性取向 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "性取向" in Chinese language version.
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aappublications.org
pediatrics.aappublications.org
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-10-21]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
acas.org.uk
- ACAS (About Us) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, as accessed 2010-04-19.
- Sexual orientation and the workplace: Putting the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 into practice. [2008-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-19）.
apa.org
apa.org
- Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality. American Psychological Association. 2020 [2020-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-20）.
- Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents (PDF). American Psychological Association: 6. 2015 [2020-02-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-22）.
Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. [...] [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. [...] A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. [...] Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum [...]. Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.
- Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF). American Psychological Association: 63, 86. 2009 [2015-02-03]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-03）.
psycnet.apa.org
archive.org
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279
. PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. - Bogaert, Anthony F. Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample. Journal of Sex Research. 2004, 41 (3): 279–87. PMID 15497056. doi:10.1080/00224490409552235.
- Reiter L. Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and the question of choice. Clinical Social Work Journal. 1989, 17 (2): 138–50. doi:10.1007/bf00756141.
- Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association). 2003, 30 (2): 110–113. PMID 12567166. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003.
- Ehrhardt, Anke A. John Money, Ph.D.. The Journal of Sex Research. 2007, 44 (3): 223–224. JSTOR 20620298. PMID 3050136. doi:10.1080/00224490701580741.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279 . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298.
- Långström, Niklas; Rahman, Qazi; Carlström, Eva; Lichtenstein, Paul. Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behavior: A Population Study of Twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2010-02-01, 39 (1): 75–80. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 18536986. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1 （英语）.
- Siiteri, PK; Wilson, JD. Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo.. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1974, 38 (1): 113–25. PMID 4809636. doi:10.1210/jcem-38-1-113.
- LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the reason why. The science of sexual orientation.. Oxford University Press. 2011: 45–71, 129–56. ISBN 978-0-19-993158-3.
- Spitzer R.L. The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981, 138 (2): 210–15. PMID 7457641. doi:10.1176/ajp.138.2.210.
- Kinsey; et al. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. 1948: 639.
- Kinsey; et al. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. 1948: 639–41.
- Masters and Johnson. Homosexuality in Perspective. 1979. ISBN 978-0-316-54984-4.
- Weinrich, J.; et al. A factor analysis of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid in two disparate samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1993, 22 (2): 157–68. PMID 8476335. doi:10.1007/bf01542364.
- Weinberg; et al. Dual Attraction. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-19-508482-5.
- Sell, R.L. Defining and measuring sexual orientation: A review. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1997, 26 (6): 643–58. PMID 9415799. doi:10.1023/A:1024528427013.
- Laumann; et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press. 1994: 67. ISBN 978-0-226-46957-7.
- Eskin, M.; et al. Same-sex sexual orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behaviour in university students in Turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2005, 34 (2): 185–95. PMID 15803252. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1796-8.
- Laumann; et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press. 1994: 301. ISBN 978-0-226-46957-7.
- Laumann; et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-226-46957-7.
- Dunne, M.; Bailey, J.; Kirk, K.; Martin, N. The subtlety of sex –atypicality. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2000, 29 (6): 549–65. PMID 11100262. doi:10.1023/A:1002002420159.
- Eskin, M.; Kaynak-Demir, H.; Demis, S. Same-sex sexuall orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behaviour in university students in Turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2005, 34 (2): 185–95. PMID 15803252. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1796-8.
- Wichstrom, L.; Hegna, K. Sexual orientation and suicide attempt: A longitudinal study of the general Norwegian adolescent population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003, 112 (1): 144–51. PMID 12653422. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.144.
- Laumann; et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press. 1994: 303. ISBN 978-0-226-46957-7.
- Diamond, L.M. Was it a phase? Young women's relinquishment of lesbian/bisexual identities over a 5-year period. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003, 84 (2): 352–64. PMID 12585809. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.352.
- Laumann; et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press. 1994: 289. ISBN 978-0-226-46957-7.
- Chivers, Meredith L.; J. Michael Bailey. A sex difference in features that elicit genital response. Biological Psychology. 2005, 70 (2): 115–20. PMID 16168255. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002.
- Markus H.R.; Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review. 1991, 98 (2): 224–53. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224.
- Cardoso F.L. Cultural Universals and Differences in Male Homosexuality: The Case of a Brazilian Fishing Village. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2005, 34 (1): 103–09. PMID 15772773. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1004-x.
archive.today
- Gay No More. psychologytoday.com. （原始内容存档于2007-05-01）.
bhantedhammika.net
- Shravasti Dhammika. Buddhism and LGBT Issues. [2017-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-02）.
books.google.com
- Marshall Cavendish Corporation (编). Asexuality. Sex and Society 2. Marshall Cavendish. 2009: 82–83 [2013-02-02]. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. （原始内容存档于2015-10-16）.
- Firestein, Beth A. Becoming Visible: Counseling Bisexuals Across the Lifespan. Columbia University Press. 2007: 9 [2012-10-03]. ISBN 978-0-231-13724-9. （原始内容存档于2021-02-04）.
- Friedman, Lawrence Meir. The republic of choice: law, authority, and culture. Harvard University Press. 1990: 92 [2012-01-08]. ISBN 978-0-674-76260-2. （原始内容存档于2021-02-03）.
- Heuer, Gottfried. Sexual revolutions: psychoanalysis, history and the father. Taylor & Francis. 2011: 49 [2011-01-08]. ISBN 978-0-415-57043-5. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
- Gloria Kersey-Matusiak. Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. 2012: 169 [2016-02-10]. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
- Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D. Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. 2014: 82 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
- Gail Wiscarz Stuart. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
- LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. 2017 [2019-10-21]. ISBN 9780199752966. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）.
- Balthazart, Jacques. The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2019-10-21]. ISBN 9780199838820. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
- Rice, Kim. Pansexuality. Marshall Cavendish Corporation (编). Sex and Society 2. Marshall Cavendish. 2009: 593 [2012-10-03]. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. （原始内容存档于2020-11-13）.
- Blaney, Paul H.; Krueger, Robert F.; Millon, Theodore. Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology 3rd. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014-09-19: 592– [2021-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-19-981177-9. OCLC 900980099. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2021-03-31]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Baofu, Peter. The Future of Post-Human Sexuality: A Preface to a New Theory of the Body and Spirit of Love Makers. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2009-12-14 [2021-04-03]. ISBN 978-1-4438-1817-9. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15） （英语）.
- Lehmiller, Justin. The Psychology of Human Sexuality Second. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2018 [2021-04-06]. ISBN 9781119164739. （原始内容存档于2020-12-31）.
- Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, by Susan Brownell & Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom (Univ. of Calif. Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-520-22116-8, ISBN 978-0-520-22116-1)). Quote: "The problem with sexuality: Some scholars have argued that maleness and femaleness were not closely linked to sexuality in China. Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality (which deals primarily with Western civilization and western Europe) began to influence some China scholars in the 1980s. Foucault's insight was to demonstrate that sexuality has a history; it is not fixed psycho-biological drive that is the same for all humans according to their sex, but rather it is a cultural construct inseparable from gender constructs. After unmooring sexuality from biology, he anchored it in history, arguing that this thing we now call sexuality came into existence in the eighteenth-century West and did not exist previously in this form. "Sexuality" is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism. Taking this insight as a starting point, scholars have slowly been compiling the history of sexuality in China. The works by Tani Barlow, discussed above, were also foundational in this trend. Barlow observes that, in the West, heterosexuality is the primary site for the production of gender: a woman truly becomes a woman only in relation to a man's heterosexual desire. By contrast, in China before the 1920s the "jia" (linage unit, family) was the primary site for the production of gender: marriage and sexuality were to serve the lineage by producing the next generation of lineage members; personal love and pleasure were secondary to this goal. Barlow argues that this has two theoretical implications: (1) it is not possible to write a Chinese history of heterosexuality, sexuality as an institution, and sexual identities in the European metaphysical sense, and (2) it is not appropriate to ground discussions of Chinese gender processes in the sexed body so central in "Western" gender processes. Here she echoes Furth's argument that, before the early twentieth century, sex-identity grounded on anatomical difference did not hold a central place in Chinese constructions of gender. And she echoes the point illustrated in detail in Sommer's chapter on male homosexuality in the Qing legal code: a man could engage in homosexual behavior without calling into question his manhood so long as his behavior did not threaten the patriarchal Confucian family structure."
- Norton, Rictor. Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. 2016 [2021-04-09]. ISBN 9781474286923. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- Ruse, Michael. Honderich, Ted , 编. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005: 399 [2021-04-09]. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
ca.gov
courts.ca.gov
- Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed (PDF). p. 33 n. 60 (p. 55 per Adobe Acrobat Reader);citation per id., Brief, p. 6 n. 4 (p. 28 per Adobe Acrobat Reader).: 30. [2013-03-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-01-18）.
cnn.com
- Study: One in 100 adults asexual. CNN. 2004-10-15 [2007-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-27）.
colby.edu
- Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language (PDF). American Psychological Association. [2011-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-08-13）.
columbia.edu
iserp.columbia.edu
- Bearman, P.S.; Bruckner, H. Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 2001, 107 (5): 1179–205 [2021-04-03]. doi:10.1086/341906. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-12-20）.
doi.org
dx.doi.org
- Bogaert, AF. Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters. The Journal of Sex Research. 2015, 52 (4): 362–379. PMID 25897566. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279 . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298.
- Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-10-21]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. （原始内容存档于2013-03-20）.
- Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (21): 45–101. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616.
- Bogaert, Anthony F. Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample. Journal of Sex Research. 2004, 41 (3): 279–87. PMID 15497056. doi:10.1080/00224490409552235.
- Reiter L. Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and the question of choice. Clinical Social Work Journal. 1989, 17 (2): 138–50. doi:10.1007/bf00756141.
- Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association). 2003, 30 (2): 110–113. PMID 12567166. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003.
- Ehrhardt, Anke A. John Money, Ph.D.. The Journal of Sex Research. 2007, 44 (3): 223–224. JSTOR 20620298. PMID 3050136. doi:10.1080/00224490701580741.
- Money, John; Lamacz, Margaret. Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed. Comprehensive Psychiatry (Elsevier). 1984, 25 (4): 392–403 [2021-03-31]. ISSN 0010-440X. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(84)90074-9. （原始内容存档于2013-04-23）.
- Minton HL. Femininity in men and masculinity in women: American psychiatry and psychology portray homosexuality in the 1930s. Journal of Homosexuality. 1986, 13 (1): 1–21. PMID 3534080. doi:10.1300/J082v13n01_01.
Terry, J. (1999). An American obsession: Science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press - Bailey JM, Zucker KJ. Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: a conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology. 1995, 31 (1): 43–55 [2021-03-31]. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43. （原始内容存档于2021-08-24）.
- Higgins, Daryl J. Taylor & Francis Online : Gay Men from Heterosexual Marriages. Journal of Homosexuality. 2012-06-30, 42 (4): 15–34. PMID 12243483. doi:10.1300/J082v42n04_02.
- Hays D; Samuels A. Heterosexual women's perceptions of their marriages to bisexual or homosexual men. J Homosex. 1989, 18 (1–2): 81–100. PMID 2794500. doi:10.1300/J082v18n01_04.
- Coleman E. Bisexual and gay men in heterosexual marriage: conflicts and resolutions in therapy. J Homosex. 1981, 7 (2–3): 93–103. PMID 7346553. doi:10.1300/J082v07n02_11.
- Matteson DR. Bisexual men in marriage: is a positive homosexual identity and stable marriage possible?. J Homosex. 1985, 11 (1–2): 149–71. PMID 4056386. doi:10.1300/J082v11n01_12.
- Nascimento, Geysa Cristina Marcelino; Scorsolini-Comin, Fabio; Nascimento, Geysa Cristina Marcelino; Scorsolini-Comin, Fabio. Revealing one's Homosexuality to the Family: An Integrative Review of the Scientific Literature. Trends in Psychology. 2018, 26 (3): 1527–1541 [2021-03-31]. ISSN 2358-1883. doi:10.9788/tp2018.3-14pt. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11） （英语）.
- Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research. 2006, 43 (1): 46–58. PMC 3215279 . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298.
- *Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2021-03-31]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. 2012: 372 [2016-02-18]. ISBN 978-1111833633.
Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Bearman, P.S.; Bruckner, H. Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 2001, 107 (5): 1179–205 [2021-04-03]. doi:10.1086/341906. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-12-20）.
- Långström, Niklas; Rahman, Qazi; Carlström, Eva; Lichtenstein, Paul. Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behavior: A Population Study of Twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2010-02-01, 39 (1): 75–80. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 18536986. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1 （英语）.
- Sanders, A.R.; Martin, E.R.; Beecham, G.W.; Guo, S.; Dawood, K.; Rieger, G.; Badner, J.A.; Gershon, E.S.; Krishnappa, R.S. Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation. Psychological Medicine. May 2015, 45 (7): 1379–88 [2021-04-03]. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 25399360. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002451. （原始内容存档于2021-08-24）.
- Sanders, A.R.; Martin, E.R.; Beecham, G.W.; Guo, S.; Dawood, K.; Rieger, G.; Badner, J.A.; Gershon, E.S.; Krishnappa, R.S.; Kolundzija, A.B.; Duan, J.; Gejman, P.V.; Bailey, J. M. Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation. Psychological Medicine. 2014-11-17, 45 (7): 1379–1388 [2021-04-03]. PMID 25399360. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002451. （原始内容存档于2021-08-24）.
- Siiteri, PK; Wilson, JD. Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo.. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1974, 38 (1): 113–25. PMID 4809636. doi:10.1210/jcem-38-1-113.
- Balthazart, Jacques. Fraternal birth order effect on sexual orientation explained. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018-01-09, 115 (2): 234–236. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5777082 . PMID 29259109. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719534115.
- Bogaert, Anthony F.; Skorska, Malvina N.; Wang, Chao; Gabrie, José; MacNeil, Adam J.; Hoffarth, Mark R.; VanderLaan, Doug P.; Zucker, Kenneth J.; Blanchard, Ray. Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018-01-09, 115 (2): 302–306. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5777026 . PMID 29229842. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114.
- Blanchard, R.; Cantor, J.M.; Bogaert, A.F.; Breedlove, S.M.; Ellis, L. Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality (PDF). Hormones and Behavior. 2006, 49 (3): 405–14 [2021-04-03]. PMID 16246335. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.09.002. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-29）.
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Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
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Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. [...] [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. [...] A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. [...] Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum [...]. Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.
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Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
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The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
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No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
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Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
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