarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation").
"We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105);
"All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
google.ch
books.google.ch
See Donald C. Jackman, The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology, 1990, p. 87, citing Hans-Werner Guetz, "Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jüngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert, 1977.
"Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (Stamm), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. [...] The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, 1982, hlm. 4.
mshaffer.com
1828.mshaffer.com
Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114;
Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford DictionariesDiarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation").
"We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105);
"All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
oxforddictionaries.com
Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114;
Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford DictionariesDiarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation").
"We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105);
"All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
web.archive.org
Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114;
Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford DictionariesDiarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation").
"We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105);
"All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
wiktionary.org
id.wiktionary.org
Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114;
Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford DictionariesDiarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation").
"We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105);
"All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
