异性恋 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "异性恋" in Chinese language version.
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aappublications.org
pediatrics.aappublications.org
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-07-30]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
americanpregnancy.org
- Can Pregnancy Occur | Pregnancy Myths on How Pregnancy Occurs. Americanpregnancy.org. 2012-04-24 [2016-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-06）.
apa.org
- Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality. American Psychological Association. [2013-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-08）.
- Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF). American Psychological Association: 63, 86. 2009 [2015-02-03]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-03）.
- American Psychological Association: Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
archive.org
- Hope, Debra A (编). Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 54. 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-09555-4. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279
. PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. - Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association). 2003, 30 (2): 110–113. PMID 12567166. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003.
- Thompson, E.M.; Morgan, E.M. "Mostly straight" young women: Variations in sexual behavior and identity development. Developmental Psychology. 2008, 44 (1): 15–21. PMID 18194001. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.15.
- Rich, Adrienne. Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence. Onlywomen Press Ltd. 1980: 32. ISBN 0-906500-07-9.
bbc.co.uk
- Harford, Tim. More or Less examines Office for National Statistics figures on gay, lesbian and bisexual people. BBC. 2010-10-01 [2021-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-05）.
books.google.com
- Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D. Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. 2014: 82 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
- Gail Wiscarz Stuart. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
- Gloria Kersey-Matusiak. Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. 2012: 169 [2016-02-10]. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
- LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. 2017 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199752966. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）.
- Balthazart, Jacques. The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199838820. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- "... the core of a family is a heterosexual couple who have children that they raise to adulthood - the so-called nuclear family." Encyclopedia of family health （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Eliason, Michele J. Who cares?: institutional barriers to health care for lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p.55 (1996)
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
britannica.com
- Human sexual activity - Sociosexual activity. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08） （英语）.
ca.gov
courtinfo.ca.gov
- APA California Amicus Brief (PDF). Courtinfo.ca.gov. [2013-10-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-02-18）.
chicagotribune.com
articles.chicagotribune.com
- Zorn, Eric. When pride turns shameful. Chicago Tribune. 2010-11-14 [2021-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-01）.
cua.edu
marriagelaw.cua.edu
- World Religions and Same Sex Marriage (PDF). Columbus School of Law. 2007-06-20 [2018-04-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-20）.
d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net
- Yougov report (PDF) (报告). Yougov. 2015-08-21 [2021-02-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-06-21）.
doi.org
- Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-07-30]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
- Oosterhuis, Harry. Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll. Medical History. 2012-06-01, 56 (2): 133–155. PMC 3381524 . PMID 23002290. doi:10.1017/mdh.2011.30.
- Bogaert AF. The prevalence of male homosexuality: the effect of fraternal birth order and variations in family size. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2004, 230 (1): 33–7. PMID 15275997. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.035. Bogaert argues that: "The prevalence of male homosexuality is debated. One widely reported early estimate was 10% (e.g., Marmor, 1980; Voeller, 1990). Some recent data provided support for this estimate (Bagley and Tremblay, 1998), but most recent large national samples suggest that the prevalence of male homosexuality in modern western societies, including the United States, is lower than this early estimate (e.g., 1–2% in Billy et al., 1993; 2–3% in Laumann et al., 1994; 6% in Sell et al., 1995; 1–3% in Wellings et al., 1994). It is of note, however, that homosexuality is defined in different ways in these studies. For example, some use same-sex behavior and not same-sex attraction as the operational definition of homosexuality (e.g., Billy et al., 1993); many sex researchers (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000; Bogaert, 2003; Money, 1988; Zucker and Bradley, 1995) now emphasize attraction over overt behavior in conceptualizing sexual orientation." (p. 33) Also: "...the prevalence of male homosexuality (in particular, same-sex attraction) varies over time and across societies (and hence is a "moving target") in part because of two effects: (1) variations in fertility rate or family size; and (2) the fraternal birth order effect. Thus, even if accurately measured in one country at one time, the rate of male homosexuality is subject to change and is not generalizable over time or across societies." (p. 33)
- Hope, Debra A (编). Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 54. 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-09555-4. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1.
- PDB 2AM9; Pereira de Jésus-Tran K, Côté PL, Cantin L, Blanchet J, Labrie F, Breton R. Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity. Protein Sci. May 2006, 15 (5): 987–99. PMC 2242507 . PMID 16641486. doi:10.1110/ps.051905906.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279 . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298.
- Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association). 2003, 30 (2): 110–113. PMID 12567166. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Mock, S. E.; Eibach, R. P. Stability and change in sexual orientation identity over a 10-year period in adulthood (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2012, 41 (3): 641–648 [2021-02-17]. PMID 21584828. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9761-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-29）.
- Diamond, L. M. Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period (PDF). Developmental Psychology. 2000, 36 (2): 241–250 [2015-04-20]. PMID 10749081. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.241. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-10）.
- Thompson, E.M.; Morgan, E.M. "Mostly straight" young women: Variations in sexual behavior and identity development. Developmental Psychology. 2008, 44 (1): 15–21. PMID 18194001. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.15.
- Eliason, Michele J.; Schope, Robert. Shifting Sands or Solid Foundation? Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Identity Formation. Meyer, Ilan H.; Northridge, Mary E. (编). The Health of Sexual Minorities. 2007: 3–26. ISBN 978-0-387-28871-0. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_1. "Not surprisingly, individuals in the pride stage are most criticized not only by heterosexual persons but also many LGBT individuals, who are uncomfortable forcing the majority to share the discomfort. Heterosexual individuals may express bewilderment at the term “gay pride,” arguing that they do not talk about “straight pride”".
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
files.wordpress.com
english101sp2015.files.wordpress.com
- Katz, Jonathan Ned. The Invention of Heterosexuality (PDF). Socialist Review. 1990, (20): 7–34 [2016-12-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-21）.
gallup.com
- Gates, Gary J.; Newport, Frank. Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT. Gallup. 2012-10-18 [2015-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-02）.
massresistance.org
- Making colleges and universities safe for gay and lesbian students: Report and recommendations of the Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth (PDF). Massachusetts. Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth. [2021-02-18]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-07-25）., p.20. "A relatively recent tactic used in the backlash opposing les/bi/gay/trans campus visibility is the so-called "heterosexual pride" strategy".
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-07-30]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
- Oosterhuis, Harry. Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll. Medical History. 2012-06-01, 56 (2): 133–155. PMC 3381524 . PMID 23002290. doi:10.1017/mdh.2011.30.
- Bogaert AF. The prevalence of male homosexuality: the effect of fraternal birth order and variations in family size. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2004, 230 (1): 33–7. PMID 15275997. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.035. Bogaert argues that: "The prevalence of male homosexuality is debated. One widely reported early estimate was 10% (e.g., Marmor, 1980; Voeller, 1990). Some recent data provided support for this estimate (Bagley and Tremblay, 1998), but most recent large national samples suggest that the prevalence of male homosexuality in modern western societies, including the United States, is lower than this early estimate (e.g., 1–2% in Billy et al., 1993; 2–3% in Laumann et al., 1994; 6% in Sell et al., 1995; 1–3% in Wellings et al., 1994). It is of note, however, that homosexuality is defined in different ways in these studies. For example, some use same-sex behavior and not same-sex attraction as the operational definition of homosexuality (e.g., Billy et al., 1993); many sex researchers (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000; Bogaert, 2003; Money, 1988; Zucker and Bradley, 1995) now emphasize attraction over overt behavior in conceptualizing sexual orientation." (p. 33) Also: "...the prevalence of male homosexuality (in particular, same-sex attraction) varies over time and across societies (and hence is a "moving target") in part because of two effects: (1) variations in fertility rate or family size; and (2) the fraternal birth order effect. Thus, even if accurately measured in one country at one time, the rate of male homosexuality is subject to change and is not generalizable over time or across societies." (p. 33)
- PDB 2AM9; Pereira de Jésus-Tran K, Côté PL, Cantin L, Blanchet J, Labrie F, Breton R. Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity. Protein Sci. May 2006, 15 (5): 987–99. PMC 2242507 . PMID 16641486. doi:10.1110/ps.051905906.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279 . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298.
- Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association). 2003, 30 (2): 110–113. PMID 12567166. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Mock, S. E.; Eibach, R. P. Stability and change in sexual orientation identity over a 10-year period in adulthood (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2012, 41 (3): 641–648 [2021-02-17]. PMID 21584828. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9761-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-29）.
- Diamond, L. M. Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period (PDF). Developmental Psychology. 2000, 36 (2): 241–250 [2015-04-20]. PMID 10749081. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.241. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-10）.
- Thompson, E.M.; Morgan, E.M. "Mostly straight" young women: Variations in sexual behavior and identity development. Developmental Psychology. 2008, 44 (1): 15–21. PMID 18194001. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.15.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
nytimes.com
query.nytimes.com
- Sexual Behavior Levels Compared in Studies In Britain and France. nytimes.com. 1992-02-08.
ons.gov.uk
- Measuring Sexual Identity : Evaluation Report, 2010. Office for National Statistics. 2010-09-23 [2021-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-26）.
rcsb.org
- PDB 2AM9; Pereira de Jésus-Tran K, Côté PL, Cantin L, Blanchet J, Labrie F, Breton R. Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity. Protein Sci. May 2006, 15 (5): 987–99. PMC 2242507 . PMID 16641486. doi:10.1110/ps.051905906.
reference.com
dictionary.reference.com
- Hetero | Define Hetero at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2016-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
- "hetero." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2012-05-12. Dictionary.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
researchgate.net
- Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
theguardian.com
- Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality. Guardian. 2008-10-26 [2010-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-07）.
ucla.edu
williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu
- Gary Gates. How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?. The Williams Institute. 2011 [2014-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-21）.
- Gary Gates. How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? (PDF). The Williams Institute: 1. 2011 [2021-02-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-04-25）.
united-church.ca
utah.edu
psych.utah.edu
- Diamond, L. M. Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period (PDF). Developmental Psychology. 2000, 36 (2): 241–250 [2015-04-20]. PMID 10749081. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.241. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-10）.
web.archive.org
- Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality. American Psychological Association. [2013-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-08）.
- APA California Amicus Brief (PDF). Courtinfo.ca.gov. [2013-10-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-02-18）.
- Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
- Human sexual activity - Sociosexual activity. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08） （英语）.
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-07-30]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
- Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D. Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. 2014: 82 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
- Gail Wiscarz Stuart. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
- Gloria Kersey-Matusiak. Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. 2012: 169 [2016-02-10]. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
- LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. 2017 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199752966. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）.
- Balthazart, Jacques. The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199838820. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
- Hetero | Define Hetero at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2016-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
- "hetero." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2012-05-12. Dictionary.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
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Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
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Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
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- Mock, S. E.; Eibach, R. P. Stability and change in sexual orientation identity over a 10-year period in adulthood (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2012, 41 (3): 641–648 [2021-02-17]. PMID 21584828. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9761-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-29）.