Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Молочний шоколад" in Ukrainian language version.
Cadbury at the time was trying to compete with the new milk-based Swiss recipe that by 1911 represented half of the world's chocolate consumption. Milk chocolate grew to become the standard of what the public thought chocolate should be. The old quest for high-quality cocoa beans became less important. Manufacturers instead considered the quality of the milk. Countries in West Africa that produced what some thought was inferior cocoa, but in higher quantities and better prices, grew to dominate world cocoa production.
Global demand for chocolate declined for several decades in the early nineteenth century until the invention of milk chocolate and the chocolate bar in Europe during the 1870s. Between 1880 and 1900, global consumption of chocolate grew 800 percent, and consumption continued to expand through the twentieth century.
As a result of all these changes, world consumption of cacao beagn to grow extraordinarily. [...] Not surprinsigly, cacao supplies expanded to meet these demands. These new cocoas and chocolates were composed almost entirely of forastero cacao. While that cacao was widely considered of poor quality, as opposed to the criollo variety, it was perfect for the new industrial cocoas and chocolates. It also came from sources that had not been significant producers of cacao in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that did not offer the climatic conditions necessary for growing criollo cacao. By the opening decades of the twentieth century African producers were emerging as the world's most important suppliers of forastero cacao with the Gold Cost leading world cacao producers.
Most of the chocolate sold is milk chocolate and Forastero type beans, with their hard butter (and lower price), are more suited to its manufacture.
The most popular chocolate consumed worldwide is milk chocolate...
Additional evidence against the role of chemical-enhancement as the basis for chocolate craving or addiction comes from food-use studies that show that dark chocolate (which contains the highest amounts of cocoa and, thus, the highest levels of the bioactive substances) is less preferred and less consumed than either milk chocolate or chocolate-coated sweets that contain lesser amounts of the chemical. [...] Chocolate, especially milk chocolate, has an appealing taste, smell, and creamy texture.
This cocoa butter has to be obtained by pressing more cocoa liquor, leaving a residual cake.
Vers 1896, Carl Russ lance une première tablette de “chocolat au pur et délicieux lait suisse”. Son emballage représente un paysage alpestre sur fond blanc. Elle est remplacée, une décennie plus tard, par le chocolat Milka. ‘Milch und Kakao’, tel est en substance la signification de ce nom déposé en 1901.
Vers 1896, Carl Russ lance une première tablette de “chocolat au pur et délicieux lait suisse”. Son emballage représente un paysage alpestre sur fond blanc. Elle est remplacée, une décennie plus tard, par le chocolat Milka. ‘Milch und Kakao’, tel est en substance la signification de ce nom déposé en 1901.
Les années de prospérité qui suivent sont aussi marquées par une concurrence féroce, visible dans les changements de nom de la société de Daniel Peter au fil des fusions et acquisitions jusqu’à son rachat par Nestlé. Ce sont aussi les coups bas: la trahison de son neveu Paul Brandt qui vend la recette du chocolat au lait à Kohler vers 1897 ou celle de l’un de ses contremaîtres qui va offrir ses services à Cailler... (dont la petite manufacture est passée de huit salariés à Vevey en 1890 à 1300 salariées en 1903 à Broc!)
Après des siècles d'évolution, le chocolat tel que nous le connaissons actuellement était enfin né. Avec l’ouverture des usines Frey (Aarau, 1887) et Tobler (Berne, 1899), l’ère des pionniers s’achève.
The history of white chocolate is largely unclear, but "the general consensus," says Eagranie Yuh, author of "The Chocolate Tasting Kit" (Chronicle, 2014), "is that Nestlé was the first to develop white chocolate commercially in 1936 in Switzerland. The story is that it was a way to use up excess milk powder that had been produced for World War I and was no longer in demand."
