Metaloid (Indonesian Wikipedia)

Harga sampel emas, sebagai perbandingan, mulai sekitar tiga puluh lima kali lipat dari perak. Berdasarkan harga sampel untuk B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, dan Au tersedia secara daring dari Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; dan United Nuclear Scientific.

army.mil (Global: 250^th place; Indonesian: 405^th place)

Crow 2011; Mainiero 2014 Crow JM 2011, 'Boron Carbide Could Light Way to Less-toxic Green Pyrotechnics', Nature News, 8 April, DOI:10.1038/news.2011.222 Mainiero C,2014, 'Picatinny chemist wins Young Scientist Award for work on smoke grenades', U.S. Army, Picatinny Public Affairs, 2 April, viewed 9 June 2017

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Guan dkk. 2012; WPI-AIM 2012 Guan PF, Fujita T, Hirata A, Liu YH & Chen MW 2012, 'Structural Origins of the Excellent Glass-forming Ability of Pd₄₀Ni₄₀P₂₀', Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 17, pp. 175501–1–5, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.175501 WPI-AIM (World Premier Institute – Advanced Institute for Materials Research) 2012, 'Bulk Metallic Glasses: An Unexpected Hybrid', AIMResearch, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 30 April

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Indonesian: 4^th place)

Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 41 Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN 0-17-448307-4
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Considine & Considine 1984, hlm. 568; Cegielski 1998, hlm. 147; The American heritage science dictionary 2005, hlm. 397 Considine DM & Considine GD (eds) 1984, 'Metalloid', in Van Nostrand Reinhold Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN 0-442-22572-5 Cegielski C 1998, Yearbook of Science and the Future, Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, ISBN 0-85229-657-6 The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2005, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, ISBN 0-618-45504-3
Van Setten dkk. 2007, hlm. 2460–61; Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 7 (Si, Ge); Pearson 1972, hlm. 264 (As, Sb, Te; juga P hitam) Van Setten MJ, Uijttewaal MA, de Wijs GA & Groot RA 2007, 'Thermodynamic Stability of Boron: The Role of Defects and Zero Point Motion', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 9, pp. 2458–65, DOI:10.1021/ja0631246 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X Pearson WB 1972, The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-67540-7
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Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 6–7, 387 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 160. Mereka mencirikan metaloid (sebagian) atas dasar bahwa mereka adalah "konduktor listrik yang buruk dengan konduktansi atom biasanya kurang dari 10⁻³ tetapi lebih besar dari 10⁻⁵ ohm⁻¹ cm⁻⁴". Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN 0-17-448307-4
Bond 2005, hlm. 3: "Salah satu kriteria untuk membedakan semi-logam dari logam sejati dalam kondisi normal adalah bahwa bilangan koordinasi massal dari yang pertama tidak pernah lebih besar dari delapan, sedangkan untuk logam biasanya dua belas (atau lebih, jika untuk struktur kubik berpusat badan dihitung tetangga terdekatnya juga)." Bond GC 2005, Metal-Catalysed Reactions of Hydrocarbons, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-24141-8
Kraig, Roundy & Cohen 2004, hlm. 412; Alloul 2010, hlm. 83 Kraig RE, Roundy D & Cohen ML 2004, 'A Study of the Mechanical and Structural Properties of Polonium', Solid State Communications, vol. 129, issue 6, Feb, pp. 411–13, DOI:10.1016/j.ssc.2003.08.001 Alloul H 2010, Introduction to the Physics of Electrons in Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-642-13564-1
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Wiberg 2001, hlm. 282; Simple Memory Art c. 2005 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 Simple Memory Art c. 2005, Periodic Table, EVA vinyl shower curtain, San Francisco
Stoker 2010, hlm 62; Chang 2002, hlm. 304. Chang berspekulasi bahwa titik lebur fransium adalah sekitar 23 °C. Stoker HS 2010, General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Belmont California, ISBN 0-495-83146-8 Chang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston, ISBN 0-07-246533-6
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Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 401; Büchel, Moretto & Woditsch 2003, hlm. 278 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X Büchel KH, Moretto H-H, Woditsch P 2003, Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH, ISBN 3-527-29849-5
Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 405–06; 423–34 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Wiberg 2001, hlm. 589 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Emsley 2001, hlm. 67 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5
Emsley 2001, hlm. 391 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5
Emsley 2001, hlm. 426 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5
Emsley 2001, hlm. 382; Burkhart, Burkhart & Morrell 2011 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5 Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG & Morrell DS 2011, 'Treatment of Tinea Versicolor', in HI Maibach & F Gorouhi (eds), Evidence Based Dermatology, 2nd ed., People's Medical Publishing House, Shelton, CT, pp. 365–72, ISBN 978-1-60795-039-4
Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 397 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Butterman & Carlin 2004, hlm. 22; Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 422 Butterman WC & Carlin JF 2004, Mineral Commodity Profiles: Antimony, US Geological Survey Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Rao 2002, hlm. 552; Löffler, Kündig & Dalla Torre 2007, hlm. 17–11 Rao KY 2002, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, ISBN 0-08-043958-6 Löffler JF, Kündig AA & Dalla Torre FH 2007, 'Rapid Solidification and Bulk Metallic Glasses—Processing and Properties,' in JR Groza, JF Shackelford, EJ Lavernia EJ & MT Powers (eds), Materials Processing Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 17–1–44, ISBN 0-8493-3216-8
Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 395; Brown dkk. 2009, hlm. 489 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X Brown TL, LeMay HE, Bursten BE, Murphy CJ, Woodward P 2009, Chemistry: The Central Science, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0-13-235848-4
Russell & Lee 2005, dkk. 421–22, 424 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Klemm 1950, hlm. 133–42; Reilly 2004, hlm. 4 Klemm W 1950, 'Einige Probleme aus der Physik und der Chemie der Halbmetalle und der Metametalle', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 133–42 Reilly 2004, The Nutritional Trace Metals, Blackwell, Oxford, ISBN 1-4051-1040-6
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Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, hlm. 141; Henderson 2000, hlm. 58; Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, hlm. 360–72 Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Henderson M 2000, Main Group Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-617-8 Housecroft CE & Sharpe AG 2008, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6
Owen & Brooker 1991, hlm. 59; Wiberg 2001, hlm. 936 Owen SM & Brooker AT 1991, A Guide to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, ISBN 0-582-06439-2 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Holderness & Berry 1979, hlm. 111; Wiberg 2001, hlm. 980 Holderness A & Berry M 1979, Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Heinemann Educational Books, London, ISBN 0-435-65435-7 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Rao 2002, hlm. 22 Rao KY 2002, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, ISBN 0-08-043958-6
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Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 393 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
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Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 399 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
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Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 420 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
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Wiberg 2001, hlm. 588 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Mellor 1964a, hlm. 30; Wiberg 2001, hlm. 589 Mellor JW 1964a, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 11, John Wiley, New York Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Hill & Holman 2000, hlm. 124 Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN 0-17-448307-4
Wiberg 2001, hlm. 781 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Olmsted & Williams 1997, hlm. 436 Olmsted J & Williams GM 1997, Chemistry, the Molecular Science, 2nd ed., Wm C Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, ISBN 0-8151-8450-6
Wiberg 2001, hlm. 798 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Russell & Lee 2005, hlm. 358–59 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
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Cooper 1968, hlm. 25; Henderson 2000, hlm. 5; Silberberg 2006, hlm. 314 Cooper DG 1968, The Periodic Table, 4th ed., Butterworths, London Henderson M 2000, Main Group Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-617-8 Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-111658-3
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Daub & Seese 1996, hlm. 70, 109: "Aluminium bukanlah metaloid tetapi logam karena memiliki sebagian besar sifat logam."; Denniston, Topping & Caret 2004, hlm. 57: "Mencatat bahwa aluminium (Al) diklasifikasikan sebagai logam, bukan metaloid."; Hasan 2009, hlm. 16: "Aluminium tidak memiliki karakteristik metaloid, melainkan karakteristik logam." Daub GW & Seese WS 1996, Basic Chemistry, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, New York, ISBN 0-13-373630-X Denniston KJ, Topping JJ & Caret RL 2004, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-282847-1 Hasan H 2009, The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, ISBN 1-4358-5333-4
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Bagnall 1966, hlm. 41; Barrett 2003, hlm. 119 Bagnall KW 1966, The Chemistry of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam Barrett J 2003, Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-471-X
Hawkes 2010; Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007; Hawkes 1999, hlm. 14; Roza 2009, hlm. 12 Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, DOI:10.1021ed100308w Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 'Why Polonium and Astatine are not Metalloids in HRW texts', viewed 8 February 2013 Hawkes SJ 1999, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Chem 13 News, February, p. 14, ISSN 0703-1157 Roza G 2009, Bromine, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 1-4358-5068-8
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Olmsted & Williams 1997, hlm. 328; Daintith 2004, hlm. 277 Olmsted J & Williams GM 1997, Chemistry, the Molecular Science, 2nd ed., Wm C Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, ISBN 0-8151-8450-6 Daintith J (ed.) 2004, Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-920463-2
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cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; Indonesian: 351^st place)

news.cnet.com

Reardon 2005; Meskers, Hagelüken & Van Damme 2009, hlm. 1131 Reardon M 2005, 'IBM Doubles Speed of Germanium chips', CNET News, August 4, viewed 27 December 2013 Meskers CEM, Hagelüken C & Van Damme G 2009, 'Green Recycling of EEE: Special and Precious Metal EEE', in SM Howard, P Anyalebechi & L Zhang (eds), Proceedings of Sessions and Symposia Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), held during the TMS 2009 Annual Meeting & Exhibition San Francisco, California, February 15–19, 2009, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, ISBN 978-0-87339-732-2, pp. 1131–36

docbrown.info (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Bucat 1983, hlm. 26; Brown c. 2007 Bucat RB (ed.) 1983, Elements of Chemistry: Earth, Air, Fire & Water, vol. 1, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, ISBN 0-85847-113-2 Brown WP c. 2007 'The Properties of Semi-Metals or Metalloids,' Doc Brown's Chemistry: Introduction to the Periodic Table, viewed 8 February 2013

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Indonesian: 2^nd place)

dx.doi.org

Untuk catatan terkait, lihat pula: Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, hlm. 1703–1707, DOI:10.1021/ed3008457
Belpassi dkk. 2006, hlm. 4543–44 Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Sgamellotti A & Quiney HM 2006, 'The Electronic Structure of Alkali Aurides. A Four-Component Dirac−Kohn−Sham study', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 110, no. 13, April 6, pp. 4543–54, DOI:10.1021/jp054938w
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Goldsmith 1982, hlm. 526; Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2009, hlm. 62; Bettelheim dkk. 2010, hlm. 46 Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–27, DOI:10.1021/ed059p526 Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN 1-4390-4131-8 Bettelheim F, Brown WH, Campbell MK & Farrell SO 2010, Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 9th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, ISBN 0-495-39112-3
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Hawkes 2001, hlm. 1686; Segal 1989, hlm. 965; McMurray & Fay 2009, hlm. 767 Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, DOI:10.1021/ed078p1686 Segal BG 1989, Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-84929-4 McMurray J & Fay RC 2009, General Chemistry: Atoms First, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 0-321-57163-0
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Thayer 1977, hlm. 604; Warren & Geballe 1981; Masters & Ela 2008, hlm. 190 Thayer JS 1977, 'Teaching Bio-Organometal Chemistry. I. The Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 604–06, DOI:10.1021/ed054p604 Warren J & Geballe T 1981, 'Research Opportunities in New Energy-Related Materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 149–98, DOI:10.1016/0025-5416(81)90177-4 Masters GM & Ela W 2008, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0-13-148193-0
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Rausch 1960; Friend 1953, hlm. 68 Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Metals and Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, DOI:10.1021/ed037p568 Friend JN 1953, Man and the Chemical Elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
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Bradley 2014; Universitas Utah 2014 Bradley D 2014, Resistance is Low: New Quantum Effect Diarsipkan 2018-07-20 di Wayback Machine., spectroscopyNOW, viewed 15 December 2014-12-15 University of Utah 2014, New 'Topological Insulator' Could Lead to Superfast Computers, Phys.org, viewed 15 December 2014

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Harga sampel emas, sebagai perbandingan, mulai sekitar tiga puluh lima kali lipat dari perak. Berdasarkan harga sampel untuk B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, dan Au tersedia secara daring dari Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; dan United Nuclear Scientific.
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Goodrich 1844, hlm. 264; The Chemical News 1897, hlm. 189; Hampel & Hawley 1976, hlm. 191; Lewis 1993, hlm. 835; Hérold 2006, hlm. 149–50 Goodrich BG 1844, A Glance at the Physical Sciences, Bradbury, Soden & Co., Boston The Chemical News 1897, 'Notices of Books: A Manual of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical, by WA Tilden', vol. 75, no. 1951, p. 189 Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1976, Glossary of Chemical Terms, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN 0-442-23238-1 Lewis RJ 1993, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN 0-442-01131-8 Hérold A 2006, 'An Arrangement of the Chemical Elements in Several Classes Inside the Periodic Table According to their Common Properties', Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 148–53, DOI:10.1016/j.crci.2005.10.002
Desai, James & Ho 1984, hlm. 1160; Matula 1979, hlm. 1260 Desai PD, James HM & Ho CY 1984, 'Electrical Resistivity of Aluminum and Manganese', Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1131–72, DOI:10.1063/1.555725 Matula RA 1979, 'Electrical Resistivity of Copper, Gold, Palladium, and Silver,' Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1147–298, DOI:10.1063/1.555614
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Peryea 1998 Peryea FJ 1998, 'Historical Use of Lead Arsenate Insecticides, Resulting Soil Contamination and Implications for Soil Remediation, Proceedings', 16th World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, France, 20–26 August
Muncke 2013 Muncke J 2013, 'Antimony Migration from PET: New Study Investigates Extent of Antimony Migration from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Using EU Migration Testing Rules Diarsipkan 2016-03-31 di Wayback Machine.', Food Packaging Forum, April 2
Demetriou dkk. 2011; Oliwenstein 2011 Demetriou MD, Launey ME, Garrett G, Schramm JP, Hofmann DC, Johnson WL & Ritchie RO 2011, 'A Damage-Tolerant Glass', Nature Materials, vol. 10, February, pp. 123–28, DOI:10.1038/nmat2930 Oliwenstein L 2011, 'Caltech-Led Team Creates Damage-Tolerant Metallic Glass', California Institute of Technology, 12 January, viewed 8 February 2013
Schwab & Gerlach 1967; Yetter 2012, hlm. 81; Lipscomb 1972, hlm. 2–3, 5–6, 15 Schwab GM & Gerlach J 1967, 'The Reaction of Germanium with Molybdenum(VI) Oxide in the Solid State' (in German), Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, vol. 56, pp. 121–32, DOI:10.1524/zpch.1967.56.3_4.121 Yetter RA 2012, Nanoengineered Reactive Materials and their Combustion and Synthesis, course notes, Princeton-CEFRC Summer School On Combustion, June 25–29, 2012, Penn State University Lipscomb CA 1972 Pyrotechnics in the '70's A Materials Approach, Naval Ammunition Depot, Research and Development Department, Crane, IN
University of Limerick 2014; Kennedy dkk. 2014 University of Limerick 2014, 'Researchers make breakthrough in battery technology,' 7 February, viewed 2 March 2014 Kennedy T, Mullane E, Geaney H, Osiak M, O'Dwyer C & Ryan KM 2014, 'High-Performance Germanium Nanowire-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Extending over 1000 Cycles Through in Situ Formation of a Continuous Porous Network', Nano-letters, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 716–23, DOI:10.1021/nl403979s
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