References analysis of the Wikipedia article "마우리아 제국" in the Korean version

archive.org

Smith, vincent A. (1981). 《The Oxford History Of India Part. 1-3, Ed. 4th》. Oxford University Press. 99쪽. the only direct evidence throwing light ....is that of Jain tradition. ...it may be that he embraced Jainism towards the end of his reign. ...after much consideration I am inclined to accept the main facts as affirmed by tradition .... no alternative account exists.

《Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903》.

《Epigraphia Indica Vol.20》 (영어). Achaeological Survey of India. 1920. 80쪽.

Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》 (영어). Motilal Banarsidass. 27쪽. ISBN 9788120804050.; Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1957). 〈The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire〉. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. 《A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas》. Orient Longmans. 4쪽.: "무드라라크샤사는 찬드라굽타의 히말라야 동맹이 그에게 혼성 군대를 주었다는 것을 우리에게 더 알려준다 ... 이들 중에는 사카, 야바나(아마도 그리스인), 키라타, 캄보자, 파리시카 및 바흘리카가 언급된다."

"In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon's city of Susa with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of Ectabana is to be compared with them. ... In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept." Aelian, Characteristics of animals book XIII, Chapter 18, also quoted in The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, p411

Vincent Arthur Smith (1920). 《Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India》. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 18–19쪽. ISBN 9788120613034.

Eugène Burnouf (1911). 《Legends of Indian Buddhism》. New York: E. P. Dutton. 59쪽.

S. Paranavithana. The Greeks and the Mauryas, 1971. https://archive.org/details/thegreeksandthemauryassenartparanavitana1971_104_N

Described in Marshall p.25-28 Ashoka pillar.

Chakravarti, Monmohan (1906). “Animals in the inscriptions of Piyadasi”. 《Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal》 1 (17): 361–374.

《Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch》 (산스크리트어). 1925. 46쪽.

S. Paranavithana. The Greeks and the Mauryas, 1971. https://archive.org/details/thegreeksandthemauryassenartparanavitana1971_104_N

《The Yuga Purana》. 번역 Mitchiner, John E. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. 1986. 91쪽.

books.google.com

Hermann Kulke 2004, 69-70쪽. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 《A History of India》 4판. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15481-2.

Stein, Burton (2010), 《A History of India》, John Wiley & Sons, 74쪽, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable; at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples.

Ludden, David (2013), 《India and South Asia: A Short History》, Oneworld Publications, 28–29쪽, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6Quote: "A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers."

Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 《The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE》, Cambridge University Press, 451–466쪽, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7

Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 《The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE》, Cambridge University Press, 453쪽, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7

Dyson, Tim (2018), 《A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day》, Oxford University Press, 16–17쪽, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8, Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south.

Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920), 《The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911》, Clarendon Press, 104–106쪽

Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), 《An Advanced History of India》 Seco판, Macmillan & Company, 104쪽

Dyson, Tim (2018), 《A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day》, Oxford University Press, 24쪽, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8 Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 bce) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."

Bronkhorst, Johannes; Flood, Gavin (July 2020). 《The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice》 (영어). Oxford University Press. 68쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-873350-8.

Long, Jeffery D. (2020년 4월 15일). 《Historical Dictionary of Hinduism》 (영어). Rowman & Littlefield. 255쪽. ISBN 978-1-5381-2294-5.

Dalrymple, William (2009년 10월 7일). 《Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India》 (영어). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-0341-7. It was here, in the third century BC, that the first Emperor of India, Chandragupta Maurya, embraced the Jain religion and died through a self-imposed fast to the death,......

Keay, John (1981). 《India: A History》 (영어). Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. 85–86쪽. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0.

Omvedt, Gail (2003년 8월 18일). 《Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste》 (영어). SAGE Publications. 119쪽. ISBN 978-0-7619-9664-4.

Boyce, Mary; Grenet, F. (January 1991). 《A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule》 (영어). BRILL. 149쪽. ISBN 978-90-04-29391-5.

R. K. Mookerji 1966. R. K. Mookerji (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0.

John D Grainger 2014. John D Grainger (2014). 《Seleukos Nikator (Routledge Revivals): Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom》. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-80098-9.

Boesche, Roger (2003년 3월 1일). 《The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra》. 11쪽. ISBN 9780739106075.

Demeny, Paul George; McNicoll, Geoffrey (May 2003). 《Encyclopedia of population》. ISBN 9780028656793.

Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004, 14쪽. Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). 《Mauryan India》. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / Tulika Books. ISBN 978-81-85229-92-8.

Singh, Upinder (2008). 《A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century》 (영어). Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131716779.

D. C. Sircar (1968). 〈The Satavahanas and the Chedis〉. R. C. Majumdar. 《The Age of Imperial Unity》. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 215쪽.

R. K. Mookerji 1966, 14쪽. R. K. Mookerji (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0.

R. K. Mookerji 1966, 15쪽. R. K. Mookerji (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0.

H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988, 140쪽. H. C. Raychaudhuri (1988) [1967]. 〈India in the Age of the Nandas〉. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. 《Age of the Nandas and Mauryas》 Seco판. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1.

R. K. Mookerji 1966, 8쪽. R. K. Mookerji (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0.

Sugandhi, Namita Sanjay (2008). 《Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan》. 88–89쪽. ISBN 9780549744412.^{[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]}

Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999). 《Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas》 (영어). Anmol Publications. 134쪽. ISBN 9788170418597.: "찬드라굽타가 난다에 대항하여 투쟁하는 것을 도운 사람들 중에는 사카(스키타이인), 야바나(그리스인), 파라시카(페르시아인)가 있다."

Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p.26-27 Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》. ISBN 9788120804050. 27 November 2016에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 26 November 2016에 확인함.

《From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500》. Greenwood Publishing. 2002. ISBN 0313309426. 2019년 8월 16일에 확인함.

Kistler, John M. (2007). 《War Elephants》. University of Nebraska Press. 67쪽. ISBN 978-0803260047. 2019년 8월 16일에 확인함.

Singh, Upinder (2008). 《A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century》 (영어). Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131716779.

Upinder Singh 2008. Upinder Singh (2008). 《A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century》. Pearson. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9.

Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). 《Indian Civilization and Culture》 (영어). M.D. Publications. ISBN 9788175330832.

Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). 《The Mauryan Polity》 (영어). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120810235.

Roy, K. (2015). 《Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia》. Warfare, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. 15쪽. ISBN 978-1-317-32128-6. 2019년 6월 28일에 확인함.

Rajendralal Mitra (1878). “On the Early Life of Asoka”. 《Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal》 (Asiatic Society of Bengal): 10.

Alain Daniélou 2003. Alain Daniélou (2003). 《A Brief History of India》. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3.

Kistler, John M. (2007). 《War Elephants》. University of Nebraska Press. 67쪽. ISBN 978-0803260047. 2019년 8월 16일에 확인함.

William Woodthorpe Tarn (2010). 《The Greeks in Bactria and India》. Cambridge University Press. 152쪽. ISBN 9781108009416.

Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). 《Asoka》. Motilal Banarsidass. 8쪽. ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8. 2018년 5월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

Alain Daniélou 2003, 109쪽. Alain Daniélou (2003). 《A Brief History of India》. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3.

S. N. Sen 1999. S. N. Sen (1999). 《Ancient Indian History and Civilization》. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.

Kashi Nath Upadhyaya (1997). 《Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita》. Motilal Banarsidass. 33쪽. ISBN 9788120808805.

Fitzedward Hall, 편집. (1868). 《The Vishnu Purana》 IV. Trübner & Co. 188쪽.

Raychaudhuri, H. (2006). 《Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty》. Cosmo Publications. 10쪽. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9. 2019년 6월 27일에 확인함.

Allen, Charles (2012). 《Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor》 (영어). Little, Brown Book Group. 82쪽. ISBN 9781408703885. 2018년 5월 1일에 확인함.

Moti Chandra (1977). 《Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India》. Abhinav Publications. 75–쪽. ISBN 978-81-7017-055-6.

Kulke, Herman (2004). 《History of India》. Routledge. 79쪽. ISBN 9780415329200.

《Indian History》 (영어). Allied Publishers. 1988. ISBN 9788184245684.

Gabriel A, Richard (2006년 11월 30일). 《The Ancient World :Volume 1 of Soldiers' lives through history》. Greenwood Publishing Group. 28쪽. ISBN 9780313333484.

R. C. Majumdar 2003, 107쪽. R. C. Majumdar (2003) [1952]. 《Ancient India》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0436-8.

Dyson, Tim (2018), 《A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day》, Oxford University Press, 19쪽, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8 Quote: "... there seems to have been an interplay between the developing system of caste on the one hand, and the increased frequency with which 'tribal' societies were confronted on the other. In this context, castes and tribes can be seen as being broadly analogous-esepcially in that they tend to marry endogenously and maintain their own collective identities.62 Accordingly, as tribal societies were encountered by the expanding Indo-Aryan societies, so the evolving caste system provided a framework within which—invariably at a low level—tribal people could be placed. For example, by the time of the Mauryan Empire (c.320–230 bce) the caste system was quite well established and the Aranyachará (i.e. forest people) were grouped with the most despised castes [...] The evolution of Indo-Aryan society in the centuries before c.200 bce not only saw increased segregation with respect to caste, it also seems to have seen increased differentiation with respect to gender ... Therefore, by the time of the Mauryan Empire the position of women in mainstream Indo-Aryan society seems to have deteriorated. Customs such as child marriage and dowry were becoming entrenched; and a young women's purpose in life was to provide sons for the male lineage into which she married. To quote the Arthashāstra: 'wives are there for having sons'. Practices such as female infanticide and the neglect of young girls were possibly also developing at this time, especially among higher caste people. Further, due to the increasingly hierarchical nature of the society, marriage was possibly becoming an even more crucial institution for childbearing and the formalization of relationships between groups. In turn, this may have contributed to the growth of increasingly instrumental attitudes towards women and girls (who moved home at marriage). It is important to note that, in all likelihood, these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent—such as those in the south, and tribal communities inhabiting the forested hill and plateau areas of central and eastern India. That said, these deleterious features have continued to blight Indo-Aryan speaking areas of the subcontinent until the present day."

Roger Boesche (2003). 《The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra》. Lexington Books. 67–70쪽. ISBN 978-0-7391-0607-5.

Gabriel A, Richard (2006년 11월 30일). 《The Ancient World :Volume 1 of Soldiers' lives through history》. Greenwood Publishing Group. 28쪽. ISBN 9780313333484.

Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). 《Ancient Indian History and Civilization》. Routledge. 164쪽. ISBN 9788122411980.

Ray, A. (2016). 《Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey》. Taylor & Francis. 22쪽. ISBN 978-1-351-99731-7.

John Cort 2010, 142쪽. John Cort (2010). 《Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History》. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1.

John Cort 2010, 199쪽. John Cort (2010). 《Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History》. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1.

Buddhist Architecture par Huu Phuoc Le p.102

Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). 《Chandragupta Maurya and His Times》 (영어). Motilal Banarsidass. 16–17쪽. ISBN 9788120804050.

R. C. Majumdar 2003. R. C. Majumdar (2003) [1952]. 《Ancient India》. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0436-8.

Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). 《The Land of the Elephant Kings》 (영어). Harvard University Press. 57쪽. ISBN 9780674728820.

Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). 《A Social History of India》 (영어). APH Publishing. ISBN 9788176481700.

Heinz, Carolyn Brown; Murray, Jeremy A. (2018). 《Asian Cultural Traditions: Second Edition》 (영어). Waveland Press. 166쪽. ISBN 9781478637646.

Bozeman, Adda BrÃ¼mmer. 《Politics and culture in international history》 (영어). Transaction Publishers. 126쪽. ISBN 9781412831321.

Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015). 《Ashoka in Ancient India》 (영어). Harvard University Press. 25쪽. ISBN 9780674057777.

Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015). 《Ashoka in Ancient India》 (영어). Harvard University Press. 173쪽. ISBN 9780674057777.

Kumar, Raj (2003). 《Essays on Indian Society》 (영어). Discovery Publishing House. 68쪽. ISBN 9788171417100.

Filliozat, Jean (1974). 《Laghu-Prabandhāḥ.》 (프랑스어). Brill Archive. 341쪽. ISBN 978-9004039148.

Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). 《Indian Civilization and Culture》 (영어). M.D. Publications. ISBN 9788175330832.

Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). 《The Mauryan Polity》 (영어). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120810235.

forumromanum.org

"(Transitum deinde in Indiam fecit), quae post mortem Alexandri, ueluti ceruicibus iugo seruitutis excusso, praefectos eius occiderat. Auctor libertatis Sandrocottus fuerat, sed titulum libertatis post uictoriam in seruitutem uerterat; 14 siquidem occupato regno populum quem ab externa dominatione uindicauerat ipse seruitio premebat." Justin XV.4.12–13 보관됨 20 4월 2017 - 웨이백 머신

"Molienti deinde bellum aduersus praefectos Alexandri elephantus ferus infinitae magnitudinis ultro se obtulit et ueluti domita mansuetudine eum tergo excepit duxque belli et proeliator insignis fuit. Sic adquisito regno Sandrocottus ea tempestate, qua Seleucus futurae magnitudinis fundamenta iaciebat, Indiam possidebat." Justin XV.4.19 보관됨 20 4월 2017 - 웨이백 머신

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

:"안드로코투스는 어렸을 때 알렉산드로스를 만났고, 우리는 알렉산드로스가 자신의 저속함과 낮은 출생으로 인해 미움과 경멸을 받았기 때문에 알렉산드로스가 자신을 나라의 주인으로 삼을 수 있던 기회를 아쉽게 놓쳤다는 말을 종종 들었다."플루타르코스 영웅전 62-3 Plutarch 62-3

“Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1”.

web.archive.org

Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). 《Asoka》. Motilal Banarsidass. 8쪽. ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8. 2018년 5월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

CNG Coins 보관됨 27 8월 2017 - 웨이백 머신

Tukol, T. K. 《Jainism in South India》. 4 March 2016에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

Romila Thapar (1997). “Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas” (PDF). Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2017년 5월 17일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 7월 12일에 확인함.

“Appian, The Syrian Wars 11”. 3 November 2007에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

“Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, H. T. Riley)”. 2013년 7월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

“Problem while searching in The Literature Collection”. 13 March 2007에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

“The Literature Collection: The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus (volume III): Book XIV”. 11 October 2007에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

Mahavamsa chapter XII 보관됨 5 9월 2006 - 웨이백 머신

김영고 동국대 교수, 남방불교의 어제와 오늘 - 남방불교의 略史^{[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]}, 월간불광 2008년 3월호

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

마우리아 제국 (Korean Wikipedia)

224.112

183.111.224.112

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books.google.com

bulkwang.org

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cs.colostate.edu

columbia.edu

learn.columbia.edu

doi.org

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forumromanum.org

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mpg.de

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tufts.edu

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dsal.uchicago.edu

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wisc.edu

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