Perbudakan (Indonesian Wikipedia)

"Trafficking FAQs – Amnesty International USA". Amnesty International. March 30, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 8, 2009. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

angelfire.com

Yaz, Designs (June 29, 2001). "'Puerto Rico' Grilla's Homepage". Angelfire.com. Diakses tanggal July 23, 2015.

archive.org

Spiegel, Marjorie (1996). The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery. New York: Mirror Books.
North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (December 1971). "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model". The Journal of Economic History. 31 (4): 777–803. doi:10.1017/S0022050700074623. JSTOR 2117209.
Domar, Evsey D. (March 1970). "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis". The Journal of Economic History. 30 (1): 18–32. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078566. JSTOR 2116721.
Panzer, Joel S. (1996). The Popes and Slavery. Alba House. hlm. 3. ISBN 0-8189-0764-9. "The earlier forms of servitude were varied, complex, and very often of a different sociological category than those which were prevalent after the 14th century. While all forms of servitude are certainly unacceptable to most people today, this has not always been the case. Formerly, the rules of war and society were such that servitude was often imposed as a penalty on criminals and prisoners of war, and was even freely chosen by many workers for economic reasons. Children born of those held in servitude were also at times considered to be in the same state as that of their parents. These types of servitude were the most common among those generally considered to establish the so-called 'just titles' of servitude."
Hanke, Lewis (1974). All Mankind Is One: A Study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda on the Religious and Intellectual Capacity of the American Indians. Northern Illinois University Press. hlm. xi. ISBN 0-87580-043-2. "For the first time, and probably for the last, a colonizing nation organized a formal enquiry into the justice of the methods used to extend its empire. For the first time, too, in the modern world, we see an attempt to stigmatize an entire race as inferior, as born slaves according to the theory elaborated centuries before by Aristotle."
David, Rosalie (1 April 1998). The Ancient Egyptians (Beliefs & Practices). Sussex Academic Press. hlm. 91.
Santosuosso, Antonio (2001). Storming the Heavens. Westview Press. hlm. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8133-3523-0.
Noy, David (2000). Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. ISBN 978-0-7156-2952-9.
Harper, James (April 1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 93 (2): 341–342. doi:10.2307/293259. JSTOR 293259.
Fage, John Donnelly; Tordoff, William (2001). A History of Africa (edisi ke-4). Budapest: Routledge. hlm. 258. ISBN 978-0-415-25248-5.
Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the Ancient Near East". Dalam Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 4–21.
Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. hlm. 18.
Donoghue, John (2010). "Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition". The American Historical Review. 115 (4): 943–974. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.4.943.
Danver, Steven (2010). Popular Controversies in World History. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 322. ISBN 978-1-59884-078-0.
Conway, John (2008). A Look at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slavery Abolished, Equal Protection Established. Enslow Publishers. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-1-59845-070-5.
Childs, Matt D. (2006). 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5772-4.
Childs, Matt D. (2006). 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5772-4.
Moitt, Bernard (2001). Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635–1848. Indiana University Press. hlm. 63.
Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors. Neale Publishing Company. hlm. 23. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2013. wikisource
Streissguth, Tom (2009). Suriname in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. hlm. 23. ISBN 978-1-57505-964-8.
Behrendt, Stephen (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas".
Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1995). "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century". Dalam Mathew, Kuzhippalli S. Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies on Maritime History. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 978-8173040757.
Robert Gellately; Ben Kiernan, ed. (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (edisi ke-reprint). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-521-52750-7. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014. Hideyoshi korean slaves guns silk.
Boxer, C. R. (1968) [1948]. Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (edisi ke-2nd revised). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. hlm. 225. ISBN 978-0196380742. be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ...
For sources about forced slave labor in GULAG camps, see Applebaum, Anne. "Introduction". Gulag: A History. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing. hlm. xv. Gulag is the word an acronym for Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei or Central Administration of Camps. Over time, it has also indicated not only the administration of concentration camps, but also the very system of Soviet slave labor, in all its forms and varieties Gregory, Paul R.; Lazarev, Valery (2003-10-01). The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press. hlm. 112. From the perspective of the Kremlin, Magadan existed as the center of a domestic colony based on slave labor. Barnes, Steven A. (2011-04-04). Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. hlm. 7, 36, 262. Dobson, Miriam (October 2012). "Stalin's Gulag: Death, Redemption and Memory". The Slavonic and East European Review. 90 (4): 735–743. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735.
For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.

arquivo.pt

"Trafficking FAQs – Amnesty International USA". Amnesty International. March 30, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 8, 2009. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

aspi.org.au

Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leiboid, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (February 2020). "Uyghurs for Sale". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 24, 2020. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-20.

avalanchepress.com

"Soldier Khan". Avalanchepress.com. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

baltimoresun.com

Nitkin, David; Merritt, Harry (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". The Baltimore Sun. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 30, 2007.

bbc.co.uk

"Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery". BBC. January 30, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 16, 2009.
"Ethics – Slavery: Modern slavery". bbc.co.uk. Diakses tanggal February 11, 2016.
"Two-year-old 'at risk' of forced marriage". BBC News. March 5, 2013.
"Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome". BBC News. November 5, 2009. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 10, 2008.
"Religion & Ethics – Islam and slavery: Abolition". BBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 21, 2009. Diakses tanggal May 1, 2010.
Davis, Robert (February 17, 2011). "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". BBC.
"History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". BBC. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2013.
"Sexual slavery – the harem". BBC – Religion & Ethics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 21, 2009.
"The Abolition season on BBC World Service". BBC News. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
"Devon – Abolition – Sailing against slavery". BBC. February 28, 2007. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.
"The law against slavery". BBC News. Diakses tanggal October 5, 2008.
Coslett, Paul (September 24, 2014). "Liverpool's slavery apology". BBC News. BBC. Diakses tanggal January 7, 2020.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Focus on the slave trade". BBC. 3 September 2001. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 May 2017.
"Remembering East African slave raids". BBC News. 2007-03-30. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
"Focus on the slave trade". BBC News. 2001-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
"Nazi slave fund passes final hurdle". 2001-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News. August 9, 2007. Diakses tanggal Jan 8, 2011.
"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News. August 9, 2007. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
"Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role". BBC. 2007-03-14. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
"Virginia 'sorry' for slavery role". BBC News. February 25, 2007. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

bbc.com

Pinnell, Owen; Kelly, Jess (November 1, 2019). "Kuwait moves on Instagram slave traders after BBC investigation". BBC. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2021.
"African migrants 'sold in slave markets'". BBC News. 11 April 2017 – via bbc.com.
Adams, Paul (28 February 2017). "Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub". BBC News – via bbc.com.

boingboing.net

Doctorow, Cory (11 April 2017). "West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets". Boing Boing.

books.google.com

Publishers, Harper Collins (2016-02-17). Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary of English. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 978-602-03-2329-9.
Waite, Maurice; Lindberg, Christine A. (2010). Pocket Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972995-1.
Allain, Jean (2012). "The Legal Definition of Slavery into the Twenty-First Century". Dalam Allain, Jean. The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. Oxford: OUP. hlm. 199–219. ISBN 9780191645358.
Baker-Kimmons, Leslie C. (2008). "Slavery". Dalam Schaefer, Richard T. Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. 3. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 1234. ISBN 9781412926942.
White, Shelley K.; White, Jonathan M.; Korgen, Kathleen Odell (2014). Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality. Sage. hlm. 43. ISBN 978-1-4833-1147-0.
Brace, Laura (2004). The Politics of Property: Labour, Freedom and Belonging. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 162. ISBN 978-0-7486-1535-3. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
McKivigan, John R.; Snay, Mitchell (1998). Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery. University of Georgia Press. hlm. 68. ISBN 978-0-8203-2076-2. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Griswold, Charles L. (1999). Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 198. ISBN 978-0-521-62891-4. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Ober, Josiah (2018-06-26). Athenian Legacies: Essays on the Politics of Going On Together. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19016-7.
Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (2017-12-07). Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34661-1.
Harper, Kyle (2011), Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 59–60, ISBN 978-1-139-50406-5, diakses tanggal 11 August 2016
Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
Lodhi, Abdulaziz (2000). Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. hlm. 17. ISBN 978-91-7346-377-5.
Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson (11 October 2019). Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 16. ISBN 978-1-4408-5097-4.
Leland Donald (1997). "Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America". University of California Press. ISBN 9780520918115. Diakses tanggal 2019-12-25.
Klein, Martin A. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. hlm. 13. ISBN 978-0-8108-7528-9.
Palais, James B. (1998). Views on Korean social history. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. hlm. 50. ISBN 978-89-7141-441-5. Diakses tanggal February 15, 2017. Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed.
Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (2011). Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives. SUNY Press. hlm. 141. ISBN 978-1-4384-3777-4. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
Postan, Michael Moïssey; Miller, Edward (1987). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 417. ISBN 978-0-521-08709-4. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Boyce Davies, Carole Elizabeth (2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 1002. ISBN 978-1-85109-705-0. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Hayes, Diana (2003). "Reflections on Slavery". Dalam Curran, Charles E. Change in Official Catholic Moral Teachings. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4134-0.
Clapham, John H. A Concise Economic History of Britain from the Earliest Times. CUP Archive. hlm. 63. GGKEY:HYPAY3GPAA5.
Phillips, Jr, William D. (1985). Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1825-1.
Goodman, Joan E.; McNeely, Tom (2001). A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama. Mikaya Press. ISBN 978-0-9650493-7-5. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Marques, António Henrique R. de Oliveira; Oliveira, Marques A. H. de; Marques, A. D. de Oliviera (1972). History of Portugal: From Lusitania to empire. Columbia University Press. hlm. 158–160, 362–370. ISBN 978-0-231-03159-2.
Lowe, K.J.P. (2005). Black Africans In Renaissance Europe. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-81582-6. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Northrup, David (2002). Africa's Discovery of Europe: 1450 to 1850. Oxford University Press. hlm. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-514084-2. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Klein, Herbert S. (2010). The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48911-9.
Forsythe, David P. (2009-08-27). Encyclopedia of Human Rights. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Ewing, Winifred Crum; Samenlevingen, Stichting Plurale (1975). Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. BRILL. hlm. 452. ISBN 978-90-247-1779-8. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Edward R. Tannenbaum, Guilford Dudley (1973). A History of World Civilizations. Wiley. hlm. 615. ISBN 978-0-471-84480-8.
Shillington, Kevin (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. hlm. 1401. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
Bagley, H. R. C. (1997-08-01). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-02104-4.
Rodriguez 2007a, hlm. 585. Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-544-5.
Kissling, H. J; Spuler, Bertold; Barbour, N; Trimingham, J.S.; Braun, H; Hartel, H (1997-08-01). The Last Great Muslim Empires. ISBN 978-90-04-02104-4.
Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). A Concise History of Islam. New Delhi: VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd. hlm. 453. ISBN 978-93-81411-09-4. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.
Davis, R. (2003-09-16). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-4039-4551-8.
Veenhoven, Willem A. (1977). Case Studies on Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. hlm. 440. ISBN 978-90-247-1956-3. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). Genocide: a history. Pearson Education. hlm. 76–78. ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5.
Mancke, Elizabeth; Shammas, Carole (2005-05-31). The Creation of the British Atlantic World. JHU Press. hlm. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-8018-8039-1.
Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon (1978). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-502745-7.
Billings, Warren M. (2009). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700: Easyread Super Large 18pt Edition. ReadHowYouWant.com. hlm. 286–87. ISBN 978-1-4429-6090-9.
Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. hlm. 17. ISBN 978-0547640983.
Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 145. ISBN 978-0-521-52470-4.
Coupeau, Steeve (2008). The History of Haiti. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-34089-5.
Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide; Ulrick, Jean-Pierre (2006). Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti. Educa Vision Inc. hlm. 12. ISBN 978-1-58432-293-1. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2013.
Baralt, Guillermo A. (2007). Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795-1873. Markus Wiener Publishers.
Baralt, Guillermo A. (2007). Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795-1873. Markus Wiener Publishers.
Rodriguez 2007a, hlm. 398. Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-544-5.
Smith, Julia Floyd (1973). Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1860. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. hlm. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-8130-0323-8.
Clinton, Catherine (1999). Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Scholastic Reference. hlm. 8. ISBN 978-0-590-37228-2.
McInnis, Maurie D. (2011). Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 129. ISBN 978-0-226-55933-9.
Williams, R. Owen (November 2006). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition [Two Volumes]. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-01524-3.
Zhao, Gang (1986). Man and Land in Chinese History: An Economic Analysis. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1271-2.
Huang, Philip C. (2001). Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4111-8.
Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell; Yates, Donald N. (2014). The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History. McFarland. hlm. 51. ISBN 978-0-7864-7684-8. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
"Kao-li maid-servant". Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko. Tokyo: Tōyō Bunko (2): 63. 1928. ISSN 0082-562X.
Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Diakses tanggal July 4, 2010.
Salisbury, Joyce E. (2004). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: The medieval world. Greenwood Press. hlm. 316. ISBN 978-0-313-32543-4. Diakses tanggal January 9, 2011.
Schafer, Edward H. (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics. University of California Press. hlm. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-05462-2.
Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. hlm. 69. ISBN 978-0-295-97644-0. Diakses tanggal November 28, 2010.
Brook, Timothy; Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2000). Opium regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. University of California Press. hlm. 148. ISBN 978-0-520-22236-6. Diakses tanggal November 28, 2010.
Prakash, Om (1998-06-28). European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India. The New Cambridge History of India. II. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-25758-9.
Richards, John F. (2012). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I, Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58406-0.
Clarence-Smith, W.G. (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. hlm. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-522151-0.
Michael Weiner, ed. (2004). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorites (edisi ke-illustrated). Taylor & Francis. hlm. 408. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis, ed. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 479. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2021.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 187. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2021.
Lidin, Olof G. (2002). Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan. Routledge. hlm. 170. ISBN 978-1-135-78871-1. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Stanley, Amy (2012). Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan. 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Matthew H. Sommer. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95238-6. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Spence, Jonathan D. (1985). The memory palace of Matteo Ricci (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Penguin Books. hlm. 208. ISBN 978-0-14-008098-8. Diakses tanggal May 5, 2012. countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese
Finkelman, Paul; Miller, Joseph Calder (1998). Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery. 2. Macmillan Reference US. hlm. 737. ISBN 978-0-02-864781-4. OCLC 39655102.
Saunders, A.C. de C.M. (1982). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555. 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society (edisi ke-illustrated). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 168. ISBN 978-0-521-23150-3. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2013). Religion in Japanese History (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Columbia University Press. hlm. 144. ISBN 978-0-231-51509-2. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Calman, Donald (2013). Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism. Routledge. hlm. 37. ISBN 978-1-134-91843-0. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Moran, J.F. (2012). Japanese and the Jesuits. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-88112-3. Diakses tanggal February 2, 2014.
Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (2011). Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives. SUNY Press. hlm. 140–41. ISBN 978-1-4384-3777-4. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments. Hollym. 2004. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-1-56591-177-2.
Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-313-31071-3.
Klein, Martin A. (2014). "Maori". Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (edisi ke-2). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 253. ISBN 9780810875289. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-23. Slaves called mokai were an important part of pre-colonial Maori society.
Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. hlm. 106. ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Kaiser, Darrel P. (2006). Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies. Darrel P. Kaiser. ISBN 978-1-4116-9894-9. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2012.
Žižek, Slavoj (2018). The Courage of Hopelessness: A Year of Acting Dangerously. Melville House. hlm. 29. ISBN 978-1612190037. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2018.
Green, Howard L. (1995). Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader. Rutgers University Press. hlm. 84. ISBN 978-0-8135-2113-8. 1804: With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery.
Wise, Steven M. (2006). Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial that Led to the End of Human Slavery. Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-430-4.

brandeis.edu

"Traditional or Chattel Slavery". FSE Project. The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project. Diakses tanggal August 31, 2014.

britannica.com

"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2007.
"Slavery in the New World". Britannica.com. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-25.

british-history.ac.uk

Goose, Nigel (2007-10-18). "Victoria county history: a history of the county of Chester, vol. V, 2, The city of Chester: culture, buildings and institutions – Edited by Christopher P. Lewis and Alan T. Thacker Victoria county history: a history of the county of Durham, vol. IV, Darlington – Edited by Gillian Cookson Victoria county history: a history of the County of Oxford, vol. XV, Carterton, Minster Lovell, and environs (Bampton Hundred part three) – Edited by S. Townley". The Economic History Review. 60 (4): 830–832. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x. ISSN 0013-0117.

buildinghistory.org

"The Saxon Slave-Market in Bristol". Building History. July 2006. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

business-humanrights.org

"China: 83 major brands implicated in report on forced labour of ethnic minorities from Xinjiang assigned to factories across provinces; Includes company responses - Business & Human Rights Resource Centre". www.business-humanrights.org.

cambriapress.com

"African Heritage and Memories of Slavery in Brazil and the South Atlantic World By Ana Lucia Araujo". www.cambriapress.com. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

capmag.com

Krembs, Peter (January 20, 2003). "An Idea Not Worth Drafting: Conscription is Slavery". Capmag.com. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

chicagotribune.com

Services, Tribune News. "BENIN OFFICIALS APOLOGIZE FOR ROLE IN U.S. SLAVE TRADE". chicagotribune.com. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

christianitytoday.com

"Why Did So Many Christians Support Slavery?". christianitytoday.com. Diakses tanggal August 28, 2017.

cia.gov

"The World Factbook". cia.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 29, 2011. Diakses tanggal August 8, 2010.

city-journal.org

Hitchens, Christopher (2007). "Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates". City Journal. Diakses tanggal September 30, 2015.

civil-war.net

"1860 Census Results". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 4, 2004.
"1860 Census Results". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 4, 2004.

cnn.com

Sebastian, Clare (July 30, 2018). "She escaped domestic slavery, now she helps other survivors". CNN. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2021.
Tutton, Mark (July 19, 2018). "Modern slavery in developed countries more common than thought". CNN. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2018.
Sutter, John D. (March 2012). "Slavery's last stronghold". CNN. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012.

edition.cnn.com

"India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria on slavery's list of shame". CNN. October 18, 2013.

thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com

"UN: There is hope for Mauritania's slaves". CNN. March 17, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-26.

cofc.edu

ldhi.library.cofc.edu

"Lowcountry Digital History Initiative". College of Charleston. Diakses tanggal November 29, 2021.

constitution.org

"Constitution Society – Advocates and enforcers of the U.S. and State Constitutions". Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06. ...vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery.

countrystudies.us

"Nigeria – The Slave Trade". countrystudies.us. U.S. Library of Congress. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 7, 2021. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

csw.org.uk

dynamic.csw.org.uk

"North Korea". Christian Solidarity Worldwide. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.

cuny.edu

lostmuseum.cuny.edu

""Horrible Traffic in Circassian Women – Infanticide in Turkey, " New York Daily Times, August 6, 1856". Chnm.gmu.edu. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

davidkopel.com

Kopel, Dave. "Nationalized Slavery; A policy Italy should dump". davidkopel.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 12, 2007. . Refers to both the military and national service requirements of Italy as slavery

dictionary.com

For sources about the concept of "wage slavery" and its various interpretations, see {"wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

discoverjamaica.com

"JAMAICAN HISTORY I". Discover Jamaica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 5, 2013. Diakses tanggal August 23, 2013.

doi.org

North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (December 1971). "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model". The Journal of Economic History. 31 (4): 777–803. doi:10.1017/S0022050700074623. JSTOR 2117209.
Domar, Evsey D. (March 1970). "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis". The Journal of Economic History. 30 (1): 18–32. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078566. JSTOR 2116721.
Harris, W. V. (2011-02-03), "Demography, Geography, and the Sources of Roman Slaves*", Rome's Imperial Economy, Oxford University Press: 88–110, doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199595167.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-959516-7, diakses tanggal 2021-02-07
Shaw, Garry J. (2012-10-26), "Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt", The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15006, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, diakses tanggal 2021-02-07
Ober, Josiah; Scheidel, Walter; Shaw, Brent D; Sanclemente, Donna (2007-04-18). "Toward Open Access in Ancient Studies: The Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics". Hesperia. 76 (1): 229–242. doi:10.2972/hesp.76.1.229. ISSN 0018-098X.
Lauffer, Siegfried (1957-08-01). Berneker, Erich, ed. "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion, I. Teil". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung (dalam bahasa Jerman). 74 (1): 916. doi:10.7767/zrgra.1957.74.1.403. ISSN 2304-4934.
Harper, James (April 1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 93 (2): 341–342. doi:10.2307/293259. JSTOR 293259.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Goose, Nigel (2007-10-18). "Victoria county history: a history of the county of Chester, vol. V, 2, The city of Chester: culture, buildings and institutions – Edited by Christopher P. Lewis and Alan T. Thacker Victoria county history: a history of the county of Durham, vol. IV, Darlington – Edited by Gillian Cookson Victoria county history: a history of the County of Oxford, vol. XV, Carterton, Minster Lovell, and environs (Bampton Hundred part three) – Edited by S. Townley". The Economic History Review. 60 (4): 830–832. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x. ISSN 0013-0117.
Kizilov, Mikhail (2007). "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources". Journal of Early Modern History. 11 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1163/157006507780385125.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Baepler, B. (January 1999). "White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives". The SHAFR Guide Online. University of Chicago Press: 5. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim030170256. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.
Galenson, David W. (Mar 1984). "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis". The Journal of Economic History. XLIV (1): 1–26. doi:10.1017/S002205070003134X. JSTOR 2120553.
Donoghue, John (2010). "Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition". The American Historical Review. 115 (4): 943–974. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.4.943.
Douma, Michael J. (June 2015). "The Lincoln Administration's Negotiations to Colonize African Americans in Dutch Suriname". Civil War History. 61 (2): 111–37. doi:10.1353/cwh.2015.0037. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.
Granet, Marcel (2013) [1930], "The History of Civilization", Chinese Civilization, London: Routledge, hlm. 500–503, doi:10.4324/9781315005508-24, ISBN 978-1-315-00550-8
Levi, Scott C. (November 2002). "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1017/S1356186302000329. JSTOR 25188289. Sources such as the Arthasastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata demonstrate that institutionalized slavery was well established in India by beginning of the common era
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). "Slaves and Tyrants: Dutch Tribulations in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U". Journal of Early Modern History. 1 (3): 201–253. doi:10.1163/157006597x00028. ISSN 1385-3783.
Prakash, Om (1985-01-01). The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400857760. ISBN 978-1-4008-5776-0.
Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by Kizilov, Mikhail (2007). "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate". The Journal of Jewish Studies. 58 (2): 189–210. doi:10.18647/2730/JJS-2007.
For sources about forced slave labor in GULAG camps, see Applebaum, Anne. "Introduction". Gulag: A History. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing. hlm. xv. Gulag is the word an acronym for Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei or Central Administration of Camps. Over time, it has also indicated not only the administration of concentration camps, but also the very system of Soviet slave labor, in all its forms and varieties Gregory, Paul R.; Lazarev, Valery (2003-10-01). The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press. hlm. 112. From the perspective of the Kremlin, Magadan existed as the center of a domestic colony based on slave labor. Barnes, Steven A. (2011-04-04). Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. hlm. 7, 36, 262. Dobson, Miriam (October 2012). "Stalin's Gulag: Death, Redemption and Memory". The Slavonic and East European Review. 90 (4): 735–743. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735.
For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.
Barenberg, Alan; Bell, Wilson T.; Kinnear, Sean; Maddox, Steven; Viola, Lynne (14 November 2017). "New directions in Gulag studies: a roundtable discussion". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 59 (3–4): 2. doi:10.1080/00085006.2017.1384665.
Dwyer, Philip (2008). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars". French Politics, Culture & Society. Berghahn Books. 26 (3): 110–122. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306. JSTOR 42843569.
Peabody, Sue (1984). "Race, Slavery, and the Law in Early Modern France". The Historian. Taylor & Francis. 56 (3): 501–510. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1994.tb01322.x. JSTOR 24448702.
Chatman, Samuel L. (2000). "'There are no Slaves in France': A Re-Examination of Slave Laws in Eighteenth Century France". The Journal of Negro History. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. 85 (3): 144–153. doi:10.2307/2649071. JSTOR 2649071.

dx.doi.org

Harris, W. V. (2011-02-03), "Demography, Geography, and the Sources of Roman Slaves*", Rome's Imperial Economy, Oxford University Press: 88–110, doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199595167.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-959516-7, diakses tanggal 2021-02-07
Shaw, Garry J. (2012-10-26), "Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt", The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15006, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, diakses tanggal 2021-02-07
Ober, Josiah; Scheidel, Walter; Shaw, Brent D; Sanclemente, Donna (2007-04-18). "Toward Open Access in Ancient Studies: The Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics". Hesperia. 76 (1): 229–242. doi:10.2972/hesp.76.1.229. ISSN 0018-098X.
Lauffer, Siegfried (1957-08-01). Berneker, Erich, ed. "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion, I. Teil". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung (dalam bahasa Jerman). 74 (1): 916. doi:10.7767/zrgra.1957.74.1.403. ISSN 2304-4934.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Baepler, B. (January 1999). "White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives". The SHAFR Guide Online. University of Chicago Press: 5. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim030170256. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.
Granet, Marcel (2013) [1930], "The History of Civilization", Chinese Civilization, London: Routledge, hlm. 500–503, doi:10.4324/9781315005508-24, ISBN 978-1-315-00550-8
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). "Slaves and Tyrants: Dutch Tribulations in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U". Journal of Early Modern History. 1 (3): 201–253. doi:10.1163/157006597x00028. ISSN 1385-3783.
Prakash, Om (1985-01-01). The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400857760. ISBN 978-1-4008-5776-0.

dominican.edu

scholar.dominican.edu

For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.

dominiopublico.gov.br

"Domínio Público - Pesquisa Básica". www.dominiopublico.gov.br.

du.edu

"Economics and Slavery" (PDF). Du.edu. Diakses tanggal August 18, 2013.

ed.ac.uk

"Slavery and forced labour in Ancient China and the Ancient Mediterranean". The University of Edinburgh. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-06.

encyclopediaofukraine.com

"Slavery Encyclopedia of Ukraine". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

ensayistas.org

"Teoría, Crítica e Historia: La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano" (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Ensayistas.org. Diakses tanggal July 23, 2015.

eurozine.com

"From private to state slavery and back again". Eurozine. 31 July 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 August 2021.

face2faceafrica.com

"Watch Gaddafi apologize on behalf of Arabs for their cruel treatment of Africans during the Arab slave trade". Face2Face Africa (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2019-11-15. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-27.

facinghistory.org

"The Holocaust in Belarus". Facing History and Ourselves. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2020. The non-Jewish population was subjected to Nazi terror, too. Hundreds of thousands were deported to Germany as slave laborers, thousands of villages and towns were burned or destroyed, and millions were starved to death as the Germans plundered the entire region. Timothy Snyder estimates that 'half of the population of Soviet Belarus was either killed or forcibly displaced during World War II: nothing of the kind can be said of any other European country.'

faz.net

Scheen, Thomas (28 October 2008). "Niger: Ehemalige Sklavin erhält Entschädigung". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (dalam bahasa Jerman). Johannesburg. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 31, 2008. Diakses tanggal October 14, 2015. ^{[membutuhkan kutipan untuk dapat dipastikan]}

fortunecity.com

"El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"" [The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"]. Government Gazette of Puerto Rico (dalam bahasa Spanyol). fortunecity.com. May 31, 1848. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6, 2007.

globalslaveryindex.org

"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals More Than 29 Million People Living In Slavery". Global Slavery Index 2013. October 4, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 7, 2016. Diakses tanggal October 17, 2013.
"Global Slavery Index". globalslaveryindex.org. Diakses tanggal February 14, 2015.

google.co.id

books.google.co.id

"XXVI. Report of a Journey into the Batak Country, in the interior of Sumatra, in the year 1824. By Messrs. BURTON and WARD, Baptist Missionaries. Communicated by the late Sir STAMFORD RAFFLES, Kt.". Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (dalam bahasa Inggris). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: The Society. 22 April 1826. hlm. 508.

google.com

Ochiengʼ, William Robert (1975). Eastern Kenya and Its Invaders. East African Literature Bureau. hlm. 76. Diakses tanggal May 15, 2015.
"Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology". Agence France-Presse. June 19, 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 25, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 22, 2009 – via Google News.

greenwood.com

testaae.greenwood.com

Foner, Philip S. (1980). History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom. Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 14, 2013.

h-net.org

Ball, Jeremy R. (November 2003), "Alcohol and Slaves", H-Net Reviews (Review), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-01-22, diakses tanggal 2021-02-06

heinonline.org

For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.

histclo.com

"Slavery in Brazil". Historical Boys' Clothing. Diakses tanggal July 18, 2012.

history-world.org

"Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era". History-world.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 24, 2018. Diakses tanggal March 23, 2016.

history.com

"Technology". History.com. January 4, 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 23, 2008. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2009.

hit-u.ac.jp

www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp

Matsuki, Eizo. "The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal June 5, 2013.

honordiaries.com

"Honor Diaries : Child/Forced Marriage : Factsheet" (PDF). Honordiaries.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal September 24, 2015. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

hrw.org

"Campaign Page: Child Soldiers". Human Rights Watch. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 13, 2008. Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan^{[dibutuhkan verifikasi sumber]}
"Child Slaves Abandoned to India's Silk Industry". Human Rights Watch. 2003-01-23. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.
World Report 2014: North Korea. Human Rights Watch. January 21, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 7, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.

huffingtonpost.com.au

Belardelli, Giulia (2 December 2014). "Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery". HuffPost.

ibtimes.com

Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). "Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse". International Business Times.

iclklamberg.com

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, International Criminal Law Database & Commentary, hlm. footnotes: 29, 82, 107 ^{[pranala nonaktif]}

ilo.org

"Forced labour – Themes". Ilo.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 9, 2010. Diakses tanggal March 14, 2010.

independencia.net

Bas García, José R. (March 23, 2009). "La abolición de la esclavitud de 1873 en Puerto Rico" [The abolition of slavery in 1873 in Puerto Rico]. Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean (dalam bahasa Spanyol). independencia.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 19, 2011.

indy100.com

"Louis Dor (Saturday 30 April 2016) Kim Jong-un is recruiting a new 'pleasure squad' of teenage girls".

investvine.com

Bradford, Laurence (23 July 2013). "Modern day slavery in Southeast Asia: Thailand and Cambodia". Inside Investor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 23, 2015. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2013.

ipoaa.com

Martinez, Robert A. "African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality". ipoaa.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-14. Diakses tanggal March 22, 2016.

ipsnews.net

"Rights–Mexico: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation". ipsnews.net. August 13, 2007. Diakses tanggal February 11, 2016.

jamestown.org

Glyn Williams, Brian (2013). "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. hlm. 27. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal October 21, 2013.

japanprobe.com

"Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn't know…". Japan Probe. May 10, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 4, 2016. Diakses tanggal January 7, 2018.

japantimes.co.jp

Hoffman, Michael (May 26, 2013). "The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders". Japan Times. Diakses tanggal March 2, 2014.

jewishencyclopedia.com

Singer, Isido Singer; Jacobs, Joseph. "Slave-trade". Jewishencyclopedia.com. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

"Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)". Journal of World History. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 11, 2016. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2021.
Douma, Michael J. (June 2015). "The Lincoln Administration's Negotiations to Colonize African Americans in Dutch Suriname". Civil War History. 61 (2): 111–37. doi:10.1353/cwh.2015.0037. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

jstor.org

North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (December 1971). "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model". The Journal of Economic History. 31 (4): 777–803. doi:10.1017/S0022050700074623. JSTOR 2117209.
Domar, Evsey D. (March 1970). "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis". The Journal of Economic History. 30 (1): 18–32. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078566. JSTOR 2116721.
Harper, James (April 1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 93 (2): 341–342. doi:10.2307/293259. JSTOR 293259.
Kenneth M. Ames, "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast," World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 1, The Archaeology of Slavery (June, 2001), pp. 1–17 in JSTOR
Galenson, David W. (Mar 1984). "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis". The Journal of Economic History. XLIV (1): 1–26. doi:10.1017/S002205070003134X. JSTOR 2120553.
Levi, Scott C. (November 2002). "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1017/S1356186302000329. JSTOR 25188289. Sources such as the Arthasastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata demonstrate that institutionalized slavery was well established in India by beginning of the common era
Nelson, Thomas (Winter 2004). "Slavery in Medieval Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 59: 463–492. JSTOR 25066328.
Dwyer, Philip (2008). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars". French Politics, Culture & Society. Berghahn Books. 26 (3): 110–122. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306. JSTOR 42843569.
Peabody, Sue (1984). "Race, Slavery, and the Law in Early Modern France". The Historian. Taylor & Francis. 56 (3): 501–510. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1994.tb01322.x. JSTOR 24448702.
Chatman, Samuel L. (2000). "'There are no Slaves in France': A Re-Examination of Slave Laws in Eighteenth Century France". The Journal of Negro History. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. 85 (3): 144–153. doi:10.2307/2649071. JSTOR 2649071.

kacike.org

Guitar, Lynne. "Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo-Afro-European People and Culture on Hispaniola". KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 2, 2008. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2011.

kemdikbud.go.id

kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id

"Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id. Diakses tanggal 1-12-2022.

ket.org

dl.ket.org

"Slavery in Ancient Rome". Dl.ket.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 22, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

khiva.info

"The Freeing of the Slaves". Khiva.info. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

latinamericanstudies.org

Perbi, Akosua (April 5, 2001). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Pre-colonial Africa" (PDF). latinamericanstudies.org. Diakses tanggal August 11, 2016.

loc.gov

guides.loc.gov

Bavis, Barbara. "Research Guides: American Women: Resources from the Law Library: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Law Library of Congress. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.

lrb.co.uk

Farmer, Paul (April 15, 2004). "Who removed Aristide?". London Review of Books. hlm. 28–31. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 8, 2008. Diakses tanggal February 19, 2010.

lse.ac.uk

www2.lse.ac.uk

Clarence-Smith, William. "Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 29, 2017. Diakses tanggal August 28, 2013.

merriam-webster.com

"wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

metmuseum.org

Bortolot, Alexander Ives. "The Transatlantic Slave Trade]". www.metmuseum.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

mises.org

Machan, Tibor R. (April 13, 2000). "Tax Slavery". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Diakses tanggal October 9, 2006.

mod.uk

royalnavy.mod.uk

"Royal Navy and the Slave Trade : Battles : History : Royal Navy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 28, 2009. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

mondediplo.com

M'bokolo, Elikia (1998-04-01). "The impact of the slave trade on Africa". Le Monde diplomatique. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

msu.edu

coursesa.matrix.msu.edu

Inalcik, Halil (1979). "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire". Dalam Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Kiràly, Béla K. The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern. New York: Columbia University Press. hlm. 25–43. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 11, 2009.

mulr.com.au

"Without Consent: Forced Marriage in Australia" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal June 13, 2015.

nation.co.ke

"African migrants sold as 'slaves' for $200 in Libya". Nation Media Group. Agence France-Presse. 12 April 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 April 2017.

nationalarchives.gov.uk

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

"Royal Navy and the Slave Trade : Battles : History : Royal Navy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 28, 2009. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

nationalgeographic.com

ngm.nationalgeographic.com

"Swahili Coast". National Geographic. October 17, 2002. Diakses tanggal September 30, 2015.

nbcnews.com

usnews.nbcnews.com

DeLuca, Matthew (19 June 2013). "'Modern-day slavery': State Dept. says millions of human trafficking victims go unidentified". NBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 June 2013. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2021.

newint.org

"Slavery in the 21st century". Newint.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 27, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

newyorker.com

Okeowo, Alexis (September 8, 2014). "Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 6, 2018. Diakses tanggal October 16, 2014.
"A Mauritanian Abolitionist's Crusade Against Slavery". The New Yorker. September 8, 2014. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.

npr.org

"Congress Apologizes for Slavery, Jim Crow". NPR.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

nps.gov

itd.nps.gov

"Social Aspects of the Civil War". National Park Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2007.
"Soldiers and Sailors Database – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)". Itd.nps.gov. September 19, 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2007. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

nytimes.com

Pollak, Michael (2014-03-28). "Determining the Legal Rights of Slaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.
Gates Jr., Henry Louis (22 April 2010). "Opinion | Ending the Slavery Blame-Game". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2021.
Collins, Kathleen (30 September 2009). "A Slave Named Gordon". The New York Times. hlm. 45. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.
Coursen-Neff, Zama; Tribune, International Herald (2003-01-30). "For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.
Myers, Steven Lee (November 25, 2017). "In China, the Brutality of 'House Arrest' (Published 2017)". The New York Times.
Foner, Eric (2007-12-30). "Opinion | Forgotten Step Toward Freedom (Published 2007)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com

"27 Million People Said to Live in 'Modern Slavery'". The New York Times. June 20, 2013.

ohchr.org

"Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian" (PDF). ohchr.org. United Nations Human Rights Council. 10 July 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal September 21, 2013. Diakses tanggal October 14, 2015.
"Debt bondage remains the most prevalent form of forced labour worldwide". United Nations. 15 September 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 July 2021.
"VII. Conclusions and Recommendations". Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 17, 2014. hlm. 365. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 27, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.

openlibrary.org

Love, Henry Davison (1913). Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800. London: Published for the Govt. of India. OL 1773373W.

oregonstate.edu

"Bartoleme de las Casas". Oregonstate.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2002. Diakses tanggal July 23, 2015.

orlandosentinel.com

Postal, Leslie (June 1, 2018). "Schools Without Rules: Private schools' curriculum downplays slavery, says humans and dinosaurs lived together". Orlando Sentinel. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-01. Diakses tanggal June 5, 2018.

ospreypublishing.com

Nicolle, David (1995). "The Janissaries". United States. Osprey Publishing. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

osu.edu

researchnews.osu.edu

"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed". Research News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 25, 2011. Diakses tanggal October 10, 2007.

papalencyclicals.net

"Sicut Dudem -Against the Enslavement of Black Natives of the Canary Islands". papalencyclicals.net. January 13, 1435.
"Sublimus Dei – On the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians". papalencyclicals.net. May 29, 1537.

pdavis.nl

"Erskine May on Slavery in Britain (Vol. III, Chapter XI)". Diakses tanggal 2 November 2017.
"The West African Squadron and slave trade". Pdavis.nl. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

princeton.edu

Scheidel, Walter. "The Roman slave supply" (PDF). Stanford University.

proquest.com

Vink, Markus P. M. (June 1998). Encounters on the Opposite Coast: Cross-Cultural Contacts between the Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century (Tesis PhD). University of Minnesota. ISBN 978-0591923254. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304436379. Diakses pada 14 February 2021.

proyectosalonhogar.com

"Esclavitud Puerto Rico". Proyectosalonhogar.com. Diakses tanggal July 23, 2015.

questia.com

Asquith, Christina. "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868–883 AD – slave revolt in Iraq". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 6, 2016.

reliefweb.int

"UNICEF supports fight to end marriage by abduction in Ethiopia". reliefweb.int. November 9, 2004. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2013.

repec.org

ideas.repec.org

Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter (November 12, 2006). "Slavery and other property rights". MPRA Paper 372. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2009.
Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. "Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States". Working Paper Series. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-06. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-17.

researchgate.net

Campbell 2008, hlm. 27-53. Campbell, Gwyn; Miers, Suzanne; Miller, Joseph Calder, ed. (2008). Women and Slavery: The Modern Atlantic. 2. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1725-6.
For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press. Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps" (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1080/13811110701857541. PMID 18340600. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. "Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Persepctive". Cato Journal. 5: 295. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2020. This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves. Meltzer, Milton (1993). "Slavery: A World History". Personal Research Collection.
Steinert, Johannes-Dieter. Kleine Ostarbeiter: Child Forced Labor in Nazi Germany and German Occupied Eastern Europe. 127th Annual Meeting American Historical Association. ...apart from Jewish forced labourers – workers from Belarus, Ukraine and Russia had to endure the worst working and living conditions. Moreover, German occupation policies in the Soviet Union were far more brutal than in any other country, and German deportation practices the most inhuman.

reshafim.org.il

"Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice". reshafim.org.il. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-06.

saiia.org.za

Corrigan, Terence (September 6, 2007). "Mauritania: Country Made Slavery Illegal Last Month". The East African Standard. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 4, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 21, 2008.

scottishmining.co.uk

Barrowman, James (14 September 1897). "Slavery In The Coal-Mines Of Scotland". Scottish Mining Website. Diakses tanggal 2 November 2017.

slate.com

Waldman, Katy (19 May 2015). "Slave or Enslaved Person? It's not just an academic debate for historians of American slavery". Slate. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 May 2015.
Wood, Peter (2003). "The Birth of Race-Based Slavery". Slate.

state.gov

2001-2009.state.gov

"US State Department Trafficking report". State.gov. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

stopnkcrimes.org

"ICNK welcomes UN inquiry on North Korea report, calls for action". International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea. February 20, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 6, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.

surinamslavery.blogspot.com

"Living conditions of slaves". Historical Boys' Clothing. October 6, 2008. Diakses tanggal July 18, 2012.

tandfonline.com

Barenberg, Alan; Bell, Wilson T.; Kinnear, Sean; Maddox, Steven; Viola, Lynne (14 November 2017). "New directions in Gulag studies: a roundtable discussion". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 59 (3–4): 2. doi:10.1080/00085006.2017.1384665.

theatlantic.com

"Small Truth Papering Over a Big Lie". The Atlantic. August 9, 2010. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

thedailystar.net

archive.thedailystar.net

Mohaiemen, Naeem (July 27, 2004). "Slaves in Saudi". The Daily Star. 5 (61). Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

thefreelibrary.com

Campbell 2007, hlm. 173. Campbell, Gwyn; Miers, Suzanne; Miller, Joseph Calder, ed. (2007). Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic. 1. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1723-2.

theguardian.com

Hodal, Kate (2016-05-31). "One in 200 people is a slave. Why?". The Guardian.
Carroll, Rory (March 11, 2004). "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2017.
Pattisson, Pete (September 25, 2013). "Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves'". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2021.
Booth, Robert (March 24, 2016). "UN gives Qatar a year to end forced labour of migrant workers". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2021.
Helmore, Edward (July 19, 2018). "Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in U.S., report finds". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2018.
Muir, Hugh (August 24, 2007). "Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery". The Guardian. London. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 7, 2020. Diakses tanggal January 7, 2020.

thenewhumanitarian.org

"Anti-slavery law still tough to enforce". The New Humanitarian. 11 December 2012. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

thespec.com

Black, Debra (20 September 2013). "Forced marriages rampant in Ontario". The Hamilton Spectator. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 26, 2017. Diakses tanggal September 20, 2013.

touregypt.net

Dunn, Jimmy (24 October 2011). "Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt". Diakses tanggal 9 April 2016.

tribuneindia.com

"Windows – Slice of history". The Tribune.

trivia-library.com

"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto". Trivia-library.com. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

uca.edu

libro.uca.edu

Brodman, James William. "Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier". Libro.uca.edu. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.

ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk

"Health In Slavery". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 3, 2006.

unam.mx

juridicas.unam.mx

Acuña, Tathiana Flores (January 2004). "The Rome Statute's Sexual Related Crimes: an Appraisal under the Light of International Humanitarian Law" (PDF). Revista Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. 1 (39): 29–30. Diakses tanggal July 8, 2012.

unesco.org

portal.unesco.org

"Anti-Slavery International: UNESCO Education". UNESCO. November 13, 2002. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.

utexas.edu

tarlton.law.utexas.edu

"Aztec Social Structure". University of Texas at Austin. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2011.

victimsofcommunism.org

Applebaum, Anne (2007). "Introduction". Gulag: A History. Anchor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 5, 2017.

virtualjamestown.org

"Slave Laws". Virtual Jamestown. Diakses tanggal November 4, 2013.

voanews.com

www1.voanews.com

"Experts encourage action against sex trafficking". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 23, 2009.

washingtonpost.com

Sullivan, Kevin (26 December 2008). "In Togo, a 10-Year-Old's Muted Cry: 'I Couldn't Take Any More'". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2018.
"Perspective | Haiti was the first nation to permanently ban slavery". Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0190-8286. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-21.

wdl.org

Mentelle, Simon M. (1777). "Extract of the Dutch Map Representing the Colony of Surinam". www.wdl.org. Digital World Library via Library of Congress. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.

web.archive.org

"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2007.
"Slavery in the 21st century". Newint.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 27, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
Okeowo, Alexis (September 8, 2014). "Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 6, 2018. Diakses tanggal October 16, 2014.
Corrigan, Terence (September 6, 2007). "Mauritania: Country Made Slavery Illegal Last Month". The East African Standard. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 4, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 21, 2008.
Waldman, Katy (19 May 2015). "Slave or Enslaved Person? It's not just an academic debate for historians of American slavery". Slate. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 May 2015.
"Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian" (PDF). ohchr.org. United Nations Human Rights Council. 10 July 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal September 21, 2013. Diakses tanggal October 14, 2015.
"Experts encourage action against sex trafficking". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 23, 2009.
"Campaign Page: Child Soldiers". Human Rights Watch. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 13, 2008. Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan^{[dibutuhkan verifikasi sumber]}
"Honor Diaries : Child/Forced Marriage : Factsheet" (PDF). Honordiaries.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal September 24, 2015. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.
Black, Debra (20 September 2013). "Forced marriages rampant in Ontario". The Hamilton Spectator. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 26, 2017. Diakses tanggal September 20, 2013.
"Without Consent: Forced Marriage in Australia" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal June 13, 2015.
Kopel, Dave. "Nationalized Slavery; A policy Italy should dump". davidkopel.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 12, 2007. . Refers to both the military and national service requirements of Italy as slavery
"Technology". History.com. January 4, 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 23, 2008. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2009.
Scheen, Thomas (28 October 2008). "Niger: Ehemalige Sklavin erhält Entschädigung". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (dalam bahasa Jerman). Johannesburg. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 31, 2008. Diakses tanggal October 14, 2015. ^{[membutuhkan kutipan untuk dapat dipastikan]}
"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 14, 2011. e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves". Code of Laws #7, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".
"Slavery and forced labour in Ancient China and the Ancient Mediterranean". The University of Edinburgh. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-06.
"Slavery in Ancient Rome". Dl.ket.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 22, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
"Aztec Social Structure". University of Texas at Austin. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2011.
Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. "Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States". Working Paper Series. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-06. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-17.
"Medieval English society". University of Wisconsin. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 14, 2005. Diakses tanggal September 5, 2009.
"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 10, 2008.
Glyn Williams, Brian (2013). "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. hlm. 27. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal October 21, 2013.
"Religion & Ethics – Islam and slavery: Abolition". BBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 21, 2009. Diakses tanggal May 1, 2010.
"Focus on the slave trade". BBC. 3 September 2001. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 May 2017.
"Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)". Journal of World History. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 11, 2016. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2021.
""Freedom is a good thing but it means a dearth of slaves": Twentieth Century Solutions to the Abolition of Slavery" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 15, 2011. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
Asquith, Christina. "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868–883 AD – slave revolt in Iraq". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 6, 2016.
"Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era". History-world.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 24, 2018. Diakses tanggal March 23, 2016.
"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed". Research News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 25, 2011. Diakses tanggal October 10, 2007.
"Nigeria – The Slave Trade". countrystudies.us. U.S. Library of Congress. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 7, 2021. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
"The World Factbook". cia.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 29, 2011. Diakses tanggal August 8, 2010.
"Health In Slavery". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 3, 2006.
Foner, Philip S. (1980). History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom. Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 14, 2013.
Burnham, Philip. "Selling Poor Steven". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 7, 2006.
"Vergonha Ainda Maior: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados mostram que a escravidão no Brasil foi muito pior do que se sabia antes (". Veja (dalam bahasa Portugis). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2015. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2015.
Farmer, Paul (April 15, 2004). "Who removed Aristide?". London Review of Books. hlm. 28–31. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 8, 2008. Diakses tanggal February 19, 2010.
"JAMAICAN HISTORY I". Discover Jamaica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 5, 2013. Diakses tanggal August 23, 2013.
Guitar, Lynne. "Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo-Afro-European People and Culture on Hispaniola". KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 2, 2008. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2011.
"Bartoleme de las Casas". Oregonstate.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 26, 2002. Diakses tanggal July 23, 2015.
Martinez, Robert A. "African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality". ipoaa.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-14. Diakses tanggal March 22, 2016.
"El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"" [The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"]. Government Gazette of Puerto Rico (dalam bahasa Spanyol). fortunecity.com. May 31, 1848. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6, 2007.
Bas García, José R. (March 23, 2009). "La abolición de la esclavitud de 1873 en Puerto Rico" [The abolition of slavery in 1873 in Puerto Rico]. Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean (dalam bahasa Spanyol). independencia.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 19, 2011.
"Social Aspects of the Civil War". National Park Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2007.
"1860 Census Results". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 4, 2004.
"1860 Census Results". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 4, 2004.
Postal, Leslie (June 1, 2018). "Schools Without Rules: Private schools' curriculum downplays slavery, says humans and dinosaurs lived together". Orlando Sentinel. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-01. Diakses tanggal June 5, 2018.
"Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn't know…". Japan Probe. May 10, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 4, 2016. Diakses tanggal January 7, 2018.
"Sexual slavery – the harem". BBC – Religion & Ethics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 21, 2009.
Inalcik, Halil (1979). "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire". Dalam Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Kiràly, Béla K. The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern. New York: Columbia University Press. hlm. 25–43. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 11, 2009.
Matsuki, Eizo. "The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal June 5, 2013.
Applebaum, Anne (2007). "Introduction". Gulag: A History. Anchor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 5, 2017.
"Forced labour – Themes". Ilo.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 9, 2010. Diakses tanggal March 14, 2010.
"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals More Than 29 Million People Living In Slavery". Global Slavery Index 2013. October 4, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 7, 2016. Diakses tanggal October 17, 2013.
Žižek, Slavoj (2018). The Courage of Hopelessness: A Year of Acting Dangerously. Melville House. hlm. 29. ISBN 978-1612190037. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2018.
DeLuca, Matthew (19 June 2013). "'Modern-day slavery': State Dept. says millions of human trafficking victims go unidentified". NBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 June 2013. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2021.
Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leiboid, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (February 2020). "Uyghurs for Sale". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 24, 2020. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-20.
"African migrants sold as 'slaves' for $200 in Libya". Nation Media Group. Agence France-Presse. 12 April 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 April 2017.
"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef". 28 February 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 30, 2019. Diakses tanggal November 19, 2017.
"UN: There is hope for Mauritania's slaves". CNN. March 17, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-26.
"Issues North Korea". Amnesty International UK. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 2, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.
"VII. Conclusions and Recommendations". Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 17, 2014. hlm. 365. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 27, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.
World Report 2014: North Korea. Human Rights Watch. January 21, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 7, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.
"North Korea". Christian Solidarity Worldwide. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.
"ICNK welcomes UN inquiry on North Korea report, calls for action". International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea. February 20, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 6, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 1, 2014.
Bradford, Laurence (23 July 2013). "Modern day slavery in Southeast Asia: Thailand and Cambodia". Inside Investor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 23, 2015. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2013.
Clarence-Smith, William. "Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 29, 2017. Diakses tanggal August 28, 2013.
"Soldiers and Sailors Database – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)". Itd.nps.gov. September 19, 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 14, 2007. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2015.
"Home Page | Agrarian Studies" (PDF). Yale.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 2, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 30, 2015.
"Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade, By Kwaku Person-Lynn, Ph. D". Africawithin.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 18, 2008. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
Ball, Jeremy R. (November 2003), "Alcohol and Slaves", H-Net Reviews (Review), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-01-22, diakses tanggal 2021-02-06
Muir, Hugh (August 24, 2007). "Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery". The Guardian. London. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 7, 2020. Diakses tanggal January 7, 2020.
"Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology". Agence France-Presse. June 19, 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 25, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 22, 2009 – via Google News.
Nitkin, David; Merritt, Harry (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". The Baltimore Sun. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 30, 2007.

westerncape.gov.za

"Cape Town and Surrounds". westerncape.gov.za. Diakses tanggal July 18, 2012.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors. Neale Publishing Company. hlm. 23. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2013. wikisource

wisc.edu

faculty.history.wisc.edu

"Medieval English society". University of Wisconsin. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 14, 2005. Diakses tanggal September 5, 2009.

womennewsnetwork.net

Team, WNN Editors (2008-12-05). "Lost Daughters – An ongoing tragedy in Nepal". Woman News Network (WNN). Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.

worldcat.org

Pollak, Michael (2014-03-28). "Determining the Legal Rights of Slaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.
Ober, Josiah; Scheidel, Walter; Shaw, Brent D; Sanclemente, Donna (2007-04-18). "Toward Open Access in Ancient Studies: The Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics". Hesperia. 76 (1): 229–242. doi:10.2972/hesp.76.1.229. ISSN 0018-098X.
Lauffer, Siegfried (1957-08-01). Berneker, Erich, ed. "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion, I. Teil". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung (dalam bahasa Jerman). 74 (1): 916. doi:10.7767/zrgra.1957.74.1.403. ISSN 2304-4934.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Goose, Nigel (2007-10-18). "Victoria county history: a history of the county of Chester, vol. V, 2, The city of Chester: culture, buildings and institutions – Edited by Christopher P. Lewis and Alan T. Thacker Victoria county history: a history of the county of Durham, vol. IV, Darlington – Edited by Gillian Cookson Victoria county history: a history of the County of Oxford, vol. XV, Carterton, Minster Lovell, and environs (Bampton Hundred part three) – Edited by S. Townley". The Economic History Review. 60 (4): 830–832. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x. ISSN 0013-0117.
Ogot, Bethwell A. (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". African Affairs: 104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007. ISSN 1468-2621.
Carroll, Rory (March 11, 2004). "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2017.
Gates Jr., Henry Louis (22 April 2010). "Opinion | Ending the Slavery Blame-Game". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2021.
"Perspective | Haiti was the first nation to permanently ban slavery". Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0190-8286. Diakses tanggal 2022-02-21.
Collins, Kathleen (30 September 2009). "A Slave Named Gordon". The New York Times. hlm. 45. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-07.
"Kao-li maid-servant". Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko. Tokyo: Tōyō Bunko (2): 63. 1928. ISSN 0082-562X.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). "Slaves and Tyrants: Dutch Tribulations in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U". Journal of Early Modern History. 1 (3): 201–253. doi:10.1163/157006597x00028. ISSN 1385-3783.
Finkelman, Paul; Miller, Joseph Calder (1998). Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery. 2. Macmillan Reference US. hlm. 737. ISBN 978-0-02-864781-4. OCLC 39655102.
de Sande, Duarte (2012). Derek Massarella, ed. Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590). Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Third Series. 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-7223-0. ISSN 0072-9396.
Coursen-Neff, Zama; Tribune, International Herald (2003-01-30). "For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-11.
Foner, Eric (2007-12-30). "Opinion | Forgotten Step Toward Freedom (Published 2007)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-06.
Boahen, A. Adu.; Ajayi, J. F. Ade.; Tidy, Michael (1986). Topics in West African history (edisi ke-2). Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Group. ISBN 0-582-58504-X. OCLC 15580435.

wsu.edu

"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 14, 2011. e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves". Code of Laws #7, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".

yale.edu

""Freedom is a good thing but it means a dearth of slaves": Twentieth Century Solutions to the Abolition of Slavery" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 15, 2011. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2010.
"Home Page | Agrarian Studies" (PDF). Yale.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 2, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 30, 2015.

yalebooks.yale.edu

Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag. New Haven, CT: Yale University/The Hoover Institution. hlm. 5.

zenodo.org

Levi, Scott C. (November 2002). "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1017/S1356186302000329. JSTOR 25188289. Sources such as the Arthasastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata demonstrate that institutionalized slavery was well established in India by beginning of the common era