Elétron (Portuguese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Elétron" in Portuguese language version.

Last modified: 15:16:00, 8 August 2026 (UTC)

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portal.acm.org

Ozdemir, F.S. (25–27 de junho de 1979). Electron beam lithography. Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Design automation. San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE Press. pp. 383–391. Consultado em 16 de outubro de 2008

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Portuguese: 25^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Eichten, E.J.; Peskin, M.E.; Peskin, M. (1983). «New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure». Physical Review Letters. 50 (11): 811–814. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50..811E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.811
Agostini M. et al. (Borexino Coll.) (2015). «Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino». Physical Review Letters. 115 (23). 231802 páginas. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115w1802A. arXiv:1509.01223. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802
Barrow, J.D. (1983). «Natural Units Before Planck». Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]. 24: 24–26. Bibcode:1983QJRAS..24...24B
Zeeman, P.; Zeeman, P. (1907). «Sir William Crookes, F.R.S». Nature. 77 (1984): 1–3. Bibcode:1907Natur..77....1C. doi:10.1038/077001a0
Kikoin, I.K.; Sominskiĭ, I.S. (1961). «Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (on his eightieth birthday)». Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 3 (5): 798–809. Bibcode:1961SvPhU...3..798K. doi:10.1070/PU1961v003n05ABEH005812 Original publication in Russian: Кикоин, И.К.; Соминский, М.С. (1960). «Академик А.Ф. Иоффе» (PDF). Успехи Физических Наук. 72 (10): 303–321
Millikan, R.A. (1911). «The Isolation of an Ion, a Precision Measurement of its Charge, and the Correction of Stokes' Law». Physical Review. 32 (2): 349–397. Bibcode:1911PhRvI..32..349M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.32.349
Das Gupta, N.N.; Ghosh, S.K. (1999). «A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and Its Applications in Physics». Reviews of Modern Physics. 18 (2): 225–290. Bibcode:1946RvMP...18..225G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.18.225
Arabatzis, T.; Gavroglu, K. (1997). «The chemists' electron». European Journal of Physics. 18 (3): 150–163. Bibcode:1997EJPh...18..150A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/18/3/005
Uhlenbeck, G.E.; Goudsmith, S. (1925). «Ersetzung der Hypothese vom unmechanischen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezüglich des inneren Verhaltens jedes einzelnen Elektrons». Die Naturwissenschaften (em alemão). 13 (47): 953–954. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..953E. doi:10.1007/BF01558878
Pauli, W. (1923). «Über die Gesetzmäßigkeiten des anomalen Zeemaneffektes». Zeitschrift für Physik (em alemão). 16 (1): 155–164. Bibcode:1923ZPhy...16..155P. doi:10.1007/BF01327386
Schrödinger, E. (1926). «Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem». Annalen der Physik (em alemão). 385 (13): 437–490. Bibcode:1926AnP...385..437S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263851302
Dirac, P.A.M. (1928). «The Quantum Theory of the Electron». Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 117 (778): 610–624. Bibcode:1928RSPSA.117..610D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1928.0023
Elder, F.R.; et al. (1947). «Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron». Physical Review. 71 (11): 829–830. Bibcode:1947PhRv...71..829E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.71.829.5
Bernardini, C. (2004). «AdA: The First Electron–Positron Collider». Physics in Perspective. 6 (2): 156–183. Bibcode:2004PhP.....6..156B. doi:10.1007/s00016-003-0202-y
Frampton, P.H.; Hung, P.Q.; Sher, Marc (2000). «Quarks and Leptons Beyond the Third Generation». Physics Reports. 330 (5–6): 263–348. Bibcode:2000PhR...330..263F. arXiv:hep-ph/9903387. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00095-2
The original source for CODATA is Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N.; Newell, D.B. (2006). «CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants». Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (2): 633–730. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. arXiv:0801.0028. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633
Individual physical constants from the CODATA are available at: «The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty». National Institute of Standards and Technology. Consultado em 15 de janeiro de 2009
Murphy, M.T.; et al. (2008). «Strong Limit on a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Molecules in the Distant Universe». Science. 320 (5883): 1611–1613. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1611M. PMID 18566280. arXiv:0806.3081. doi:10.1126/science.1156352
Zorn, J.C.; Chamberlain, G.E.; Hughes, V.W. (1963). «Experimental Limits for the Electron-Proton Charge Difference and for the Charge of the Neutron». Physical Review. 129 (6): 2566–2576. Bibcode:1963PhRv..129.2566Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.129.2566
Odom, B.; et al. (2006). «New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment Using a One-ElectronQuantum Cyclotron». Physical Review Letters. 97 (3). 030801 páginas. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97c0801O. PMID 16907490. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030801
Gabrielse, G.; et al. (2006). «New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant from the Electron g Value and QED». Physical Review Letters. 97 (3): 030802(1–4). Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97c0802G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030802
Dehmelt, H. (1988). «A Single Atomic Particle Forever Floating at Rest in Free Space: New Value for Electron Radius». Physica Scripta. T22: 102–10. Bibcode:1988PhST...22..102D. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T22/016
Steinberg, R.I.; et al. (1999). «Experimental test of charge conservation and the stability of the electron». Physical Review D. 61 (2): 2582–2586. Bibcode:1975PhRvD..12.2582S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.12.2582
J. Beringer (Particle Data Group); et al. (2012). «Review of Particle Physics: [electron properties]» (PDF). Physical Review D. 86 (1). 010001 páginas. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86a0001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001
Back, H. O.; et al. (2002). «Search for electron decay mode e → γ + ν with prototype of Borexino detector». Physics Letters B. 525: 29–40. Bibcode:2002PhLB..525...29B. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(01)01440-X
Levine, I.; et al. (1997). «Measurement of the Electromagnetic Coupling at Large Momentum Transfer». Physical Review Letters. 78 (3): 424–427. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78..424L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.424
Schwinger, J. (1948). «On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron». Physical Review. 73 (4): 416–417. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..416S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.416
Foldy, L.L.; Wouthuysen, S. (1950). «On the Dirac Theory of Spin 1/2 Particles and Its Non-Relativistic Limit». Physical Review. 78: 29–36. Bibcode:1950PhRv...78...29F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.78.29
Sidharth, B.G. (2008). «Revisiting Zitterbewegung». International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 48 (2): 497–506. Bibcode:2009IJTP...48..497S. arXiv:0806.0985. doi:10.1007/s10773-008-9825-8
Elliott, R.S. (1978). «The History of Electromagnetics as Hertz Would Have Known It». IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 36 (5): 806–823. Bibcode:1988ITMTT..36..806E. doi:10.1109/22.3600
Mahadevan, R.; Narayan, R.; Yi, I. (1996). «Harmony in Electrons: Cyclotron and Synchrotron Emission by Thermal Electrons in a Magnetic Field». The Astrophysical Journal. 465: 327–337. Bibcode:1996ApJ...465..327M. arXiv:astro-ph/9601073. doi:10.1086/177422
Rohrlich, F. (1999). «The Self-Force and Radiation Reaction». American Journal of Physics. 68 (12): 1109–1112. Bibcode:2000AmJPh..68.1109R. doi:10.1119/1.1286430
Blumenthal, G.J.; Gould, R. (1970). «Bremsstrahlung, Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons Traversing Dilute Gases». Reviews of Modern Physics. 42 (2): 237–270. Bibcode:1970RvMP...42..237B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.42.237
Chen, S.-Y.; Maksimchuk, A.; Umstadter, D. (1998). «Experimental observation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering». Nature. 396 (6712): 653–655. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..653C. arXiv:physics/9810036. doi:10.1038/25303
Beringer, R.; Montgomery, C.G. (1942). «The Angular Distribution of Positron Annihilation Radiation». Physical Review. 61 (5–6): 222–224. Bibcode:1942PhRv...61..222B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.61.222
Eichler, J. (2005). «Electron–positron pair production in relativistic ion–atom collisions». Physics Letters A. 347 (1–3): 67–72. Bibcode:2005PhLA..347...67E. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2005.06.105
Hubbell, J.H. (2006). «Electron positron pair production by photons: A historical overview». Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 75 (6): 614–623. Bibcode:2006RaPC...75..614H. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.10.008
Mulliken, R.S. (1967). «Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding». Science. 157 (3784): 13–24. Bibcode:1967Sci...157...13M. PMID 5338306. doi:10.1126/science.157.3784.13
Jompol, Y.; et al. (2009). «Probing Spin-Charge Separation in a Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid». Science. 325 (5940): 597–601. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..597J. PMID 19644117. arXiv:1002.2782. doi:10.1126/science.1171769
Kolb, E.W.; Wolfram, Stephen (1980). «The Development of Baryon Asymmetry in the Early Universe». Physics Letters B. 91 (2): 217–221. Bibcode:1980PhLB...91..217K. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90435-9
Boesgaard, A.M.; Steigman, G. (1985). «Big bang nucleosynthesis – Theories and observations». Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 23 (2): 319–378. Bibcode:1985ARA&A..23..319B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.23.090185.001535
Barkana, R. (2006). «The First Stars in the Universe and Cosmic Reionization». Science. 313 (5789): 931–934. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..931B. PMID 16917052. arXiv:astro-ph/0608450. doi:10.1126/science.1125644
Burbidge, E.M.; et al. (1957). «Synthesis of Elements in Stars». Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (4): 548–647. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..547B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547
Rodberg, L.S.; Weisskopf, V. (1957). «Fall of Parity: Recent Discoveries Related to Symmetry of Laws of Nature». Science. 125 (3249): 627–633. Bibcode:1957Sci...125..627R. PMID 17810563. doi:10.1126/science.125.3249.627
Fryer, C.L. (1999). «Mass Limits For Black Hole Formation». The Astrophysical Journal. 522 (1): 413–418. Bibcode:1999ApJ...522..413F. arXiv:astro-ph/9902315. doi:10.1086/307647
Parikh, M.K.; Wilczek, F. (2000). «Hawking Radiation As Tunneling». Physical Review Letters. 85 (24): 5042–5045. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.5042P. PMID 11102182. arXiv:hep-th/9907001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5042
Hawking, S.W. (1974). «Black hole explosions?». Nature. 248 (5443): 30–31. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0
Halzen, F.; Hooper, D. (2002). «High-energy neutrino astronomy: the cosmic ray connection». Reports on Progress in Physics. 66 (7): 1025–1078. Bibcode:2002astro.ph..4527H. arXiv:astro-ph/0204527. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/65/7/201
Gurnett, D.A.; Anderson, R. (1976). «Electron Plasma Oscillations Associated with Type III Radio Bursts». Science. 194 (4270): 1159–1162. Bibcode:1976Sci...194.1159G. PMID 17790910. doi:10.1126/science.194.4270.1159
Mauritsson, J.; et al. (2008). «Coherent Electron Scattering Captured by an Attosecond Quantum Stroboscope». Physical Review Letters. 100 (7): 073003. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100g3003M. PMID 18352546. arXiv:0708.1060. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.073003
Damascelli, A. (2004). «Probing the Electronic Structure of Complex Systems by ARPES». Physica Scripta. T109: 61–74. Bibcode:2004PhST..109...61D. arXiv:cond-mat/0307085. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.109a00061
Jongen, Y.; Herer, A. (2–5 de maio de 1996). Electron Beam Scanning in Industrial Applications. APS/AAPT Joint Meeting. American Physical Society. Bibcode:1996APS..MAY.H9902J
Heppell, T.A. (1967). «A combined low energy and reflection high energy electron diffraction apparatus». Journal of Scientific Instruments. 44 (9): 686–688. Bibcode:1967JScI...44..686H. doi:10.1088/0950-7671/44/9/311
Erni, R.; et al. (2009). «Atomic-Resolution Imaging with a Sub-50-pm Electron Probe». Physical Review Letters. 102 (9): 096101. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102i6101E. PMID 19392535. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.096101

aps.org (Global: 1,264^th place; Portuguese: 1,253^rd place)

link.aps.org

Agostini M. et al. (Borexino Coll.) (2015). «Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino». Physical Review Letters. 115 (23). 231802 páginas. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115w1802A. arXiv:1509.01223. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802

journals.aps.org

Mauritsson, J.; et al. (2008). «Coherent Electron Scattering Captured by an Attosecond Quantum Stroboscope». Physical Review Letters. 100 (7): 073003. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100g3003M. PMID 18352546. arXiv:0708.1060. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.073003

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; Portuguese: 108^th place)

Agostini M. et al. (Borexino Coll.) (2015). «Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino». Physical Review Letters. 115 (23). 231802 páginas. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115w1802A. arXiv:1509.01223. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802
Frampton, P.H.; Hung, P.Q.; Sher, Marc (2000). «Quarks and Leptons Beyond the Third Generation». Physics Reports. 330 (5–6): 263–348. Bibcode:2000PhR...330..263F. arXiv:hep-ph/9903387. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00095-2
The original source for CODATA is Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N.; Newell, D.B. (2006). «CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants». Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (2): 633–730. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. arXiv:0801.0028. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633
Individual physical constants from the CODATA are available at: «The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty». National Institute of Standards and Technology. Consultado em 15 de janeiro de 2009
Murphy, M.T.; et al. (2008). «Strong Limit on a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Molecules in the Distant Universe». Science. 320 (5883): 1611–1613. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1611M. PMID 18566280. arXiv:0806.3081. doi:10.1126/science.1156352
Murayama, H. (10–17 de março de 2006). Supersymmetry Breaking Made Easy, Viable and Generic. Proceedings of the XLIInd Rencontres de Moriond on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories. La Thuile, Italy. arXiv:0709.3041 —lista uma diferença de 9% para um elétron que é do tamanho do comprimento de Planck.
Sidharth, B.G. (2008). «Revisiting Zitterbewegung». International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 48 (2): 497–506. Bibcode:2009IJTP...48..497S. arXiv:0806.0985. doi:10.1007/s10773-008-9825-8
Mahadevan, R.; Narayan, R.; Yi, I. (1996). «Harmony in Electrons: Cyclotron and Synchrotron Emission by Thermal Electrons in a Magnetic Field». The Astrophysical Journal. 465: 327–337. Bibcode:1996ApJ...465..327M. arXiv:astro-ph/9601073. doi:10.1086/177422
Chen, S.-Y.; Maksimchuk, A.; Umstadter, D. (1998). «Experimental observation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering». Nature. 396 (6712): 653–655. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..653C. arXiv:physics/9810036. doi:10.1038/25303
Quigg, C. (4–30 de junho de 2000). The Electroweak Theory. TASI 2000: Flavor Physics for the Millennium. Boulder, Colorado. p. 80. arXiv:hep-ph/0204104
Grupen, C. (2000). «Physics of Particle Detection». AIP Conference Proceedings. 536: 3–34. arXiv:physics/9906063. doi:10.1063/1.1361756
Kadin, A.M. (2007). «Spatial Structure of the Cooper Pair». Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism. 20 (4): 285–292. arXiv:cond-mat/0510279. doi:10.1007/s10948-006-0198-z
Jompol, Y.; et al. (2009). «Probing Spin-Charge Separation in a Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid». Science. 325 (5940): 597–601. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..597J. PMID 19644117. arXiv:1002.2782. doi:10.1126/science.1171769
Burles, S.; Nollett, K.M.; Turner, M.S. (1999). «Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis: Linking Inner Space and Outer Space». arXiv:astro-ph/9903300 [astro-ph]
Barkana, R. (2006). «The First Stars in the Universe and Cosmic Reionization». Science. 313 (5789): 931–934. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..931B. PMID 16917052. arXiv:astro-ph/0608450. doi:10.1126/science.1125644
Fryer, C.L. (1999). «Mass Limits For Black Hole Formation». The Astrophysical Journal. 522 (1): 413–418. Bibcode:1999ApJ...522..413F. arXiv:astro-ph/9902315. doi:10.1086/307647
Parikh, M.K.; Wilczek, F. (2000). «Hawking Radiation As Tunneling». Physical Review Letters. 85 (24): 5042–5045. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.5042P. PMID 11102182. arXiv:hep-th/9907001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5042
Halzen, F.; Hooper, D. (2002). «High-energy neutrino astronomy: the cosmic ray connection». Reports on Progress in Physics. 66 (7): 1025–1078. Bibcode:2002astro.ph..4527H. arXiv:astro-ph/0204527. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/65/7/201
Mauritsson, J.; et al. (2008). «Coherent Electron Scattering Captured by an Attosecond Quantum Stroboscope». Physical Review Letters. 100 (7): 073003. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100g3003M. PMID 18352546. arXiv:0708.1060. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.073003
Damascelli, A. (2004). «Probing the Electronic Structure of Complex Systems by ARPES». Physica Scripta. T109: 61–74. Bibcode:2004PhST..109...61D. arXiv:cond-mat/0307085. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.109a00061

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Portuguese: 7^th place)

Esta magnitude é obtida a partir do número quântico do spin conforme
${\begin{alignedat}{2}S&={\sqrt {s(s+1)}}\cdot {\frac {h}{2\pi }}\\&={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}\hbar \\\end{alignedat}}$
para o número quântico s = ⁠1/2⁠. Ver: Gupta, M.C. (2001). Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. [S.l.]: New Age Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 81-224-1300-5
O raio clássico do elétron é derivado conforme segue. Assume que a carga do elétron está espalhada uniformemente pelo volume esférico. Uma vez que uma parte da esfera iria repelir outras partes, a esfera contém energia potencial eletrostática. Esta energia é assumida como igual ao resto de energia, definido pela relatividade especial (E = mc²). Da teoria eletrostática, a energia potencial da esfera com raio rr e carga e é dada por :
$E_{\mathrm {p} }={\frac {e^{2}}{8\pi \varepsilon _{0}r}},$
onde ε₀ é a constante de permissividade do vácuo. Para um elétron com resto de massa m₀, o resto de energia é igual a:
$\textstyle E_{\mathrm {p} }=m_{0}c^{2},$
onde c é a velocidade da luz no vácuo. Fazendo os iguais e resolvendo para r chegamos ao valor do raio clássico do elétron. Ver: Haken, H.; Wolf, H.C.; Brewer, W.D. (2005). The Physics of Atoms and Quanta: Introduction to Experiments and Theory. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 70. ISBN 3-540-67274-5
Arabatzis, T. (2006). Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities. [S.l.]: University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0-226-02421-0
Buchwald, J.Z.; Warwick, A. (2001). Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics. [S.l.]: MIT Press. pp. 195–203. ISBN 0-262-52424-4
Curtis, L.J. (2003). Atomic Structure and Lifetimes: A Conceptual Approach. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-521-53635-9
Anastopoulos, C. (2008). Particle Or Wave: The Evolution of the Concept of Matter in Modern Physics. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-691-13512-6
Pauling, L.C. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals: an introduction to modern structural chemistry 3rd ed. [S.l.]: Cornell University Press. pp. 4–10. ISBN 0-8014-0333-2
Wilson, R. (1997). Astronomy Through the Ages: The Story of the Human Attempt to Understand the Universe. [S.l.]: CRC Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-7484-0748-0
Baigrie, B. (2006). Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. [S.l.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-313-33358-0
Keithley, J.F. (1999). The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s. [S.l.]: IEEE Press. pp. 15, 20. ISBN 0-7803-1193-0
Myers, R.L. (2006). The Basics of Physics. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 0-313-32857-9
Sōgo Okamura (1994). History of Electron Tubes. [S.l.]: IOS Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-5199-145-1. Consultado em 29 de maio de 2015. In 1881, Stoney named this electromagnetic 'electrolion'. It came to be called 'electron' from 1891. [...] In 1906, the suggestion to call cathode ray particles 'electrions' was brought up but through the opinion of Lorentz of Holland 'electrons' came to be widely used.
Born, M.; Blin-Stoyle, R.J.; Radcliffe, J.M. (1989). Atomic Physics. [S.l.]: Courier Dover. p. 26. ISBN 0-486-65984-4
Leicester, H.M. (1971). The Historical Background of Chemistry. [S.l.]: Courier Dover. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0-486-61053-5
Zeeman, P.; Zeeman, P. (1907). «Sir William Crookes, F.R.S». Nature. 77 (1984): 1–3. Bibcode:1907Natur..77....1C. doi:10.1038/077001a0
Smirnov, B.M. (2003). Physics of Atoms and Ions. [S.l.]: Springer. pp. 14–21. ISBN 0-387-95550-X
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Elétron (Portuguese Wikipedia)

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