세계의 역사 (Korean Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "세계의 역사" in Korean language version.

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  • Clift et al., 2011, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Geology, 40, 211–214 (2011). [3] 보관됨 2 1월 2016 - 웨이백 머신

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  • Broke:[244] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). "고고학자들이 지역들 사이의 방어와 전쟁의 징후를 거의 발견하지 못했다는 점에서 인더스 강의 청동기 시대 마을과 도시 사회는 일종의 이례적인 현상이다. 홀로세 초중반의 풍부한 몬순 강우량은 모두에게 풍요로운 조건을 형성하고 경쟁의 에너지가 전쟁이 아닌 상업으로 유입된 것처럼 보인다. 학자들은 오랫동안 이러한 비가 기원전 2,600년경 신석기 시대의 마을에서 발생한 하라판 도시의 기원을 형성했다고 주장해 왔다. 그러나, 이제 이 강우량은 하라파 도시들이 개발되기 시작한 바로 그 시짐인 기원전 3,000년경에 서서히 줄어들기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 남아시아에서의 이 '최초의 도시화'는 후기 홀로세 시대에 시작된 건조에 대한 인더스인들이 초기 대응이었던 것이었을지도 모른다. 이 도시들은 300~400년 동안 유지되었다가, 인더스인들이 영토의 동쪽 범위에 있는 흩어져 있는 마을에 정착해나가면서 점차 버러졌다..."
    17 (참고):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), 《The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective》, Rowman Altamira, 237–245쪽, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."

oup.com

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  • Broke:[244] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). "고고학자들이 지역들 사이의 방어와 전쟁의 징후를 거의 발견하지 못했다는 점에서 인더스 강의 청동기 시대 마을과 도시 사회는 일종의 이례적인 현상이다. 홀로세 초중반의 풍부한 몬순 강우량은 모두에게 풍요로운 조건을 형성하고 경쟁의 에너지가 전쟁이 아닌 상업으로 유입된 것처럼 보인다. 학자들은 오랫동안 이러한 비가 기원전 2,600년경 신석기 시대의 마을에서 발생한 하라판 도시의 기원을 형성했다고 주장해 왔다. 그러나, 이제 이 강우량은 하라파 도시들이 개발되기 시작한 바로 그 시짐인 기원전 3,000년경에 서서히 줄어들기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 남아시아에서의 이 '최초의 도시화'는 후기 홀로세 시대에 시작된 건조에 대한 인더스인들이 초기 대응이었던 것이었을지도 모른다. 이 도시들은 300~400년 동안 유지되었다가, 인더스인들이 영토의 동쪽 범위에 있는 흩어져 있는 마을에 정착해나가면서 점차 버러졌다..."
    17 (참고):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), 《The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective》, Rowman Altamira, 237–245쪽, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."

researchgate.net

science.org

sciencedaily.com

sciencedirect.com

  • Broke:[244] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). "고고학자들이 지역들 사이의 방어와 전쟁의 징후를 거의 발견하지 못했다는 점에서 인더스 강의 청동기 시대 마을과 도시 사회는 일종의 이례적인 현상이다. 홀로세 초중반의 풍부한 몬순 강우량은 모두에게 풍요로운 조건을 형성하고 경쟁의 에너지가 전쟁이 아닌 상업으로 유입된 것처럼 보인다. 학자들은 오랫동안 이러한 비가 기원전 2,600년경 신석기 시대의 마을에서 발생한 하라판 도시의 기원을 형성했다고 주장해 왔다. 그러나, 이제 이 강우량은 하라파 도시들이 개발되기 시작한 바로 그 시짐인 기원전 3,000년경에 서서히 줄어들기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 남아시아에서의 이 '최초의 도시화'는 후기 홀로세 시대에 시작된 건조에 대한 인더스인들이 초기 대응이었던 것이었을지도 모른다. 이 도시들은 300~400년 동안 유지되었다가, 인더스인들이 영토의 동쪽 범위에 있는 흩어져 있는 마을에 정착해나가면서 점차 버러졌다..."
    17 (참고):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), 《The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective》, Rowman Altamira, 237–245쪽, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
  • Weber 등. 2020, 29–39
  • Rosas & Bastir 2020, 102745

scientificamerican.com

blogs.scientificamerican.com

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

stlcc.edu

users.stlcc.edu

taipeitimes.com

taiwannews.com.tw

tistory.com

johnkchung.tistory.com

transoxiana.org

tripod.com

ancientneareast.tripod.com

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

ucl.ac.uk

digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk

  • Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5–77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: [1] 보관됨 1 2월 2011 - 웨이백 머신 and [2] 보관됨 29 6월 2011 - 웨이백 머신.)
  • “Early Dynastic Egypt”. Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. 2008년 3월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 3월 9일에 확인함. 

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

homepages.ucl.ac.uk

ufl.edu

users.clas.ufl.edu

un.org

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

uparchaeology.org

washington.edu

journals.lib.washington.edu

depts.washington.edu

web.archive.org

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

  • 이 날짜는 2015년 케냐의 로메키(영어판) 유적지에서 초기 석기가 발견된 것을 근거로 하는 것이지만,[12] 몇몇 고생물학자들은 에티오피아 디키카(영어판)에서 도축의 흔적이 있는 뼈가 발견된 것을 근거로 석기가 약 339만 년 전에 발명되었다고 주장하기도 하며[13] 아예 두 지역의 발견 자체에 대해서 의문을 제기하는 학자들도 있다.[14]
  • 이 날짜는 2018년 이스라엘의 미슬리야 동굴(영어판)에서 발견된 위턱뼈를 조사한 결과를 기반으로 추정한 것이며,[46] 2019년 그리스의 아피디마 동굴(영어판)에서 발견된 화석 두개골을 조사한 결과에 따르면 210,000년 전으로 앞당겨질수도 있다고 한다.[47] 다만 후자의 연구 결과는 현재 많은 논란이 있다.[48]
  • 그 이전에도 다양한 형태의 원시 문자(영어판)들이 존재했지만 완전하게 발전된 문자 체계를 구성하지는 못했다.[125]
  • 피터 클리프트(영어판)가 이끄는 지질학 연구팀은, 기후 또는 하천의 변화가 하라파의 쇠퇴를 초래했는지에 대한 여부를 실험하기 위해 8,000년 전부터 이 지역의 강의 흐름이 어떻게 변화했는가를 조사했다. 지르콘 모래 입자의 U-Pd 연대 측정을 사용한 결과, 그들은 비아스, 수트레지, 야무나와 같이 인더스 강의 히말라야 지류에서 발견되는 전형적인 퇴적물들이 가가르-하크라 강에 있다는 사실을 발견했다. 다만 빙하수로 인해 형성된 강에서 발생한 퇴적물들은 인더스 문명이 발달하기 훨씬 전에, 최소한 10,000년 전에 멈춘 것으로 보인다.[238]
  • 지난 1세기 동안은 이 흑사병이 가래톳페스트라는 의견이 지배적이었지만, 오늘날 들어서는 이에 대해 다양한 반론(영어판)이 제기되고 있다.[641]
  • 전체적으로 보았을 때 유럽의 인구 감소는 심각한 수준이었다. 인구가 줄어들면서 노동력도 덩달아 감소했고, 그러자 영주들은 이들을 자신의 영지로 끌어들이기 위해 그들의 임금을 올려주기 시작했다. 하지만 이러한 혜택을 받지 못한 이들은 심각한 문제에 직면했는데, 바로 농작물의 가격이 폭락한 것이었다. 또한 일부 도시 노동자들은 자신의 임금에 만족하지 못한 채 불만을 품고 있었다. 몇몇 사람들은 전염병의 원인으로 유대인들을 지목하여, 이들을 단체로 학살하기도 했다(영어판)
  • Jungers 1988, 227–231쪽
  • Bulliet et al. 2015a, 1쪽, "Human beings evolved over several million years from primates in Africa."
  • Christian 2011, 150쪽, "But it turned out that humans and chimps differed from each other only by about 10 percent as much as the differences between major groups of mammals, which suggested that they had diverged from each other approximately 5 to 7 million years ago."
  • Dunbar 2016, 8쪽, "Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as hominids, while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the [Homo-Pan] LCA are referred to as hominins. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids respectively."
  • Wragg-Sykes 2016, 183–184
  • Dunbar 2016, 8, 10쪽, "What has come to define our lineage – bipedalism – was adopted early on after we parted company with the chimpanzees, presumably in order to facilitate travel on the ground in more open habitats where large forest trees were less common....The australopithecines did not differ from the modern chimpanzees in terms of brain size."
  • Lewton 2017, 117
  • Harmand 2015, 310–315
  • McPherron 등. 2010, 857–860쪽
  • Domínguez-Rodrigo & Alcalá 2016, 46–53
  • de la Torre 2019, 11567–11569쪽
  • Stutz 2018, 1–9쪽, "The Paleolithic era encompasses the bulk of the human archaeological record. Its onset is defined by the oldest known stone tools, now dated to 3.3 Ma, found at the Lomekwi site in Kenya."
  • Strait 2010, 341쪽, "However, Homo is almost certainly descended from an australopith ancestor, so at least one or some australopiths belong directly to the human lineage."
  • Villmoare 등. 2015, 1352–1355쪽
  • Spoor 등. 2015, 83–86쪽, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo."
  • Bulliet et al. 2015a, 5쪽, "What most distinguished Homo habilis from the australopithecines was a brain that was nearly 50 percent larger."
  • Herries 등. 2020
  • Zhu 등. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World."
  • Dunbar 2016, 10쪽
  • Gowlett 2016, 20150164쪽, "We know that burning evidence occurs on numbers of archaeological sites from about 1.5 Ma onwards (there is evidence of actual hearths from around 0.7 to 0.4 Ma); that more elaborate technologies existed from around half a million years ago, and that these came to employ adhesives that require preparation by fire."
  • Christian 2015, 11쪽
  • Christian 2015, 400n쪽
  • Dunbar 2016, 11쪽
  • Hammer 2013, 66–71쪽
  • Yong 2011, 34–38쪽
  • Ackermann, Mackay & Arnold 2015, 1–11쪽
  • Reich 등. 2010, 1053–1060쪽
  • Abi-Rached 등. 2011, 89–94쪽
  • Wragg-Sykes 2016, 180
  • Hublin 등. 2017, 289–292쪽
  • Fagan & Durrani 2021, 3. Enter Homo Sapiens (c. 300,000 Years Ago and Later)
  • Coolidge & Wynn 2018, 5
  • Christian 2015, 319쪽
  • Christian 2015, 319–320, 330, 354쪽
  • Christian 2015, 344–346쪽
  • McNeill & McNeill 2003, 17–18쪽
  • Christian 2015, 357–358, 409쪽
  • Morley 2013, 42–43쪽
  • Svard 2023, 23
  • Christian 2015, 22쪽, "Most Paleolithic communities lived by foraging, nomadizing over familiar territories."
  • Weber 등. 2020, 29–39
  • Herschkovitz 2018, 456–459쪽
  • Harvati 등. 2019, 500–504
  • Rosas & Bastir 2020, 102745
  • Christian 2015, 283쪽
  • O'Connell 등. 2018, 8482–8490쪽
  • Posth 등. 2016, 827–833쪽
  • Li 등. 2020, 1699–1700쪽
  • Clarkson 등. 2017, 306–310쪽
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  • Broke:[244] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). "고고학자들이 지역들 사이의 방어와 전쟁의 징후를 거의 발견하지 못했다는 점에서 인더스 강의 청동기 시대 마을과 도시 사회는 일종의 이례적인 현상이다. 홀로세 초중반의 풍부한 몬순 강우량은 모두에게 풍요로운 조건을 형성하고 경쟁의 에너지가 전쟁이 아닌 상업으로 유입된 것처럼 보인다. 학자들은 오랫동안 이러한 비가 기원전 2,600년경 신석기 시대의 마을에서 발생한 하라판 도시의 기원을 형성했다고 주장해 왔다. 그러나, 이제 이 강우량은 하라파 도시들이 개발되기 시작한 바로 그 시짐인 기원전 3,000년경에 서서히 줄어들기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 남아시아에서의 이 '최초의 도시화'는 후기 홀로세 시대에 시작된 건조에 대한 인더스인들이 초기 대응이었던 것이었을지도 모른다. 이 도시들은 300~400년 동안 유지되었다가, 인더스인들이 영토의 동쪽 범위에 있는 흩어져 있는 마을에 정착해나가면서 점차 버러졌다..."
    17 (참고):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), 《The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective》, Rowman Altamira, 237–245쪽, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
  • Stutz 2018, 1–9쪽, "The Paleolithic era encompasses the bulk of the human archaeological record. Its onset is defined by the oldest known stone tools, now dated to 3.3 Ma, found at the Lomekwi site in Kenya."

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