"Bleaching". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902)). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.
Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. See: § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–358. From pp. 357–358: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA)
Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR229946.
M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID22304997.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID17980649.
dx.doi.org
Schmittinger, Peter et al. (2006) "Chlorine" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., DOI:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1774). "Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper" [On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties]. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy] (dalam bahasa Swedish). 35: 89–116, 177–194.Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link) In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paper, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (Brunsten) was heated: "6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter’s hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: The Early History of Chlorine: Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809) (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), pp. 5–10.
Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). "Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" [Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. Journal für Chemie und Physik (dalam bahasa German). 3 (2): 249–255.Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link) On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": "Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen (da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner's Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) zeugen." (One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς [als] "salt" and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) "to beget".)
In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare (salt-formers) and Corpora Halogenia (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: Berzelius, Jacob (1826). Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie [Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry] (dalam bahasa Swedish). vol. 6. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner. hlm. 187.Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link) From p. 187: "De förre af dessa, d. ä. de electronegativa, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." (The first of them [i.e., elements], i.e., the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)
Faraday, M. (1823). "On fluid chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 113: 160–164.
Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR229946.
kemdikbud.go.id
kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id
(Indonesia)"Klorin". KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.
lemoyne.edu
web.lemoyne.edu
Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. See: § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–358. From pp. 357–358: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA)
M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID22304997.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID17980649.
noaa.gov
cameochemicals.noaa.gov
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US GOV. "Chlorine". noaa.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 25 August 2015.
openlibrary.org
Hoefer, Jean Chrétien Ferdinand (ed.). "Labarraque, Antoine-Germain". Nouvelle biographie universelle. 28. hlm. 323–24. OL24229911M.
O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. "Michael Faraday". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-08.
O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. "Michael Faraday". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-08.
"Bleaching". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902)). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.
"Facts About Chlorine". www.bt.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Diakses tanggal 2016-04-12.Pemeliharaan CS1: BOT: status url asli tidak diketahui (link)
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US GOV. "Chlorine". noaa.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 25 August 2015.
