Fa'afafine (Italian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Fa'afafine" in Italian language version.

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abc.net.au

(EN) Fa'afafine - Samoan boys brought up as girls, su ABC Radio Australia. URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2021.

archive.org

(EN) George Pratt, A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, with English and Samoan Vocabulary, 3.ª ed., London Missionary Society, p. 113. URL consultato il 10 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Jeannette Marie Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, p. 452.
Mageo, 1992, pp. 452-453. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459.
(EN) Christopher Reed, Art and Homosexuality: A History of Ideas, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 21-24, ISBN 978-0-19-539907-3.
Paul L. Vasey, David S. Pocock e Doug P. VanderLaan, Kin selection and male androphilia in Samoan fa'afafine, in Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 28, 2007, p. 161.
(EN) Jeannette Mageo, Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders and Sexualities, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1998, ISBN 0-472-10920-0.
Levy, 1971. (EN) Robert Levy, The Community Function of Tahitian Male Transvestitism: A Hypothesis, in Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 44, n. 1, 1971, pp. 12-21.
Mageo, 1992. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459.
(EN) Jeannette Mageo, Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1998, ISBN 0-472-10920-0. Per una critica all'uso di questi termini da parte di Mageo, vedi Kaltenborn, pp. 55-56. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
(EN) Paul L. Vasey e Nancy H. Bartlett, What Can the Samoan "fa'afafine" teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood?, in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 50, n. 4, 2007, pp. 481-490, DOI:10.1353/pbm.2007.0056.
(EN) Dorinda Talbot e Deanna Swanney, Samoa, London, Lonely Planet, 1998, p. 29.
Mageo, 1992, p. 450. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459.
L'espressione è dell'etnologo e antropologo tedesco Ferdinand von Karsch-Haack, autore nel 1911 di un'opera, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker ("Vita omosessuale dei popoli indigeni"), che, tra l'altro, riporta le testimonianze pubblicate dai viaggiatori ed esploratori europei nelle isole del Pacifico nel XVIII secolo. Cfr. (EN) Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, pp. 157-161.
(EN) James Wilson, A missionary voyage to the southern Pacific ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson, London, Printed for T. Chapman, 1799.
(EN) Neil Gunson, Messengers of Grace; Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas, 1797-1860, Oxford University Press, 1978.
Ne rilevano l'assenza dai racconti di viaggiatori e missionari diversi studiosi, fra cui Mageo, 1992, p. 443 e Schoeffel, 2014. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
Un'originale teoria sull'assenza di riferimenti alla sessualità non eterosessuale a Samoa è quella proposta da Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, cit. in (EN) Robert Deam Tobin, Peripheral desires : the German discovery of sex, Philadelphia, Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 159.
Ferdinand von Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, Munich, Reinhardt, 1911, pp. 24, 229-230, cit. in (EN) Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 158.
(EN) Margaret Mead, Coming of age in Samoa, New York, Morrow, 1928, p. 148, OCLC 249892579.
(EN) Robert C Kiste, Mac Marshall (a cura di), American Anthropology in Micronesia: An Assessment, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 1999, pp. 11-14, ISBN 0-8248-2017-7.
(EN) John Edward Terrell, Terry L. Hunt e Chris Gosden, The dimension of social life in the Pacific. Human diversity and the myth of the primitive isolate, in Current Anthropology, vol. 38, n. 2, 1997, pp. 155-195.
(EN) Michael Sturma, South Sea Maidens: Western Fantasy and Sexual Politics in the South Pacific, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 124-126, ISBN 0-313-31674-0.
Mageo, 1992, p. 454. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459.
Da quanto riporta Levy, per gli abitanti del villaggio la caratteristica distintiva di un mahu non è l'effeminatezza o l'orientamento omosessuale, ma lo svolgimento di "lavori da donna". Cfr. Levy, 1971, pp. 14-15. (EN) Robert Levy, The Community Function of Tahitian Male Transvestitism: A Hypothesis, in Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 44, n. 1, 1971, pp. 12-21.
Fra gli elementi che avrebbero concorso a mantenere questa debole differenziazione, Levy indica la lingua tahitiana, nella quale - come nelle altre lingue polinesiane - non esistono declinazioni grammaticali di genere (articoli, sostantivi, pronomi). Questa argomentazione linguistica (cfr. Levy, 1971, p. 17), ripresa successivamente da altri autori, viene confutata in Besnier, 1994, p. 305. (EN) Robert Levy, The Community Function of Tahitian Male Transvestitism: A Hypothesis, in Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 44, n. 1, 1971, pp. 12-21. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
(EN) Jeannette Mageo, Zones of Ambiguity and Identity Politics in Samoa, in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 14, n. 1, 2008, pp. 61-78.
(EN) Victor Turner, The forest of symbols : aspects of Ndembu ritual, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1969, OCLC 397131578.
(EN) Paul Theroux, The Happy Isles of Oceania, London, Penguin, 1992, ISBN 0-14-015976-2.
(EN) Dan Taulapapa Mcmullin, Fa'afafine Notes, in Amerasia Journal, vol. 37, n. 3, 2011, p. 122.

cathnews.co.nz

(EN) Fa'afafines part of the Samoan culture a misconception says NCC chairman, in CathNews New Zealand, 1. luglio 2016. URL consultato il 12 febbraio 2021.

columbia.edu

academiccommons.columbia.edu

(EN) Pausa Kaio Thompson, "Saili Le Tofa: a search for new wisdom". Sexuality and fa'afafine in the Samoan context, Columbia University, 2017. URL consultato il 12 febbraio 2021.
Thompson. (EN) Pausa Kaio Thompson, Saili le tofa: a search for new wisdom: Sexuality and fa‘afafine in the Samoan context, New York, Columbia University, 2017. URL consultato il 4 marzo 2021.
Secondo P.K. Thompson l'assegnazione di compiti diversi in base al sesso sarebbe stata introdotta dai missionari; in precedenza, egli sostiene, all'interno della cultura samoana la divisione del lavoro variava a seconda del contesto, della struttura della famiglia o della comunità. Cfr. Thompson, p. 38, nota 89. (EN) Pausa Kaio Thompson, Saili le tofa: a search for new wisdom: Sexuality and fa‘afafine in the Samoan context, New York, Columbia University, 2017. URL consultato il 4 marzo 2021.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Besnier, 1994, p. 288. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Besnier, 1994. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Besnier, 1994, p. 308. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Besnier, 1994, p. 286. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
(EN) Yoko Kanemasu e Asenati Liki, Let fa'afafine shine like diamonds: Balancing accommodation, negotiation and resistance in gender-nonconforming Samoans' counter-hegemony, in Journal of Sociology, 2020, DOI:10.1177/1440783320964538. URL consultato il 22 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Besnier, 1994, p. 300. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
(EN) Doug P. Vanderlaan e Paul L. Vasey, Relationship status and elevated avuncularity in Samoan fa'afafine, in Personal Relationships, vol. 19, n. 2, 2011, pp. 326-339, DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01364.x.
Besnier, 1994, p. 299. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
(EN) Paul L. Vasey e Nancy H. Bartlett, What Can the Samoan "fa'afafine" teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood?, in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 50, n. 4, 2007, pp. 481-490, DOI:10.1353/pbm.2007.0056.
(EN) Scott W. Semenyna e Paul L. Vasey, Striving for Prestige in Samoa: A Comparison of Men, Women, and Fa'afafine, in Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 66, n. 11, 2019, pp. 1535-1545, DOI:10.1080/00918369.2018.1503461.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 417-418. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 420-423. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003, p. 418. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Besnier, 1994, pp. 312-313. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 420-422. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Besnier, 1994, pp. 289-294. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Fra gli elementi che avrebbero concorso a mantenere questa debole differenziazione, Levy indica la lingua tahitiana, nella quale - come nelle altre lingue polinesiane - non esistono declinazioni grammaticali di genere (articoli, sostantivi, pronomi). Questa argomentazione linguistica (cfr. Levy, 1971, p. 17), ripresa successivamente da altri autori, viene confutata in Besnier, 1994, p. 305. (EN) Robert Levy, The Community Function of Tahitian Male Transvestitism: A Hypothesis, in Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 44, n. 1, 1971, pp. 12-21. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Besnier, 1994, pp. 319, 326. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
Besnier, 1994, pp. 326-327. (EN) Niko Besnier, Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space, in Gilbert Herdt (a cura di), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, Zone Books, 1994, pp. 285-338, DOI:10.2307/j.ctv16t6n2p.10.
(EN) Seuta'afili Patrick S. Thomsen, Samoan Queer Lives [review], in Journal of New Zealand Studies, vol. 29, 2019, DOI:10.26686/jnzs.v0iNS29.6269. URL consultato il 5 marzo 2021.

elpais.com

(ES) Mario Vargas Llosa, Los hombres-mujeres del Pacífico, su El Pais, 4 febbraio 2002. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2021.

google.it

books.google.it

(FR) Louis Violette, Dictionnaire samoa-français-anglais et français-samoa-anglais: précédé d'une grammaire de la langue samoa, Paris, Maisonneuve et cie, 1879. URL consultato il 10 febbraio 2021.
Va ricordato che la grammatica samoana non contempla declinazioni di genere, e che fafine si può aggiungere come aggettivo al nome di un animale o di una categoria, per precisarne il sesso. Cfr. (FR) Louis Violette, Dictionnaire samoa-français-anglais et français-samoa-anglais: précédé d'une grammaire de la langue samoa, Paris, Mayenne, 1879, pp. XV, 78. URL consultato il 10 febbraio 2021.
(FR) Louis Violette, Dictionnaire samoa-français-anglais et français-samoa-anglais: précédé d'une grammaire de la langue samoa, Paris, Mayenne, 1879. URL consultato il 10 febbraio 2021.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

(EN) George Pratt, A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, with English and Samoan Vocabulary, Samoa, London Missionary Society's Press, 1862, p. 101. URL consultato il 10 febbraio 2021.

hawaii.edu

guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu

(EN) Gender Identity and Sexual Identity in the Pacific and Hawai'i: Introduction, su University of Hawai'i at Manoa Library. URL consultato il 27 febbraio 2021.

ilga.org

(EN) Aengus Carroll e Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, StateSponsored Homophobia. A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love (PDF), su ILGA, 2015, p. 125. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021.
(EN) Ilga World. The International lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex association, su ilga.org. URL consultato l'11 ottobre 2021.

jstor.org

Mageo, 1996 (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Samoa, on the Wilde Side: Male Transvestism, Oscar Wilde, and Liminality in Making Gender, in Ethos, vol. 24, n. 4, 1996, p. 588. URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2021.
Mageo, 1996. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Samoa, on the Wilde Side: Male Transvestism, Oscar Wilde, and Liminality in Making Gender, in Ethos, vol. 24, n. 4, 1996, p. 588. URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2021.
Mageo, 1996, p. 588. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Samoa, on the Wilde Side: Male Transvestism, Oscar Wilde, and Liminality in Making Gender, in Ethos, vol. 24, n. 4, 1996, p. 588. URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2021.

leva.co.nz

(EN) Rainbow/LGBQTI, su leva.co.nz. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021.

loc.gov

(EN) Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture, su loc.gov. URL consultato l'11 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Samoa: New Crimes Act Comes into Force, su loc.gov. URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2021.

merriam-webster.com

(EN) Aumaga, su Merriam webster dictionary. URL consultato l'11 ottobre 2021.

nhm.org

(EN) Beyond Gender: Indigenous Perspectives, Fa'afafine and Fa'afatama, su Natural History Museum Los Angeles County. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Beyond Gender: Indigenous Perspectives, Fa'afafine and Fa'afatama, su Natural History Museum Los Angeles County. URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021.

nzdl.org

(EN) Paul Miles, Transgender in the Pacific: Fa'afafine, Fakaleiti and Mahu, in The Courier, n. 183, 2000. URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2021.

oadoi.org

(EN) Yoko Kanemasu e Asenati Liki, Let fa'afafine shine like diamonds: Balancing accommodation, negotiation and resistance in gender-nonconforming Samoans' counter-hegemony, in Journal of Sociology, 2020, DOI:10.1177/1440783320964538. URL consultato il 22 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Doug P. Vanderlaan e Paul L. Vasey, Relationship status and elevated avuncularity in Samoan fa'afafine, in Personal Relationships, vol. 19, n. 2, 2011, pp. 326-339, DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01364.x.
(EN) Scott W. Semenyna e Paul L. Vasey, Striving for Prestige in Samoa: A Comparison of Men, Women, and Fa'afafine, in Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 66, n. 11, 2019, pp. 1535-1545, DOI:10.1080/00918369.2018.1503461.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 417-418. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 420-423. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003, p. 418. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
Schmidt, 2003, pp. 420-422. (EN) Johanna Schmidt, Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa, in Current Sociology, vol. 51, n. 3, 2003, pp. 417-432, DOI:10.1177/0011392103051003014. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Seuta'afili Patrick S. Thomsen, Samoan Queer Lives [review], in Journal of New Zealand Studies, vol. 29, 2019, DOI:10.26686/jnzs.v0iNS29.6269. URL consultato il 5 marzo 2021.

oapen.org

library.oapen.org

Un accurato esame dei primi resoconti storici dei contatti tra uomini europei e samoani fino all'arrivo dei missionari, e un'analisi dei malintesi generati da questo incontro, a causa dello scarto esistente fra ciò che gli osservatori europei hanno "interpretato e concluso" sulla sessualità samoana, rispetto a ciò che hanno effettivamente "visto e descritto", si trova in: (EN) Serge Tcherkézoff, "First contacts" in Polynesia : the Samoan case (1722-1848) : Western misunderstandings about sexuality and divinity, Canberra, Australian National University, 2008.

ohchr.org

uprdoc.ohchr.org

(EN) Society Fa'afafine Association, Introduction Executive Summary - OHCHR UPR Submissions, su uprdoc.ohchr.org, 2015. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2021.

openlibrary.org

(EN) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization, New York, W. Morrow, 1928, OCLC 318391023.

outrightinternational.org

(EN) Meet Samoa's Champion of Fa'afafine Rights, To'oto'oali'I Roger Stanley, su outrightinternational.org, 22 novembre 2017. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021., su outrightinternational.org, 22 novembre 2017. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021.

reuters.com

(EN) Jonathan Barrett, Samoa's 'third gender' delicately balances sex and religion, in Reuters, 31 luglio 2019. URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Jonathan Barrett, Samoa's 'third gender' delicately balances sex and religion, su Reuters, 31 luglio 2019. URL consultato il 9 marzo 2021.
(EN) Jonathan Barrett, Samoa's 'third gender' delicately balances sex and religion, su Reuters, 31 luglio 2019. URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2021.

rnz.co.nz

(EN) Samoa Fa'afine Association opposed to same sex marriage, in RNZ, 24 aprile 2013. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2013.
(EN) Same-sex marriage not a priority for Samoa Fa'afafine Association, su rnz.co.nz, 13 dicembre 2017. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021.

samoanews.com

(EN) Abortion, same sex marriage not on Samoa govt agenda, su samoanews.com, 22 novembre 2021. URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2021.

samoaobserver.ws

(EN) Joyetter Luamanu, Fa'afatama gathering first of its kind in Samoa, su Samoa Observer, 31 ottobre 2017. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.
(EN) Latuivai Kioa Faiga'a Latu, In Samoa, Christianity is political – it is in the Constitution!, su samoaobserver.ws, 11 maggio 2020. URL consultato il 9 marzo 2021.
(EN) Talaia Mika, Church TV station apologises for fa'afafine debate, su SamoaObserver, 13 novembre 2020. URL consultato il 9 marzo 2021.
(EN) Joyetter Feagaimaali'i-Luamanu, So'oalo's passing sad day for fa'afafine community, su Samoa Observer, 20 gennaio 2018. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2021.

sbs.com.au

(EN) Fa'afafine: The boys raised to be girls, su SBS News, 26 agosto 2013. URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2021.

screenaustralia.gov.au

Paradise Bent... Boys will be girls in Samoa, su screenaustralia.gov.au.

springer.com

link.springer.com

(EN) Nancy H. Bartlett e Paul L. Vasey, A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine, in Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 35, 15 agosto 2006, pp. 659-666. URL consultato il 2 febbraio 2021.

state.gov

Si stima che il 98% della popolazione professi la regione cristiana. Secondo i dati del Censimento 2016, i Congregazionisti rappresentano il 29% della popolazione; i cattolici il 18.8%, i mormoni il 16.9%, i metodisti il 12.4%, i membri delle Assemblee di Dio il 6.8%, gli avventisti del settimo giorno il 4.4%; altri gruppi religiosi il 12%. Cfr. (EN) Samoa 2018 International Religious Freedom Report (PDF), su state.gov. URL consultato il 30 marzo 2021.
(EN) Samoa 2018 International Religious Freedom Report (PDF), su state.gov. URL consultato il 30 marzo 2021.
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(EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa, University of Oslo, 2005, p. 71. URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2021.

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(EN) United Nations. General Assembly, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review. Samoa, su documents-dds-ny.un.org, 11 luglio 2011, p. 5. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2021.

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In un sondaggio realizzato fra i giovani nel 2005 è stato rilevato che il 21,8% dei partecipanti maschi aveva avuto rapporti sessuali con un uomo, il 14,7% negli ultimi 12 mesi (WHO 2006). Cfr.: (EN) Heather Worth, Patrick Rawstorne, Hilary Gorman, Michelle O'Connor e Scott McGill, Pacific Multi-Country Mapping and Behavioural Study: HIV and STI Risk Vulnerability among Key Populations – Samoa (PDF), su sph.med.unsw.edu.au, 2016, p. 12. URL consultato il 30 marzo 2021.
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Kaltenborn. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Kaltenborn (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Dolgoy 2000, p. 7 (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa'afafine of Samoa, University of Alberta, Canada, 2000, OCLC 654214382.
Dolgoy 2000, pp. 7-8. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa'afafine of Samoa, University of Alberta, Canada, 2000, OCLC 654214382.
(EN) G.B. Milner, Fafine, in Samoan-English Dictionary, London, Oxford University Press, 1966, p. 52, OCLC 865940902.
Shore, p. 336. (EN) Bradd Shore, Sexuality and gender in Samoa : conceptions and missed conceptions, in Sherry B. Ortner, Harriet Whitehead (a cura di), Sexual meanings. The cultural construction of gender and sexuality, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 192-215, OCLC 49756395.
Tcherkezoff, 2014, p. 116. (EN) Serge Tcherkézoff, Transgender in Samoa. The cultural production of gender inequality, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge:Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 115-134, OCLC 864709525.
Tcherkezoff, 2014, p. 117. (EN) Serge Tcherkézoff, Transgender in Samoa. The cultural production of gender inequality, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge:Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 115-134, OCLC 864709525.
Tcherkezoff, 2014, pp. 115-116. (EN) Serge Tcherkézoff, Transgender in Samoa. The cultural production of gender inequality, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge:Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 115-134, OCLC 864709525.
Kaltenborn, p. 59. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Kaltenborn, pp. 102, 103, 110. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Shore. (EN) Bradd Shore, Sexuality and gender in Samoa : conceptions and missed conceptions, in Sherry B. Ortner, Harriet Whitehead (a cura di), Sexual meanings. The cultural construction of gender and sexuality, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 192-215, OCLC 49756395.
Schoeffel, 1979. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Daughters of Sina. A study of Gender, Status and Power in Western Samoa, Australian National University, 1979, OCLC 153973940.
Kaltenborn, pp. 85-86. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Farran, 2014. (EN) Sue Farran, Outwith the Law in Samoa and Tonga, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 347-370, OCLC 864709525.
Schoeffel, 2014, p. 79. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
Vedi interviste in Kaltenborn e (EN) Ashleigh McFall, A comparative study of the fa'afafine of Samoa and the whakawahine of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, 2013. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Shore, p. 344. (EN) Bradd Shore, Sexuality and gender in Samoa : conceptions and missed conceptions, in Sherry B. Ortner, Harriet Whitehead (a cura di), Sexual meanings. The cultural construction of gender and sexuality, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 192-215, OCLC 49756395.
Schoeffel, 1979, p. 203. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Daughters of Sina. A study of Gender, Status and Power in Western Samoa, Australian National University, 1979, OCLC 153973940.
Kaltenborn, pp. 65-66. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
Schoeffel, 1979, pp. 202-203. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Daughters of Sina. A study of Gender, Status and Power in Western Samoa, Australian National University, 1979, OCLC 153973940.
(EN) Jeannette Mageo, Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1998, ISBN 0-472-10920-0. Per una critica all'uso di questi termini da parte di Mageo, vedi Kaltenborn, pp. 55-56. (EN) Benedicte Kaltenborn, The fa'afafine, gender benders in Samoa. On Cultural Construction of Gender and Role Change, University of Oslo, 2003, OCLC 702145149.
(EN) Pulotu-Endemann, F. Karl e Carmel L. Peteru, Beyond the Paradise myth: Sexuality and identity, in Cluny Macpherson, Paul Spoonley, Melani Anae (a cura di), Tangata o te moana mui. The evolving identities of Pacific peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Dunmore Press, 2001, pp. 122-136, OCLC 968646617.
Schoeffel, 2014, pp. 86-87. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
Ne rilevano l'assenza dai racconti di viaggiatori e missionari diversi studiosi, fra cui Mageo, 1992, p. 443 e Schoeffel, 2014. (EN) Jeannette Mageo, Male Transvestism and Cultural Change in Samoa, in American Ethnologist, vol. 19, n. 3, 1992, pp. 443-459. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
(EN) Margaret Mead, Coming of age in Samoa, New York, Morrow, 1928, p. 148, OCLC 249892579.
(EN) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization, New York, W. Morrow, 1928, OCLC 318391023.
Schoeffel, 1979, pp. 203-206. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Daughters of Sina. A study of Gender, Status and Power in Western Samoa, Australian National University, 1979, OCLC 153973940.
(EN) Bradd Shore, Sexuality and gender in Samoa : conceptions and missed conceptions, in Sherry B. Ortner, Harriet Whitehead (a cura di), Sexual meanings. The cultural construction of gender and sexuality, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 192-215, OCLC 49756395.
Schoeffel, 2014, p. 81. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
(FR) Arnold van Gennep, Les Rites de passage. Étude systématique des rites, Paris, 1909, OCLC 559848807.
(EN) Victor Turner, The forest of symbols : aspects of Ndembu ritual, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1969, OCLC 397131578.
(EN) Reevan Dolgoy, The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa'afafine of Samoa, University of Alberta, 2000, OCLC 654214382. Parte del lavoro verrà ripresa e approfondita in un saggio pubblicato nel 2014 nell'opera collettanea Gender on the edge, vedi Dolgoy. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, "Hollywood" and the Emergence of a Fa'afafine Social Movement in Samoa, 1960–1980, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 56-72, OCLC 864709525.
Dolgoy, p. 57. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, "Hollywood" and the Emergence of a Fa'afafine Social Movement in Samoa, 1960–1980, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 56-72, OCLC 864709525.
Dolgoy, pp. 63, 71. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, "Hollywood" and the Emergence of a Fa'afafine Social Movement in Samoa, 1960–1980, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 56-72, OCLC 864709525.
Una critica alle teorie funzionaliste è anche espressa da Drozdow‐St Christian; Tcherkezoff, 2014; Schoeffel, 2014. (EN) Douglass Drozdow‐St Christian, Elusive fragments: Making power, propriety and health in Samoa, Durham, Carolina Academic Press, 2002, OCLC 469926909. (EN) Serge Tcherkézoff, Transgender in Samoa. The cultural production of gender inequality, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge:Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 115-134, OCLC 864709525. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
Drozdow‐St Christian, p. 30. (EN) Douglass Drozdow‐St Christian, Elusive fragments: Making power, propriety and health in Samoa, Durham, Carolina Academic Press, 2002, OCLC 469926909.
McFall, p. iii. (EN) Ashleigh McFall, A comparative study of the fa'afafine of Samoa and the whakawahine of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Victoria, University of Wellington, 2013, OCLC 871231667.
Schoeffel, 2014. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Representing Fa'afafine: Sex, Socialisation, and Gender Inequality in Samoa, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 73-90, OCLC 864709525.
Schoeffel, 1979, pp. 203-204. (EN) Penelope Schoeffel, Daughters of Sina. A study of Gender, Status and Power in Western Samoa, Australian National University, 1979, OCLC 153973940.
McFall, p. 25. (EN) Ashleigh McFall, A comparative study of the fa'afafine of Samoa and the whakawahine of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Victoria, University of Wellington, 2013, OCLC 871231667.
Dolgoy 2000, pp. 153-154. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa'afafine of Samoa, University of Alberta, Canada, 2000, OCLC 654214382.
Farran, 2014, p. 367. (EN) Sue Farran, Outwith the Law in Samoa and Tonga, in N. Besnier e K. Alexeyeff (a cura di), Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014, pp. 347-370, OCLC 864709525.
Dolgoy 2000, pp. 157-160. (EN) Reevan Dolgoy, The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa'afafine of Samoa, University of Alberta, Canada, 2000, OCLC 654214382.