Weerakoon, R. Mythology & the Early Asian State. "The Yayoi are believed to be of Tungid stock and it is possible that northern mythology percolated to them in the regions of their origin." Community Publications, 1998, p. 137.
Yang MA, Fan X, Sun B, Chen C, Lang J, Ko YC, et al. Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. Science. July 2020, 369 (6501): 282–288. PMID 32409524. doi:10.1126/science.aba0909.
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.
Michael F Hammer; Tatiana M Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51 (1): 47 – 58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
YOUICHI SATO, TOSHIKATSU SHINKA, ASHRAF A. EWIS, AIKO YAMAUCHI, TERUAKI IWAMOTO, YUTAKA NAKAHORI Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males. doi:10.1537/ase.140709
YOUICHI SATO, TOSHIKATSU SHINKA, ASHRAF A. EWIS, AIKO YAMAUCHI, TERUAKI IWAMOTO, YUTAKA NAKAHORI Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males. doi:10.1537/ase.140709
Yasuhisa Seo, Yasunari Takami, Tatsuo Nakayama, and Keiichi Takahama, "Y chromosome DNA polymorphisms and their haplotypes in a Japanese population." Legal Medicine (Tokyo). 1999 Sep;1(3):145-9. doi:10.1016/S1344-6223(99)80027-3
Yasuhisa Seo, Yasunari Takami, Tatsuo Nakayama, and Keiichi Takahama, "Y chromosome DNA polymorphisms and their haplotypes in a Japanese population." Legal Medicine (Tokyo). 1999 Sep;1(3):145-9. doi:10.1016/S1344-6223(99)80027-3
Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He and Marie Lin "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia."BMC Genet. 2014 Jun 26;15:77. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77.
Kumarasamy et al.(2003)Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population Current Biology Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages 86–93 doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2
Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013) Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2. "The Mongolid (Tungid and north Sinid) strain of the prehistoric Japanese must, to a large extent, be attributed to arrivals from Korea by way of the Tsushima straits, attested to by finds of clay vessels with pointed bottoms and with roller-stamped décor such as were made at Sobatu (north Kyushu)." Encyclopædia Britannica, 1964, p. 264.
Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2. "The Mongolid (Tungid and north Sinid) strain of the prehistoric Japanese must, to a large extent, be attributed to arrivals from Korea by way of the Tsushima straits, attested to by finds of clay vessels with pointed bottoms and with roller-stamped décor such as were made at Sobatu (north Kyushu)." Encyclopædia Britannica, 1964, p. 264.
Matsumoto, Hideo (2009). The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "Gm gene composition of the Mongoloid Populations dispersed over broad areas of Asia and North and South America are regarded as Mongoloid characterized by 4 Gm genes, i.e., Gm ag, axg, ab3st, and afblb3. Of particular note are the geno-clines, which are observed for the 2 northern Gm ag and ab3st genes, and the southern Gm afb1b3 gene, in Asia and America. Based on our Gm data, the degree of genetic differentiation between the Mongoloid populations was approximated for our Gm data by using the fixation index (Fst ) of Wright.20) The calculations indicated that the degree of genetic differentiation among the Mongoloid populations concerned was very great and almost equivalent to those of the worldwide differentiation for the Rh and Duffy systems reported by Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer.21) Furthermore, these results may provide evidence that the differences in Gm gene frequencies, particularly those for Gm ag, ab3st, and afb1b3, are due to factors such as natural selection and gene flow (one gene permeating into another race or nation crossing over the barrier between them from some race or nation) rather than random genetic drift. Thus, it can be inferred from such geographical differences in frequencies of the 3 genes that 2 distinctive Mongoloid populations existed among the paleo-Mongoloid of East Asia in the past.
As shown in Fig. 2, the Mongoloid was divided into northern and southern groups. A clear geno-cline was found for the Gm ab3st gene, which is a marker gene for the northern Mongoloid. Namely, the Gm ab3st gene is found at the highest frequencies in the Baikal area, and then flows regularly to the Mongol, Tibetan, Yakut, Olunchun, Tungus, Korean, Japanese, and Ainu still at high frequencies; although the gene frequency decreased markedly from mainland China to Taiwan and Southeast Asia, and from North to South America. The center of dispersal of this Gm gene is considered to be in the Baikal area. On the basis of these Gm findings, the Japanese belong basically to the northern Mongoloid and originated most likely in the Baikal area."
Matsumoto, Hideo (2009). The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "This review addresses the distribution of genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (Gm) among 130 Mongoloid populations in the world. These markers allowed the populations to be clearly divided into 2 groups, the northern and southern groups. The northern group is characterized by high frequencies of 2 marker genes, ag and ab3st, and an extremely low frequency of the marker gene afb1b3; and the southern group, in contrast, is indicated by a remarkably high frequency of afb1b3 and low frequencies of ag and ab3st. Based on the geographical distribution of the markers and gene flow of Gm ag and ab3st (northern Mongoloid marker genes) from northeast Asia to the Japanese archipelago, the Japanese population belongs basically to the northern Mongoloid group and is thus suggested to have originated in northeast Asia, most likely in the Baikal area of Siberia."
Yang MA, Fan X, Sun B, Chen C, Lang J, Ko YC, et al. Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. Science. July 2020, 369 (6501): 282–288. PMID 32409524. doi:10.1126/science.aba0909.
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.
Michael F Hammer; Tatiana M Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51 (1): 47 – 58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes PMC1181943
Lell, Jeffrey T. et al. 2001-2002, The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes PMC384887
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.
Matsumoto, Hideo (2009). The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "Gm gene composition of the Mongoloid Populations dispersed over broad areas of Asia and North and South America are regarded as Mongoloid characterized by 4 Gm genes, i.e., Gm ag, axg, ab3st, and afblb3. Of particular note are the geno-clines, which are observed for the 2 northern Gm ag and ab3st genes, and the southern Gm afb1b3 gene, in Asia and America. Based on our Gm data, the degree of genetic differentiation between the Mongoloid populations was approximated for our Gm data by using the fixation index (Fst ) of Wright.20) The calculations indicated that the degree of genetic differentiation among the Mongoloid populations concerned was very great and almost equivalent to those of the worldwide differentiation for the Rh and Duffy systems reported by Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer.21) Furthermore, these results may provide evidence that the differences in Gm gene frequencies, particularly those for Gm ag, ab3st, and afb1b3, are due to factors such as natural selection and gene flow (one gene permeating into another race or nation crossing over the barrier between them from some race or nation) rather than random genetic drift. Thus, it can be inferred from such geographical differences in frequencies of the 3 genes that 2 distinctive Mongoloid populations existed among the paleo-Mongoloid of East Asia in the past.
As shown in Fig. 2, the Mongoloid was divided into northern and southern groups. A clear geno-cline was found for the Gm ab3st gene, which is a marker gene for the northern Mongoloid. Namely, the Gm ab3st gene is found at the highest frequencies in the Baikal area, and then flows regularly to the Mongol, Tibetan, Yakut, Olunchun, Tungus, Korean, Japanese, and Ainu still at high frequencies; although the gene frequency decreased markedly from mainland China to Taiwan and Southeast Asia, and from North to South America. The center of dispersal of this Gm gene is considered to be in the Baikal area. On the basis of these Gm findings, the Japanese belong basically to the northern Mongoloid and originated most likely in the Baikal area."
Matsumoto, Hideo (2009). The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "This review addresses the distribution of genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (Gm) among 130 Mongoloid populations in the world. These markers allowed the populations to be clearly divided into 2 groups, the northern and southern groups. The northern group is characterized by high frequencies of 2 marker genes, ag and ab3st, and an extremely low frequency of the marker gene afb1b3; and the southern group, in contrast, is indicated by a remarkably high frequency of afb1b3 and low frequencies of ag and ab3st. Based on the geographical distribution of the markers and gene flow of Gm ag and ab3st (northern Mongoloid marker genes) from northeast Asia to the Japanese archipelago, the Japanese population belongs basically to the northern Mongoloid group and is thus suggested to have originated in northeast Asia, most likely in the Baikal area of Siberia."
Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat. Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand. Journal of Human Genetics. July 2015, 60 (7): 371–380. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32.