Finkelstein, Israel;Silberman, Neil Asher.The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts.Simon and Schuster,2002—307-bet. ISBN978-0-7432-2338-6.„Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied.“
Schwartz, Seth.The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad.Cambridge University Press,2014—85–86-bet. ISBN978-1-107-04127-1. OCLC863044259.„The year 70 CE marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, only sixty years later, there was a large enough population in the Judaean countryside to stage a massively disruptive second rebellion; this one appears to have ended, in 135, with devastation and depopulation of the district.“
H.H. Ben-Sasson.A History of the Jewish People.Harvard University Press,1976—334-bet. ISBN978-0-674-39731-6.„In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.“
Ariel Lewin.The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine.Getty Publications,2005—33-bet. ISBN978-0-89236-800-6.„It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.“
Bar, Doron (2003). „The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity“. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54-jild, №3. 401–421-bet. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN0022-0469. „The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.“
Rosenzweig, Rafael.The Economic Consequences of Zionism.Brill Academic Publishers,1997. ISBN978-90-04-09147-4.„Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ...“
Moris, Beni.Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001, 1. Vintage Books ed.,New York, NY:Vintage Books,2001. ISBN9780679744757.„Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv's leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor... But, in reality, rather than "meshing," the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos... There were other reasons for the "conquest of labor." The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews' traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the "new Jews"; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.“
Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G..Warfare and the Third World.Palgrave Macmillan,2001—270-bet. ISBN978-0-312-24012-7.„Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel ...“
Thomas L. Thompson.Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources.Brill,2000—275–276-bet.„They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification.“
Dever, William.What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?.Eerdmans,2001—98–99-bet. ISBN978-3-927120-37-2.„After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.“
Finkelstein, Israel.Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem, Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological PerspectivesJoachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, Kristin Weingart:,Atlanta, GA:SBL Press—48-bet.„They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half...“
Edward Kessler.An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations.Cambridge University Press,2010—72-bet. ISBN978-0-521-70562-2.„Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. [...] In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman revolts.“
Morris, Benny.1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War.Yale University Press,2008—75-bet. ISBN978-0-300-14524-3.„The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv's settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.“
William Roger Louis.The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism.Clarendon Press,1984—579-bet. ISBN978-0-19-822960-5.„The transcript makes it clear that British policy acted as a brake on Jordan. "King Abdullah was personally anxious to come to agreement with Israel", Kirkbride stated, "and in fact it was our restraining influence which had so far prevented him from doing so". Knox Helm confirmed that the Israelis hoped to have a settlement with Jordan, and that they now genuinely wished to live peacefully within their frontiers, if only for economic reasons.“
Tchernov, Eitan (1988). „The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant“. Paléorient. 2-jild, №14. 63–65-bet. doi:10.3406/paleo.1988.4455.
Knapp, A. Bernard; Manning, W. Sturt (2016). „Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean“. American Journal of Archaeology. 1-jild, №120. 130-bet. doi:10.3764/aja.120.1.0099. ISSN0002-9114.
Wheeler, P. (2017). „Review of the book Song of Exile: The Enduring Mystery of Psalm 137, by David W. Stowe“. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. №79 (4). 696–697-bet. doi:10.1353/cbq.2017.0092.
Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). „Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?“. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 2-jild, №34. 585–607-bet. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN1047-7594. „Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.“
Mor, Menahem (2016). „The Second Jewish Revolt“. BRILL. BRILL. 483–484.-bet. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN978-90-04-31463-4. „Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.“
Bar, Doron (2003). „The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity“. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54-jild, №3. 401–421-bet. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN0022-0469. „The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.“
Mandel, Neville J. (1974). „Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I“. Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (3)-jild. 312–332-bet. doi:10.1080/00263207408700278. ISSN0026-3206.
Friedberg, Rachel M. (2001). „The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market“. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 116 (4)-jild. 1373–1408-bet. doi:10.1162/003355301753265606.
Morris, Benny.1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War.Yale University Press,2008—396-bet. ISBN978-0-300-14524-3.„The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal.“
Morris, Benny.1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War.Yale University Press,2008—66-bet. ISBN978-0-300-14524-3.„p. 66: at 1946: "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.", p. 67: at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression," "without mercy." The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition.", p. 72: at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.“
Smith, Mark.The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel.Eerdmans,2002—6–7-bet. ISBN9781467427630.„Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.“
לוי-רובין, מילכה (2006). „הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה (Kafedra: Eretz Isroil tarixi va unga o'rnashish)“ [Musulmon hukmronligi davrida Falastin hududida aholi o'rnashishining o'ziga xosliklari]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv (Ivritcha). №121. 78–53-bet. ISSN0334-4657. JSTOR23407269.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ()
Imseis, Ardi (2021). „The United Nations Plan of Partition for Palestine Revisited: On the Origins of Palestine's International Legal Subalternality" (PDF). .: “(PDF). Stanford Journal of International Law. 57 (1)-jild. 13–14-bet. „As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country. In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine's 16 sub-districts. Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour. UNSCOP reported that under its majority plan "[t]he Jews will have the more economically developed part of the country embracing practically the whole of the citrus-producing area"—Palestine's staple export crop—even though approximately half of the citrus-bearing land was owned by the Arabs. In addition, according to updated British records submitted to the ad hoc committee's two sub-committees, "of the irrigated, cultivable areas" of the country, 84 per cent would be in the Jewish State and 16 per cent would be in the Arab State".“
Imseis, Ardi (2021). „The United Nations Plan of Partition for Palestine Revisited: On the Origins of Palestine's International Legal Subalternality“(PDF). Stanford Journal of International Law. 57 (1)-jild. 14–15-bet. „Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II). Although they were of the view that the Jewish national home promised in the Mandate was equivalent to a Jewish state, they well understood that such a claim could not be maintained under prevailing international law..Based on its own terms, it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of Palestine's indigenous people and, as such, was an embodiment of the Eurocentricity of the international system that was allegedly a thing of the past. For this reason, the Arabs took a more principled position in line with prevailing international law, rejecting partition outright . .This rejection has disingenuously been presented in some of the literature as indicative of political intransigence,69 and even hostility towards the Jews as Jews“
Knapp, A. Bernard; Manning, W. Sturt (2016). „Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean“. American Journal of Archaeology. 1-jild, №120. 130-bet. doi:10.3764/aja.120.1.0099. ISSN0002-9114.
Israel, Finkelstein.The forgotten kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel,2013—74-bet. ISBN978-1-58983-910-6. OCLC949151323.
Helyer, Larry R.;McDonald, Lee Martin.The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era, The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical ContextsGreen, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin:.Baker Academic,2013—45–47-bet. ISBN978-0-8010-9861-1. OCLC961153992.„The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains“
Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal.Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity.University of California Press,2019—13-bet. ISBN978-0-520-29360-1. OCLC1103519319.„From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.“
Schwartz, Seth.The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad.Cambridge University Press,2014—85–86-bet. ISBN978-1-107-04127-1. OCLC863044259.„The year 70 CE marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, only sixty years later, there was a large enough population in the Judaean countryside to stage a massively disruptive second rebellion; this one appears to have ended, in 135, with devastation and depopulation of the district.“
Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). „Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?“. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 2-jild, №34. 585–607-bet. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN1047-7594. „Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.“
Ehrlich, Michael.The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800.Leeds:Arc Humanities Press,2022—3–4-bet. ISBN978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC1302180905.„The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.“
Bar, Doron (2003). „The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity“. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54-jild, №3. 401–421-bet. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN0022-0469. „The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.“
Ellenblum, Ronnie.Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.Cambridge University Press,2010. ISBN978-0-511-58534-0. OCLC958547332.„From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized.“
לוי-רובין, מילכה (2006). „הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה (Kafedra: Eretz Isroil tarixi va unga o'rnashish)“ [Musulmon hukmronligi davrida Falastin hududida aholi o'rnashishining o'ziga xosliklari]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv (Ivritcha). №121. 78–53-bet. ISSN0334-4657. JSTOR23407269.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ()
Mandel, Neville J. (1974). „Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I“. Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (3)-jild. 312–332-bet. doi:10.1080/00263207408700278. ISSN0026-3206.
Shaw, J. V. W.„Chapter VI: Population“,.A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. I, Reprint ed.,Institute for Palestine Studies,1991—148-bet. ISBN978-0-88728-213-3. OCLC311797790.
