Carrillo, Camilo N. (1892) "Disertación sobre las corrientes oceánicas y estudios de la correinte Peruana ó de Humboldt" (Dissertation on the ocean currents and studies of the Peruvian, or Humboldt's, current), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 2 : 72–110. [in Spanish] From p. 84:"Los marinos paiteños que navegan frecuentemente cerca de la costa y en embarcaciones pequeñas, ya al norte ó al sur de Paita, conocen esta corriente y la denomination Corriente del Niño, sin duda porque ella se hace mas visible y palpable después de la Pascua de Navidad." (The sailors [from the city of] Paita who sail often near the coast and in small boats, to the north or the south of Paita, know this current and call it "the current of the Boy [el Niño]", undoubtedly because it becomes more visible and palpable after the Christmas season.)
Eguiguren, D. Victor (1894) "Las lluvias de Piura" (The rains of Piura), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 4 : 241–258. [in Spanish] From p. 257:"Finalmente, la época en que se presenta la corriente de Niño, es la misma de las lluvias en aquella región." (Finally, the period in which the El Niño current is present is the same as that of the rains in that region [i.e., the city of Piura, Peru].)
Lartigue (1827). 《Description de la Côte Du Pérou, Entre 19° et 16° 20' de Latitude Sud, ...》 [Description of the Coast of Peru, Between 19° and 16° 20' South Latitude, ...] (프랑스어). Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale. 22–23쪽. From pp. 22–23: "Il est néanmoins nécessaire, au sujet de cette règle générale, de faire part d'une exception ... dépassé le port de sa destination de plus de 2 ou 3 lieues; ... " (It is nevertheless necessary, with regard to this general rule, to announce an exception which, in some circumstances, might shorten the sailing. One said above that the breeze was sometimes quite fresh [i.e., strong], and that then the counter-current, which bore southward along the land, stretched some miles in length; it is obvious that one will have to tack in this counter-current, whenever the wind's force will permit it and whenever one will not have gone past the port of one's destination by more than 2 or 3 leagues; ...)
Cushman, Gregory T. “Who Discovered the El Niño-Southern Oscillation?”. 《Presidential Symposium on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences: People, Discoveries, and Technologies》. American Meteorological Society (AMS). 2015년 12월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 12월 18일에 확인함.
Larkin, N. K.; Harrison, D. E. (2005). “On the definition of El Niño and associated seasonal average U.S. Weather anomalies”. 《Geophysical Research Letters》 32 (13): L13705. Bibcode:2005GeoRL..3213705L. doi:10.1029/2005GL022738.
Ashok, K.; S. K. Behera; S. A. Rao; H. Weng; T. Yamagata (2007). “El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection”. 《Journal of Geophysical Research》 112 (C11): C11007. Bibcode:2007JGRC..11211007A. doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
McPhaden, M.J.; Lee, T.; McClurg, D. (2011). “El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean”. 《Geophys. Res. Lett.》 38 (15): L15709. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3815709M. doi:10.1029/2011GL048275. S2CID9168925.
Hanna Na; Bong-Geun Jang; Won-Moon Choi; Kwang-Yul Kim (2011). “Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warm-pool El Niño”. 《Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci.》 47 (3): 223–233. Bibcode:2011APJAS..47..223N. doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1. S2CID120649138.
L'Heureux, M.; Collins, D.; Hu, Z.-Z. (2012). “Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation”. 《Climate Dynamics》 40 (5–6): 1–14. Bibcode:2013ClDy...40.1223L. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1331-2.
Emily Becker (2016). “How Much Do El Niño and La Niña Affect Our Weather? This fickle and influential climate pattern often gets blamed for extreme weather. A closer look at the most recent cycle shows that the truth is more subtle”. 《Scientific American》 315 (4): 68–75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1016-68. PMID27798565.
Enfield, David B.; Mayer, Dennis A. (1997). “Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation”. 《Journal of Geophysical Research》 102 (C1): 929–945. Bibcode:1997JGR...102..929E. doi:10.1029/96JC03296.
Lee, Sang-Ki; Chunzai Wang (2008). “Why do some El Niños have no impact on tropical North Atlantic SST?”. 《Geophysical Research Letters》 35 (L16705): L16705. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3516705L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034734.
Ineson, S.; Scaife, A. A. (2008년 12월 7일). “The role of the stratosphere in the European climate response to El Niño”. 《Nature Geoscience》 2 (1): 32–36. Bibcode:2009NatGe...2...32I. doi:10.1038/ngeo381.
Ronald A. Christensen and Richard F. Eilbert and Orley H. Lindgren and Laurel L. Rans (1981). “Successful Hydrologic Forecasting for California Using an Information Theoretic Model”. 《Journal of Applied Meteorology》 20 (6): 706–712. Bibcode:1981JApMe...20.706C. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0706:SHFFCU>2.0.CO;2.
Martínez-Ballesté, Andrea; Ezcurra, Exequiel (2018). “Reconstruction of past climatic events using oxygen isotopes in Washingtonia robusta growing in three anthropic oases in Baja California”. 《Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana》 70 (1): 79–94. doi:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a5.
Larkin, N. K.; Harrison, D. E. (2005). “On the definition of El Niño and associated seasonal average U.S. Weather anomalies”. 《Geophysical Research Letters》 32 (13): L13705. Bibcode:2005GeoRL..3213705L. doi:10.1029/2005GL022738.
Ashok, K.; S. K. Behera; S. A. Rao; H. Weng; T. Yamagata (2007). “El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection”. 《Journal of Geophysical Research》 112 (C11): C11007. Bibcode:2007JGRC..11211007A. doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
McPhaden, M.J.; Lee, T.; McClurg, D. (2011). “El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean”. 《Geophys. Res. Lett.》 38 (15): L15709. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3815709M. doi:10.1029/2011GL048275. S2CID9168925.
Hanna Na; Bong-Geun Jang; Won-Moon Choi; Kwang-Yul Kim (2011). “Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warm-pool El Niño”. 《Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci.》 47 (3): 223–233. Bibcode:2011APJAS..47..223N. doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1. S2CID120649138.
L'Heureux, M.; Collins, D.; Hu, Z.-Z. (2012). “Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation”. 《Climate Dynamics》 40 (5–6): 1–14. Bibcode:2013ClDy...40.1223L. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1331-2.
Enfield, David B.; Mayer, Dennis A. (1997). “Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation”. 《Journal of Geophysical Research》 102 (C1): 929–945. Bibcode:1997JGR...102..929E. doi:10.1029/96JC03296.
Lee, Sang-Ki; Chunzai Wang (2008). “Why do some El Niños have no impact on tropical North Atlantic SST?”. 《Geophysical Research Letters》 35 (L16705): L16705. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3516705L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034734.
Ineson, S.; Scaife, A. A. (2008년 12월 7일). “The role of the stratosphere in the European climate response to El Niño”. 《Nature Geoscience》 2 (1): 32–36. Bibcode:2009NatGe...2...32I. doi:10.1038/ngeo381.
Ronald A. Christensen and Richard F. Eilbert and Orley H. Lindgren and Laurel L. Rans (1981). “Successful Hydrologic Forecasting for California Using an Information Theoretic Model”. 《Journal of Applied Meteorology》 20 (6): 706–712. Bibcode:1981JApMe...20.706C. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0706:SHFFCU>2.0.CO;2.
Sergey K. Gulev; Peter W. Thorne; Jinho Ahn; Frank J. Dentener; Catia M. Domingues; Sebastian Gerland; Daoyi Gong; Darrell S. Kaufman; Hyacinth C. Nnamchi; Johannes Quaas; Juan Antonio Rivera; Shubha Sathyendranath; Sharon L. Smith; Blair Trewin; Karina von Shuckmann; Russell S. Vose. 〈Changing state of the climate system〉(PDF). Valérie Masson-Delmotte; Panmao Zhai; Anna Pirani; Sarah L. Connors; C. Péan; Sophie Berger; Nada Caud; Y. Chen; Leah Goldfarb; Melissa I. Gomis; Mengtian Huang; Katherine Leitzell; Elisabeth Lonnoy; J. B. Robin Matthews; Thomas K. Maycock; Tim Waterfield; Özge Yelekçi; R. Yu; Botao Zhou. 《Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. The contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Emily Becker (2016). “How Much Do El Niño and La Niña Affect Our Weather? This fickle and influential climate pattern often gets blamed for extreme weather. A closer look at the most recent cycle shows that the truth is more subtle”. 《Scientific American》 315 (4): 68–75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1016-68. PMID27798565.
“El Niño and La Niña”. New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 2007년 2월 27일. 2016년 3월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 4월 11일에 확인함.
"Droughts in Australia: Their causes, duration, and effect: The views of three government astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, and C. Todd]," The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), 29 December 1888, pp. 1455–1456. From p. 1456:보관됨 16 9월 2017 - 웨이백 머신 "Australian and Indian Weather" : "Comparing our records with those of India, I find a close correspondence or similarity of seasons with regard to the prevalence of drought, and there can be little or no doubt that severe droughts occur as a rule simultaneously over the two countries."
Walker, G. T. (1924) "Correlation in seasonal variations of weather. IX. A further study of world weather," Memoirs of the Indian Meteorological Department, 24 : 275–332. From p. 283: "There is also a slight tendency two quarters later towards an increase of pressure in S. America and of Peninsula [i.e., Indian] rainfall, and a decrease of pressure in Australia : this is part of the main oscillation described in the previous paper* which will in future be called the 'southern' oscillation." Available at: Royal Meteorological Society보관됨 18 3월 2017 - 웨이백 머신
samet.gov.ws
“Climate Summary January 2016”(PDF). 《Samoa Meteorology Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment》. January 2016. 2017년 4월 10일에 원본 문서(PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 5월 2일에 확인함.
McPhaden, M.J.; Lee, T.; McClurg, D. (2011). “El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean”. 《Geophys. Res. Lett.》 38 (15): L15709. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3815709M. doi:10.1029/2011GL048275. S2CID9168925.
Hanna Na; Bong-Geun Jang; Won-Moon Choi; Kwang-Yul Kim (2011). “Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warm-pool El Niño”. 《Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci.》 47 (3): 223–233. Bibcode:2011APJAS..47..223N. doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1. S2CID120649138.
"Droughts in Australia: Their causes, duration, and effect: The views of three government astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, and C. Todd]," The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), 29 December 1888, pp. 1455–1456. From p. 1456:보관됨 16 9월 2017 - 웨이백 머신 "Australian and Indian Weather" : "Comparing our records with those of India, I find a close correspondence or similarity of seasons with regard to the prevalence of drought, and there can be little or no doubt that severe droughts occur as a rule simultaneously over the two countries."
Walker, G. T. (1924) "Correlation in seasonal variations of weather. IX. A further study of world weather," Memoirs of the Indian Meteorological Department, 24 : 275–332. From p. 283: "There is also a slight tendency two quarters later towards an increase of pressure in S. America and of Peninsula [i.e., Indian] rainfall, and a decrease of pressure in Australia : this is part of the main oscillation described in the previous paper* which will in future be called the 'southern' oscillation." Available at: Royal Meteorological Society보관됨 18 3월 2017 - 웨이백 머신
Cushman, Gregory T. “Who Discovered the El Niño-Southern Oscillation?”. 《Presidential Symposium on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences: People, Discoveries, and Technologies》. American Meteorological Society (AMS). 2015년 12월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 12월 18일에 확인함.
“El Niño and La Niña”. New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 2007년 2월 27일. 2016년 3월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 4월 11일에 확인함.
“Climate Summary January 2016”(PDF). 《Samoa Meteorology Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment》. January 2016. 2017년 4월 10일에 원본 문서(PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 5월 2일에 확인함.
