드레이크 방정식 (Korean Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "드레이크 방정식" in Korean language version.

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30harvard.edu

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archive.org

Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2000). 《Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe》. Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag). ISBN 0-387-98701-0.
Bonner, J. T. (1988). 《The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection》. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08494-7.
Goldsmith, D.; Owen, T. (1992). 《The Search for Life in the Universe》 2판. Addison-Wesley. 415쪽. ISBN 1-891389-16-5.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). “Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?”. 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.

arxiv.org

Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). “The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects”. 《The Astrophysical Journal Letters》 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (2012년 9월 22일). “Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies”. 《Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; 외. (2012년 1월 11일). “One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations”. 《Nature》 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (2013년 10월 31일). “Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). “The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way”. 《Science》 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). “The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (2014년 4월 29일). “Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons”. 《Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union》 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (2020년 6월 15일). “The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Kipping, David (2020년 5월 18일). “An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). “Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). “The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). “Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?”. 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). “Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?”. 《Astrobiology》 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). “A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
A. Frank; W.T. Sullivan III (2016년 4월 22일). “A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe”. 《Astrobiology》 (2016년 5월 13일) 16 (5): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.
Christopher J. Conselice; 외. (2016). “The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.
Sandberg, Anders; Drexler, Eric; Ord, Toby (2018년 6월 6일). “Dissolving the Fermi Paradox”. arXiv:1806.02404 [physics.pop-ph].

astro-tom.com

Govert Schilling (November 2011). “The Chance of Finding Aliens: Reevaluating the Drake Equation”. 《astro-tom.com》.

astrobio.net

“The Drake Equation Revisited: Part I”. 《Astrobiology Magazine》. 2003년 9월 29일. 2021년 2월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 5월 20일에 확인함.

astronomynow.com

SETI: A celebration of the first 50 years. Keith Cooper. Astronomy Now. 2000

bbc.co.uk

Palmer, J. (2012년 1월 11일). “Exoplanets are around every star, study suggests”. BBC. 2012년 1월 12일에 확인함.

books.google.com

Wanjek, C. (2015년 7월 2일). 《The Drake Equation》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107073654. 2016년 9월 9일에 확인함.
Webb, S. (2015). 《If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life》. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3319132358.

cosmosmagazine.com

Dean, T. (10 August 2009). “A review of the Drake Equation”. 《Cosmos Magazine》. 3 June 2013에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 16 April 2013에 확인함.

cplire.ru

Zaitsev, A. (May 2005). “The Drake Equation: Adding a METI Factor”. SETI League. 2013년 4월 20일에 확인함.

csicop.org

Tarter, Jill C. (May–June 2006). “The Cosmic Haystack Is Large”. 《Skeptical Inquirer》 30 (3). 2013년 8월 21일에 확인함.

daviddarling.info

Darling, D. J. 〈Green Bank conference (1961)〉. 《The Encyclopedia of Science》. 18 May 2013에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 13 August 2013에 확인함.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Burchell, M.J. (2006). “W(h)ither the Drake equation?”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). “Searching for Interstellar Communications” (PDF). 《Nature》 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. 2011년 7월 28일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 4월 10일에 확인함.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). “The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects”. 《The Astrophysical Journal Letters》 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (2012년 9월 22일). “Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies”. 《Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; 외. (2012년 1월 11일). “One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations”. 《Nature》 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (2013년 10월 31일). “Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Trimble, V. (1997). “Origin of the biologically important elements”. 《Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere》 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). “The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way”. 《Science》 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). “The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (2014년 4월 29일). “Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons”. 《Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union》 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Davies, P. (2007). “Are Aliens Among Us?”. 《Scientific American》 297 (6): 62–69. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297f..62D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62.
Crick, F. H. C.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). “Directed Panspermia” (PDF). 《Icarus》 19 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3. 2011년 10월 29일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (2020년 6월 15일). “The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Kipping, David (2020년 5월 18일). “An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). “Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
Tarter, Jill C. (September 2001). “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)”. 《Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 39: 511–548. Bibcode:2001ARA&A..39..511T. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511.
Shermer, M. (August 2002). “Why ET Hasn't Called”. 《Scientific American》 287 (2): 21. Bibcode:2002SciAm.287b..33S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). “The search for extraterrestrial intelligence”. 《Nature》 (Nature Publishing Group) 409 (6823): 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501. , or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; 외. (2015). 《The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4. , p. 13
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). “The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). “Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?”. 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). “Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?”. 《Astrobiology》 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). “A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
A. Frank; W.T. Sullivan III (2016년 4월 22일). “A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe”. 《Astrobiology》 (2016년 5월 13일) 16 (5): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.
Maccone, C. (2010). “The Statistical Drake Equation”. 《Acta Astronautica》 67 (11–12): 1366–1383. Bibcode:2010AcAau..67.1366M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003. S2CID 121239391.
Christopher J. Conselice; 외. (2016). “The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.
Jones, E. M. (1985년 3월 1일). "Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question (PDF) (보고서). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bibcode:1985STIN...8530988J. doi:10.2172/5746675. OSTI 5746675. 2007년 10월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 8월 21일에 확인함.

doi.org

Golden, Leslie M. (2021) “A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence,” Acta Astronautica, 185, 333-336; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020

elte.hu

astro.elte.hu

Hetesi, Z.; Regaly, Z. (2006). “A new interpretation of Drake-equation” (PDF). 《Journal of the British Interplanetary Society》 59: 11–14. Bibcode:2006JBIS...59...11H. 2009년 2월 5일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.

frombob.to

Jones, D. S. (2001년 9월 26일). “Beyond the Drake Equation”. 2013년 4월 17일에 확인함.

ghostarchive.org

Overbye, Dennis (2013년 11월 4일). “Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy”. 《The New York Times》. 2022년 1월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 11월 5일에 확인함.
Lee, Pascal. “N~1: Alone in the Milky Way, Mt Tam”. 《YouTube》. 2021년 12월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
Fountain, Henry (2016년 10월 17일). “Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least”. 《The New York Times》. 2022년 1월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 10월 17일에 확인함.

gmu.edu

hanson.gmu.edu

Hanson, R. (1998년 9월 15일). “The Great Filter — Are We Almost Past It?”. 2013년 8월 21일에 확인함.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Burchell, M.J. (2006). “W(h)ither the Drake equation?”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). “Searching for Interstellar Communications” (PDF). 《Nature》 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. 2011년 7월 28일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 4월 10일에 확인함.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). “The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects”. 《The Astrophysical Journal Letters》 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (2012년 9월 22일). “Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies”. 《Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; 외. (2012년 1월 11일). “One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations”. 《Nature》 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
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Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). “The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way”. 《Science》 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
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Aatif Sulleyman (2017년 11월 2일). “Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence 'may replace humans altogether'”. 《independent.co.uk》.

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Shermer, M. (August 2002). “Why ET Hasn't Called”. 《Scientific American》 287 (2): 21. Bibcode:2002SciAm.287b..33S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33.

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Cassan, A.; 외. (2012년 1월 11일). “One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations”. 《Nature》 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
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Kipping, David (2020년 5월 18일). “An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). “The search for extraterrestrial intelligence”. 《Nature》 (Nature Publishing Group) 409 (6823): 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501. , or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; 외. (2015). 《The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4. , p. 13
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A. Frank; W.T. Sullivan III (2016년 4월 22일). “A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe”. 《Astrobiology》 (2016년 5월 13일) 16 (5): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.

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Overbye, Dennis (2013년 11월 4일). “Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy”. 《The New York Times》. 2022년 1월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 11월 5일에 확인함.
Adam Frank (2016년 6월 10일). “Yes, There Have Been Aliens”. 《The New York Times》.
Jones, Chris (2016년 12월 7일). “'The World Sees Me as the One Who Will Find Another Earth' – The star-crossed life of Sara Seager, an astrophysicist obsessed with discovering distant planets.”. 《The New York Times》. 2016년 12월 8일에 확인함.
Fountain, Henry (2016년 10월 17일). “Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least”. 《The New York Times》. 2022년 1월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 10월 17일에 확인함.

osti.gov

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“The Drake Equation”. 《psu.edu》.

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“Red Dwarf Stars Could Leave Habitable Earth-Like Planets Vulnerable to Radiation”. 《SciTech Daily》. 2013년 7월 2일. 2015년 9월 22일에 확인함.

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Burchell, M.J. (2006). “W(h)ither the Drake equation?”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). “Searching for Interstellar Communications” (PDF). 《Nature》 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. 2011년 7월 28일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 4월 10일에 확인함.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). “A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). “The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects”. 《The Astrophysical Journal Letters》 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (2012년 9월 22일). “Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies”. 《Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; 외. (2012년 1월 11일). “One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations”. 《Nature》 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Trimble, V. (1997). “Origin of the biologically important elements”. 《Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere》 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). “The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way”. 《Science》 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). “The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (2014년 4월 29일). “Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons”. 《Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union》 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (2020년 6월 15일). “The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). “Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). “The search for extraterrestrial intelligence”. 《Nature》 (Nature Publishing Group) 409 (6823): 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501. , or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; 외. (2015). 《The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4. , p. 13
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). “The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). “Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?”. 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). “Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?”. 《Astrobiology》 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). “A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence”. 《International Journal of Astrobiology》 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
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Christopher J. Conselice; 외. (2016). “The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.

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Dvorsky, G. (2007년 5월 31일). “The Drake Equation is obsolete”. 《Sentient Developments》. 2013년 8월 21일에 확인함.

seti.org

“What do we need to know about to discover life in space?”. SETI Institute. 2013년 4월 16일에 확인함.

setileague.org

“Chapter 3 – Philosophy: "Solving the Drake Equation”. 《Ask Dr. SETI》. SETI League. December 2002. 2013년 4월 10일에 확인함.
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skyandtelescope.org

Schilling, G.; MacRobert, A. M. (2013). “The Chance of Finding Aliens”. 《Sky & Telescope》. 2013년 2월 14일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 4월 10일에 확인함.
Govert Schilling; Alan M. MacRobert (2009년 6월 3일). “The Chance of Finding Aliens”. 《Sky & Telescope》.

space.com

Devin Powell, Astrobiology Magazine (2013년 9월 4일). “The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager”. 《Space.com》.
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Davis, Nicola (2020년 6월 15일). “Scientists say most likely number of contactable alien civilisations is 36”. 《The Guardian》. 2020년 6월 19일에 확인함.

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Campbell, A. (13 March 2005). “Review of Life's Solution by Simon Conway Morris”. 16 July 2011에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

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