オーク (架空の生物) (Japanese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "オーク (架空の生物)" in Japanese language version.

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さらに細かい点だが、エピナル＝エルフルト語彙集では "orcus [orc].. þrys ꝉ heldeofol"とPheifer (1974), p. 37nにあるが、"þrys"の異読みは誤記であろう。
Pheifer, J. D. (1974). Old English Glosses in the Épinal-Erfurt Glossary. Oxford University Press. pp. 37, 106. ISBN 978-0-19-811164-1 (Repr. Sandpaper Books, 1998 ISBN 0-19-811164-9), Gloss #698: orcus orc (Épinal); orci orc (Erfurt).
Frank, Roberta (1997), “Old English Orc 'cup, goblet': a Latin Loanword with Attitude”, in Roberts, Jane; Nelson, Janet Laughland; Godden, Malcolm, Alfred the Wise: Studies in Honour of Janet Bately on the Occasion of Her Sixty-fifth Birthday, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, pp. 20, ISBN 9780859915151
Orchard, Andy (2003). A Critical Companion to Beowulf. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 137–138. ISBN 9781843840299
"eten, ettin" Oxford English Dictionary ≈ "†eten, ettin" , s. v. Murray, J. A. H. ed. (1897) A New English Dictionary on Historical Principle, Vol. III. p. 308.
Klaeber, Friedrich John R. Clark Hall訳 (1950). Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment (3 ed.). Allen & Unwin. p. 183. "..'evil spirits' does not bring out all the meaning. Orcneas is compounded of orc (from the Lat. orcus "the underworld" or Hades) and neas "corpses". Necromancy was practised among the ancient Germani and was familiar among the pagan Norsemen who revived it in England when they invaded.""
Shippey, Tom (2000). J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 88. ISBN 9780547524436
"orc, es; m. The infernal regions (orcus)" s.v. Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 1 A-Fir. Clarendon Press. p. 764
Beowulf: A Dual-language Edition. Anchor books. (1977). p. 284. ISBN 9780385062138
Meehan, Brian (2018). “[2 Son of Cain or Son of Sam? The Monster as Serial Killer in Beowulf”]. In Leyton, Elliott. Serial Murder: Modern Scientific Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781351767996
Karthaus-Hunt, Beatrix (2002), “‘And What Happened After’: How J.R.R. Tolkien Visualized, and Other Artists Re-Visualized, the Denizens of Middle-earth”, in Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George Edgar; Plummer, Kathleen Church, Unearthly Visions: Approaches to Science Fiction and Fantasy Art, Greenwood Press, pp. 138n, ISBN 0313317054
"Orc" Oxford English Dictionary ≈ "orc" , s. v. Murray, J. A. H. ed. (1909) A New English Dictionary on Historical Principle, Vol. VII, Part II. p. 177.
Ariosto & Johnson tr. (1827), Notes to Canto VIII, Str. VI (continued as ib.), pp. 274–275.
Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (1995). "orc". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. p. 839. ISBN 9780877790426。
Ariosto, Ludovico (1607). Orlando Furioso: In English Heroical Verse. London: Richard Field. VIII: 45; X: 87–88
"Ogre" Oxford English Dictionary ≈ "ogre" , s. v. Murray, J. A. H. ed. (1909) A New English Dictionary on Historical Principle, Vol. VII, Part II. p. 91.
Ariosto, Lodovico (1827). Orlando Furioso, in English prose ... with notes. 1. London: John Richardson & Hatchard & Son. Canto VIII, Str. 51–52 (pp. 138–139);Canto X, Str. 100–103(pp. 192–193)
Picicci, Chris (2018). Cavallo, Jo Ann. ed. Figurative Arts, Music, and Film for Boiardo, Ariosto, and Tasso. Modern Language Association. ISBN 9781603293679
同 XI:40. "E monstra i fianchi e le scagliose schiene"^[33]; これは"displaying scaly sides and back 鱗状の側面と背中をひらめかせてみせた"とも訳されているが^[36]、原文と照らせば Waldman, Guido (1983) [1974] 訳 "exposing its flanks and scaly back"のほうが忠実．また、形容詞"scaglioso"の女性形が使われているが、「うろこで覆われた；うろこ状の」と定義される^[37]。
Ariosto, Harinton tr. & 1607 [1591], XI: 31–34
Ariosto & Johnson tr. (1827), Canto X, Str. 35–50 (pp. 205–208)
Kilpatrick, Ross Stuart (2004). “Death by Fire: Ovidian and Other Inventions in Two Mythological Paintings of Dosso Dossi (1486-1534)”. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome (University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome) 49: 130. JSTOR 4238820.
Ariosto, Harinton tr. & 1607 [1591],XVII: 36–47
Phillips, Michael (1977). “William Blake and the 'Unincreasable Club': The Printing of William Blake's Poetical Sketches”. Bulletin of the New York Public Library 80: 9. "Four of the plates in Scott and the frontispiece to vol III of Hoole's Orlando Furioso are engraved by Blake after Stothard"

dil.ie

eDIL s.v. "1 orc"

dndtools.org

srd.dndtools.org

“Monsters Ogre - Rust Monster: Orc”. COMPLETE SRD v1.6. 2023年4月21日閲覧。

google.com

Pramas, Chris (2017). Orc Warfare. New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781508176244
Kendall, Jamie (2020). The Art and Making of Fantasy Miniatures. Pen & Sword Books. p. 88. ISBN 9781526767431
Noel, Ruth S., ed (1977). The Mythology of Middle-Earth. Houghton Mifflin. p. 145. ISBN 9780395250068. "The name Orc is significant: both orc, the Old English word for demon, and ogre are derived from Orcus, the name of the Roman god of the underworld. This is appropriate. Orc is also the Irish word for pig ; the carrion - eating swine were ..."

haresrocklots.com

Lockhart, Ross E. (2006年). “Yrch! Tolkien’s Orcs: Villainy’s Footsoldiers, Ethnic Others, or Mere Cannon Fodder?”. Hare Rock Lots. 2023年4月22日閲覧。

jstor.org

Kilpatrick, Ross Stuart (2004). “Death by Fire: Ovidian and Other Inventions in Two Mythological Paintings of Dosso Dossi (1486-1534)”. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome (University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome) 49: 130. JSTOR 4238820.

kotobank.jp

"scaglioso"、『伊和中辞典』 2版 @kotobank

oldschoolroleplaying.com

Mohr, Joseph (2019年12月7日). “Orcs in Dungeons and Dragons”. Old School Role Playing. 2020年1月31日閲覧。

spectator.co.uk

Christopher MacLachlan "Why are Ukrainians calling Russian invaders ‘orcs’?", The Spectator (10 April 2022).

tolkien.ro

Tolkien, J. R. R. (2005). Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

《クレオパトラ語彙集》の当該箇所を示す右の画像では "ꝉ"が使われるが、これは写本の略記（英語版）で、ラテン語ならば vel すなわち「亦は」を意味するが、ライトは古英語 oððe (現代英語の"or"に相当)に展開している。
ちなみに詩人で画家でもあるブレイクは、ジョン・フール（英語版）訳『狂えるオルランド』第三巻（1783年）の見開きの版画を提供している^[45]。
トマス・ライト（英語版）は:"オルクスはプルートーの一名であり、これは下界の神であるで「地獄の悪魔」という説明もうなずける Orcus was the name for Pluto, the god of the infernal regions, hence we can easily understand the explanation of hel-deofolと解説している。クレオパトラ語彙集の編纂者である^[4]。
Wright, Thomas (1873). A second volume of vocabularies. privately printed. p. 63
クレオパトラ語彙集（英語版）（10世紀）^[4]、コーパス語彙集（英語版）（8-9世紀）^[6]、エピナル＝エルフルト語彙集（英語版）（エピナル＝エアフルト語彙集、7世紀成立）^[2]。
Frank, Roberta (1997), “Old English Orc 'cup, goblet': a Latin Loanword with Attitude”, in Roberts, Jane; Nelson, Janet Laughland; Godden, Malcolm, Alfred the Wise: Studies in Honour of Janet Bately on the Occasion of Her Sixty-fifth Birthday, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, pp. 20, ISBN 9780859915151
Orchard, Andy (2003). A Critical Companion to Beowulf. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 137–138. ISBN 9781843840299
Klaeber, Friedrich John R. Clark Hall訳 (1950). Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment (3 ed.). Allen & Unwin. p. 183. "..'evil spirits' does not bring out all the meaning. Orcneas is compounded of orc (from the Lat. orcus "the underworld" or Hades) and neas "corpses". Necromancy was practised among the ancient Germani and was familiar among the pagan Norsemen who revived it in England when they invaded.""
"orc, es; m. The infernal regions (orcus)" s.v. Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 1 A-Fir. Clarendon Press. p. 764
Meehan, Brian (2018). “[2 Son of Cain or Son of Sam? The Monster as Serial Killer in Beowulf”]. In Leyton, Elliott. Serial Murder: Modern Scientific Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781351767996
Karthaus-Hunt, Beatrix (2002), “‘And What Happened After’: How J.R.R. Tolkien Visualized, and Other Artists Re-Visualized, the Denizens of Middle-earth”, in Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George Edgar; Plummer, Kathleen Church, Unearthly Visions: Approaches to Science Fiction and Fantasy Art, Greenwood Press, pp. 138n, ISBN 0313317054
Tolkien, letter #144 to Naomi Mitchison 25 April 1954^[21]:
I originally took the word from Old English orc (Beowulf 112 orc-neas and the gloss orc: þyrs ('ogre'), heldeofol ('hell-devil')).^{[注 10]} This is supposed not to be connected with modern English orc, ork, a name applied to various sea-beasts of the dolphin order".^[22]^[23]
Ariosto, Ludovico (1607). Orlando Furioso: In English Heroical Verse. London: Richard Field. VIII: 45; X: 87–88
Ariosto, Lodovico (1827). Orlando Furioso, in English prose ... with notes. 1. London: John Richardson & Hatchard & Son. Canto VIII, Str. 51–52 (pp. 138–139);Canto X, Str. 100–103(pp. 192–193)
Pramas, Chris (2017). Orc Warfare. New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781508176244
Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan; Cook, Monte (July 2003). Monster Manual: Dungeons & Dragons Core Rulebook (3.5 ed.). Wizards of the Coast. p. 203. ISBN 0-7869-2893-X. "[The Creature] looks like a primitive human with gray skin and coarse hair. It has a stooped posture, low forehead, and a piglike face with prominent lower canines that resemble a boar's tusks." apud Mitchell-Smith (2009), p. 216
Crawford, Jeremy, ed (July 2003). Monster Manual: Dungeons & Dragons Core Rulebook. Co-lead design by Mike Mearls (5 ed.). Wizards of the Coast. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-0-7869-6561-8
Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan; Cook, Monte (October 1, 2000). Monster Manual: Core Rulebook III (3 ed.). Wizards of the Coast. p. 146. ISBN 0-7869-1552-8. "Orcs are aggressive humanoids that raid, pillage, and battle other creatures" apud MacCallum-Stewart (2008), p. 41
Gygax, Gary (1985年3月). “On the influence of J.R.R. Tolkien on the D&D and AD&D games”. The Dragon (95): pp. 12–13. "'Orc' (from Orcus) is another term for an ogre or ogre-like creature. Being useful fodder for the ranks of bad guys, monsters similar to Tolkien's orcs are also in both games."
Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan; Cook, Monte (October 1, 2000). Monster Manual: Core Rulebook III (3 ed.). Wizards of the Coast. p. 146. ISBN 0-7869-1552-8. "orcs... look like primitive humans with gray skin, coarse hair, stooped postures, low foreheads, and porcine faces with prominent lower canines... they have lupine ears." apud Young (2015), p. 95
『モンスター・マニュアル』（英語版）第3版、2000年^[66]、および第3.5版、2003年^[51]。『モンスター・マニュアル』はD&Dの付帯資料。
Gygax, Gary (December 1977). Monster Manual (1 ed.). TSR. p. 76. "Orcs appear particularly disgusting because their coloration ― brown or brownish green with bluish sheen ― highlights their pinkish snouts and ears. Their bristly hair is dark brown or black, sometimes with tan patches."
Gygax, Gary (1977) Monster Manual, TSR。Young (2015), p. 97も、『MM』各版を出典として述べている。
Moore, Roger E (June 1982). “The Half-Orc Point of View”. Dragon (TSR) (62).
Baur, Wolfgang, Jason Bulmahn, Joshua J. Frost, James Jacobs, Nicolas Logue, Mike McArtor, James L. Sutter, Greg A. Vaughan, Jeremy Walker. Classic Monsters Revisited (Paizo, 2008) pages 52–57.

wiktionary.org

ja.wiktionary.org

《クレオパトラ語彙集》の当該箇所を示す右の画像では "ꝉ"が使われるが、これは写本の略記（英語版）で、ラテン語ならば vel すなわち「亦は」を意味するが、ライトは古英語 oððe (現代英語の"or"に相当)に展開している。
同 XI:40. "E monstra i fianchi e le scagliose schiene"^[33]; これは"displaying scaly sides and back 鱗状の側面と背中をひらめかせてみせた"とも訳されているが^[36]、原文と照らせば Waldman, Guido (1983) [1974] 訳 "exposing its flanks and scaly back"のほうが忠実．また、形容詞"scaglioso"の女性形が使われているが、「うろこで覆われた；うろこ状の」と定義される^[37]。