Física islâmica medieval (Portuguese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Física islâmica medieval" in Portuguese language version.

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Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, Azerbaijan International 9 (2).

books.google.com

David H. Kelley, Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy:
The first clear description of the device appears in the Book of Optics of Alhazen.

chowk.com

(Gill 2005) Gill, M. (2005), Was Muslim Astronomy the Harbinger of Copernicanism?, consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2008, arquivado do original em 2 de janeiro de 2008

columbia.edu

(Saliba 1999) Saliba, George (1999), Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?, Columbia University, consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2008

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Thiele, Rüdiger (agosto de 2005), «In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005», Historia Mathematica, 32 (3): 271–274, doi:10.1016/j.hm.2005.05.002
Thiele, Rüdiger (2005), «In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm», Cambridge University Press, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 15: 329–331, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000214
Toomer, G. J. (dezembro de 1964), «Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm», Isis, 55 (4): 463–465 [463–4], doi:10.1086/349914
Rashed, Roshdi (2007), «The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham», Cambridge University Press, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 17: 7–55 [19], doi:10.1017/S0957423907000355 :
In reforming optics he as it were adopted "positivism" (before the term was invented): we do not go beyond experience, and we cannot be content to use pure concepts in investigating natural phenomena. Understanding of these cannot be acquired without mathematics. Thus, once he has assumed light is a material substance, Ibn al-Haytham does not discuss its nature further, but confines himself to considering its propagation and diffusion. In his optics "the smallest parts of light", as he calls them, retain only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by experiment; they lack all sensible qualities except energy.
McGinnis, Jon (julho de 2003), «Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam», Journal of the History of Philosophy, 41 (3): 307–327, doi:10.1353/hph.2003.0033
Rashed, Roshdi (2007), «The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham», Cambridge University Press, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 17: 7–55 [19], doi:10.1017/S0957423907000355 :
In his optics "the smallest parts of light", as he calls them, retain only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by experiment; they lack all sensible qualities except energy.
MacKay, R. J.; Oldford, R. W. (agosto de 2000), «Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light», Statistical Science, 15 (3): 254–78, doi:10.1214/ss/1009212817
Ian P. Howard (1996). «Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena». Perception. 25 (10): 1203–1217. doi:10.1068/p251203
(Howard & Wade 1996) Howard, Ian P.; Wade, Nicholas J. (1996), «Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision», Perception, 25 (10): 1189–201, doi:10.1068/p251189
Sabra, =A. I. (primavera de 1967), «The Authorship of the Liber de crepusculis, an Eleventh-Century Work on Atmospheric Refraction», Isis, 58 (1): 77–85 [77], doi:10.1086/350185
El-Bizri, Nader (2007), «In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place», Cambridge University Press, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 17: 57–80, doi:10.1017/S0957423907000367
Gutman, Oliver (1997), «On the Fringes of the Corpus Aristotelicum: the Pseudo-Avicenna Liber Celi Et Mundi», Brill Publishers, Early Science and Medicine, 2 (2): 109–28, doi:10.1163/157338297X00087
Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), «The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective», Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210 :
The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.
Morrison, Philip (1992), «Beyond Atoms and the Void», New Literary History, 23 (4): 797–814 [802–3], doi:10.2307/469170
Barmore, Frank E. (abril de 1985), «Turkish Mosque Orientation and the Secular Variation of the Magnetic Declination», University of Chicago Press, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 44 (2): 81–98 [98], doi:10.1086/373112

fi.edu

Parachutes Arquivado em 8 de julho de 2010, no Wayback Machine., Principles of Aeronautics, Franklin Institute.

harvardmagazine.com

Sabra (2003). Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician Arquivado em 27 de setembro de 2007, no Wayback Machine., Harvard Magazine, October-December 2003.

history-science-technology.com

Ahmad Y Hassan. «The Origin of the Suction Pump: Al-Jazari 1206 A.D.». Consultado em 16 de julho de 2008

idosi.org

Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (2007), «Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi's Explanation of the Rainbow» (PDF), Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 2 (1): 75–85 [77], consultado em 16 de setembro de 2008
Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (2007), «Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi's Explanation of the Rainbow» (PDF), Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 2 (1): 75–85 [83], consultado em 16 de setembro de 2008

ishim.net

Gorini, Rosanna (outubro de 2003). «Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision» (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 53–55. Consultado em 25 de setembro de 2008

islamonline.net

David W. Tschanz, Flights of Fancy on Manmade Wings, IslamOnline.net.

jyu.fi

users.jyu.fi

David Agar (2001). Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD Arquivado em 8 de março de 2008, no Wayback Machine.. University of Jyväskylä.

multiply.com

images.agustianwar.multiply.com

Ahmad, I. A. (3 de junho de 2002), «The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study», Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity (PDF), Al Akhawayn University, consultado em 31 de janeiro de 2008, arquivado do original (PDF) em 27 de fevereiro de 2008
Ahmad, I. A. (June 3, 2002), The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study Arquivado em 27 de fevereiro de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity, Al Akhawayn University. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.

muslimheritage.com

M. Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova, "Statics", in R. Rashed (1996), The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science, pp. 614-642 [639], Routledge, London. (cf Khwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.)
Dr. Salim Ayduz (26 de junho de 2008). «Taqi al-Din Ibn Ma'ruf: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay». Consultado em 4 de julho de 2008 )
Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (1999), Takîyüddîn'in Optik Kitabi, Ministry of Culture Press, Ankara (cf Dr. Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir (30 de junho de 2008). «Taqi al-Din ibn Ma'ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision». FSTC Limited. Consultado em 4 de julho de 2008 )
Will Durant (1950). The Age of Faith, p. 244. Simon and Shuster, New York. (cf Khwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.)
Salah Zaimeche PhD (2005). Merv, p. 5-7. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.
Salim Al-Hassani (23–25 de outubro de 2001). «The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din». 22nd Annual Conference on the History of Arabic Sciences. Consultado em 16 de julho de 2008
«Khwarizm». Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation. Consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2008
(Zaimeche 2002, p. 7) Zaimeche, Salah (2002), The Muslim Pioneers of Astronomy, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2008
M. Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova, "Statics", in R. Rashed (1996), The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science, p. 639, Routledge, London. (cf Khwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.)

muslimphilosophy.com

Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), «Science in Islamic philosophy», Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, consultado em 3 de fevereiro de 2008
Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), «al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)», Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, consultado em 3 de fevereiro de 2008

riifs.org

Saliba, George (outono de 1999), «Seeking the Origins of Modern Science?», BRIIFS, 1 (2), consultado em 25 de janeiro de 2008, cópia arquivada em |arquivourl= requer |arquivodata= (ajuda) 🔗

saudiaramcoworld.com

First Flights Arquivado em 3 de maio de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1964, p. 8-9.

st-and.ac.uk

www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson (2002). Light through the ages: Ancient Greece to Maxwell, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.

www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk

O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (novembro de 1999). «Kamal al-Din Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi». MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. Consultado em 7 de junho de 2007

st-andrews.ac.uk

mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., «Al-Biruni», MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (em inglês), Universidade de St. Andrews
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., «Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham», MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (em inglês), Universidade de St. Andrews
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., «Al-Farisi», MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (em inglês), Universidade de St. Andrews

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

swipnet.se

home.swipnet.se

Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64-69 (cf Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

"You shall not accept any information, unless you verify it for yourself. I have given you the hearing, the eyesight, and the brain, and you are responsible for using them."^{[Alcorão 17:36]}
"Behold! In the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the alternation of the night and the day; in the sailing of the ships through the ocean for the benefit of mankind; in the rain which Allah Sends down from the skies, and the life which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds that He scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and the clouds which they trail like their slaves between the sky and the earth - (Here) indeed are Signs for a people that are wise."^{[Alcorão 2:164]}

uchicago.edu

humanities.uchicago.edu

Dallal, Ahmad (2001–2002), The Interplay of Science and Theology in the Fourteenth-century Kalam, From Medieval to Modern in the Islamic World, Sawyer Seminar at the University of Chicago, consultado em 2 de fevereiro de 2008

uh.edu

John H. Lienhard (2004). «'Abbas Ibn Firnas». The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episódio 1910http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1910.htm |transcriçãourl= missing title (ajuda). NPR. KUHF-FM Houston

unhas.ac.id

Dr. A. Zahoor (1997), Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni Arquivado em 26 de junho de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Hasanuddin University.^{[fonte autopublicada?]}

web.archive.org

Dr. A. Zahoor (1997), Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni Arquivado em 26 de junho de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Hasanuddin University.^{[fonte autopublicada?]}
Ahmad, I. A. (3 de junho de 2002), «The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study», Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity (PDF), Al Akhawayn University, consultado em 31 de janeiro de 2008, arquivado do original (PDF) em 27 de fevereiro de 2008
Ahmad, I. A. (June 3, 2002), The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study Arquivado em 27 de fevereiro de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity, Al Akhawayn University. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
David Agar (2001). Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD Arquivado em 8 de março de 2008, no Wayback Machine.. University of Jyväskylä.
Sabra (2003). Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician Arquivado em 27 de setembro de 2007, no Wayback Machine., Harvard Magazine, October-December 2003.
Parachutes Arquivado em 8 de julho de 2010, no Wayback Machine., Principles of Aeronautics, Franklin Institute.
First Flights Arquivado em 3 de maio de 2008, no Wayback Machine., Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1964, p. 8-9.
Saliba, George (outono de 1999), «Seeking the Origins of Modern Science?», BRIIFS, 1 (2), consultado em 25 de janeiro de 2008, cópia arquivada em |arquivourl= requer |arquivodata= (ajuda) 🔗
(Gill 2005) Gill, M. (2005), Was Muslim Astronomy the Harbinger of Copernicanism?, consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2008, arquivado do original em 2 de janeiro de 2008

worldcat.org

Koningsveld, Ronald; Stockmayer, Walter H.; Nies, Erik (2001), Polymer Phase Diagrams: A Textbook, ISBN 0198556349, Oxford University Press, pp. xii-xiii, OCLC 45375807 45736855 69291240 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda)
Rashed, Roshdi; Armstrong, Angela (1994), The Development of Arabic Mathematics, ISBN 0792325656, Springer, pp. 345–6, OCLC 29181926
Alhazém; Smith, A. Mark (2001), Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir, ISBN 0871699141, DIANE Publishing, pp. 372 & 408, OCLC 163278528 163278565 185537919 47168716 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda)
Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, ISBN 0262194821, MIT Press, pp. 85–118, OCLC 237875424 50252039 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda)
Hatfield, Gary (1996), «Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science?», in: Ragep, F. J.; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven John, Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma, ISBN 9004091262, Brill Publishers, p. 500, OCLC 19740432 234073624 234096934 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda)
Dijksterhuis, Fokko Jan (2004), Lenses and Waves: Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematical Science of Optics in the Seventeenth Century, ISBN 1402026978, Springer, pp. 113–5, OCLC 228400027 56533625 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda) :
Through the influential work of Alhacen the onset of a physico-mathematical conception of optics was established at a much earlier time than would be the case in the other mathematical sciences.
Bayḍāwī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻUmar; Iṣfahānī, Maḥmūd ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān; Calverley, Edwin Elliott; Pollock, James Wilson (2002), Nature, man and God in medieval Islam: ʻAbd Allah Baydawi's text, Tawaliʻ al-anwar min matali' al-anzar, ISBN 9004121021, Leiden: Brill Publishers, pp. 409 & 492, OCLC 47023538
Imamuddin, S. M. (1981), Muslim Spain 711-1492 A.D, ISBN 9004061312, Brill Publishers, p. 166, OCLC 8319676
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman (1996), History of Islamic Philosophy, ISBN 0415131596, Routledge, pp. 206 & 305, OCLC 174920627 32050152 61982465 Verifique |oclc= value (ajuda)