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“Nitrous oxide for the management of labor pain: a systematic review”. Anesthesia and Analgesia118 (1): 153–167. (January 2014). doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a7f73c. PMID24356165.
Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Jones L (February 2012). "Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD009290. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009290.pub2. PMID22336862。
Makvandi S, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Sadeghi R, Karimi L (November 2015). "Effect of birth ball on labor pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 41 (11): 1679–1686. doi:10.1111/jog.12802. PMID26419499. S2CID476947。
Corretti, Carolyn; Desai, Sukumar P. (1 July 2018). “The Legacy of Eve's Curse: Religion, Childbirth Pain, and the Rise of Anesthesia in Europe: c. 1200-1800s”. Journal of Anesthesia History4 (3): 182–190. doi:10.1016/j.janh.2018.03.009. PMID30217391.
Makvandi S, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Sadeghi R, Karimi L (November 2015). "Effect of birth ball on labor pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 41 (11): 1679–1686. doi:10.1111/jog.12802. PMID26419499. S2CID476947。
“Pregnancy Labor and Birth”. Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1 February 2017). 15 July 2017閲覧。 この記事には現在パブリックドメインとなった次の出版物からの記述が含まれています。