Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Servidor público" in Portuguese language version.
Members of higher social groups, such as senators or equites, necessarily had more of an opportunity to influence the emperor, yet men of lower social status, for instance freedmen or slaves, could also make their mark on account of their constant proximity to the emperor.
The importance of a professional and impartial civil service has been a virtually uncontested notion ever since Woodrow Wilson's seminal work on the topic at the end of the 19th century. [...] An additional point highlighted by Joachim Jens Hesse in his frequent publications on the issue is the need to clearly enshrine the principle of an independent civil service in legislation [...].
On 7 April 1933 the government promulgated a Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums). It was directed against all officials whom the ruling National Socialists considered unreliable: against so-called Parteibuchbeamte ('civil servants with party membership books') of the Weimar Republic, especially those who belonged to or were connected with a leftist group, and also against 'non-Aryan' officials. The law compelled them to retire, excepting only former front soldiers, fathers or sons of the fallen, and those who had attained the status of civil servant before 1 August 1914.
2(1) Beamte, die seit dem 9. November 1918 in das Beamtenverhältnis eingetreten sind, ohne die für ihre Laufbahn vorgeschriebene oder übliche Vorbildung oder sonstige Eignung zu besitzen, sind aus dem Dienste zu entlassen. [Paragraph 2(1): Officials who have entered the civil service since 9 November 1918 without possessing the prescribed or normal education for their career or other qualification are to be dismissed from the service.]
