有組織犯罪 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "有組織犯罪" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Chinese rank

119web.archive.org

1^st place

26google.com.au

2,205^th place

1,066^th place

17doi.org

2^nd place

23^rd place

14sagepub.com

731^st place

808^th place

10jstor.org

26^th place

113^th place

8springerlink.com

2,569^th place

1,358^th place

8ncjrs.gov

6,037^th place

4,659^th place

5books.google.com

3^rd place

8^th place

4heinonline.org

3,322^nd place

6,894^th place

4archive.org

6^th place

4^th place

4wiley.com

222^nd place

216^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

12^th place

3aic.gov.au

low place

3bbc.co.uk

8^th place

32^nd place

2informaworld.com

low place

9,810^th place

2oecd.org

960^th place

1,144^th place

2sciencedirect.com

149^th place

292^nd place

2unodc.org

2,494^th place

2,317^th place

2ingentaconnect.com

3,306^th place

3,437^th place

1icrc.org

2,421^st place

1,470^th place

1oilprice.com

low place

1organised-crime.de

low place

1gangwar.com

low place

1angelfire.com

1,133^rd place

321^st place

1observatoriodeseguranca.org

low place

1archive.today

14^th place

18^th place

1getcited.org

low place

1fsa.gov.uk

low place

1fatf-gafi.org

low place

1europa.eu

68^th place

209^th place

1uni-muenchen.de

3,337^th place

9,871^st place

1umich.edu

459^th place

752^nd place

1repec.org

4,270^th place

4,111^th place

1emeraldinsight.com

low place

1dtic.mil

833^rd place

901^st place

1economist.com

254^th place

330^th place

1hometownannapolis.com

low place

1anu.edu.au

942^nd place

1,462^nd place

1acm.org

1,185^th place

809^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

31^st place

1voanews.com

581^st place

387^th place

1unhchr.ch

9,860^th place

5,981^st place

1pbs.org

198^th place

378^th place

1state.gov

264^th place

298^th place

1ilo.org

1,962^nd place

2,165^th place

1time.com

61^st place

145^th place

1smfcdn.com

low place

1csmonitor.com

791^st place

1,198^th place

1newint.org

low place

1justia.com

696^th place

2,022^nd place

1mit.edu

415^th place

500^th place

1mendeley.com

low place

1havocscope.com

low place

1pearsoncustom.com

low place

1fsu.edu

2,584^th place

2,403^rd place

1people.com.cn

351^st place

20^th place

1cctv.com

2,386^th place

101^st place

1thenewslens.com

4,052^nd place

159^th place

1ifeng.com

542^nd place

27^th place

1takungpao.com

5,624^th place

219^th place

acm.org

portal.acm.org

Weaver; et al. A taxonomy of computer worms. Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode. 2003 [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）.

aic.gov.au

Morrison, S. Approaching Organized Crime: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? (PDF). Australian Institute of Criminology. [2011-06-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-03-29）.
Money laundering and terrorism financing risks posed by alternative remittance in Australia. AIC. [2013-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.
AIC. Heroin. [2014年1月1日]. （原始内容存档于2011年4月2日）.

angelfire.com

Klein & Weerman. Street Gang Violence in Europe (PDF). European Journal of Criminology. 2006, 3 (4) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-08-05）.

anu.edu.au

adsri.anu.edu.au

O'Neil. Rebels for the System? Virus Writers, General Intellect, Cyberpunk and Criminal Capitalism (PDF). Continuum: Journal of Media & Culture Studies. 2006, 20 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-07）.

archive.org

Andersen, D. The Aggregate Burden of Crime. Journal of Law and Economics. 1999, 42 (2): 611–642. JSTOR 10. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f59380.
Bales, Kevin. 1. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. University of California Press. 1999: 9. ISBN 0-520-21797-7.
Haller. ILLEGAL ENTERPRISE: A THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION. Criminology. 1990, 28: 207–236. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01324.x.
Hagan, J; McCarthy B. Anomie, social capital and street criminology. The future of anomie. 1997: 124–41. ISBN 1-55553-321-3.

archive.today

Albanese. Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2008, 24 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-04）.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

African corruption 'on the wane' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 10 July 2007, BBC News
UN highlights human trafficking. BBC News. 26 March 2007 [6 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-26）.
Asia's sex trade is 'slavery'. BBC News. 2003-02-20 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-11）.

books.google.com

Cressey & Finckenauer. Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organised Crime in America. Transaction Publishers. 2008 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.
Gambetta. The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection. Harvard University Press. 1996 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
Salter, F. Risky transactions: trust, kinship, and ethnicity. Berghahn Books. 2002 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
Li & Correa. Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2009 [2013-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-18）.
Piquero & Tibbetts. Rational choice and criminal behavior: recent research and future challenges. Routledge. 2002 [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-18）.

cctv.com

tv.cctv.com

央視-市場黑手. [2022-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.

csmonitor.com

Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable. Csmonitor.com. 2004-09-01 [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-24）.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Albanese, J. The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2000, 16 (4): 409–423 [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/1043986200016004004. （原始内容存档于2011-03-18）.
Galemba, R. Informal and Illicit Entrepreneurs: Fighting for a Place in the Neoliberal Economic Order. Anthropology of Work Review. 2008, 29 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1417.2008.00010.x.
Cottino, Amedeo. Sicilian cultures of violence: The interconnections between organized crime and local society. Crime, Law and Social Change. 1 January 1999, 32 (2): 103–113. doi:10.1023/A:1008389424861.
Roots, R. Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 1, 34 (1): 67–68 [2013-12-28]. doi:10.1177/009430610503400145. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Savona & Vettori. Evaluating the Cost of Organized Crime from a Comparative Perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2009, 15 (4): 379–393 [2013-12-29]. doi:10.1007/s10610-009-9111-1. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Andersen, D. The Aggregate Burden of Crime. Journal of Law and Economics. 1999, 42 (2): 611–642. JSTOR 10. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f59380.
Fugazza, M. Labor market institutions, taxation and the underground economy.. Journal of Public Economics. 2004, 88 (1-2): 395–418 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00079-8. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Giovannini, E. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook. (PDF). OECD Publishing. 2002 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1787/9789264175358-en. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.
Alexeev; et al. Taxation and evasion in the presence of extortion by organized crime. Journal of Comparative Economics. 2004, 32 (3) [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.04.002. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Haller. ILLEGAL ENTERPRISE: A THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION. Criminology. 1990, 28: 207–236. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01324.x.
Reed. 存档副本. Organization Studies. Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis, 22 (2) [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/0170840601222002. （原始内容存档于2012-05-23）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
DANIEL S. NAGIN, GREG POGARSKY. INTEGRATING CELERITY, IMPULSIVITY, AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTION THREATS INTO A MODEL OF GENERAL DETERRENCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*. Criminology. 2001-11-01, 39 (4): 865–892 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x （英语）.
Decker & Kohfeld. CRIMES, CRIME RATES, ARRESTS, AND ARREST RATIOS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DETERRENCE THEORY. Criminology. 1985, 23 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00349.x.
Colvin; et al. COERCION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND CRIME: AN EMERGING THEORETICAL CONSENSUS. Criminology. 2002, 40 (1). doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x.
ERIC P. BAUMER, REGAN GUSTAFSON. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUMENTAL CRIME: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY ANOMIE THEORIES. Criminology. 2007-08-01, 45 (3): 617–663 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00090.x （英语）.
RONALD L. AKERS. IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION/SOCIAL LEARNING CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY?*. Criminology. 1996-05-01, 34 (2): 229–247 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01204.x （英语）.
ROBERT AGNEW. FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY*. Criminology. 1992-02-01, 30 (1): 47–88 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x （英语）.

dtic.mil

DOD - Cyberspace. Dtic.mil. [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.

economist.com

"Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Economist, July 1, 2010

emeraldinsight.com

Masciandaro. The Illegal Sector, Money Laundering and the Legal Economy: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Journal of Financial Crime. 2000, 8 (2) [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-26）.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

Customs response to latest trends in Counterfeiting and piracy (PDF). COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. 2005 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-03）.

fatf-gafi.org

Financial Action Task Force. Money Laundering FAQ. [2 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）.

fsa.gov.uk

Fighting financial crime （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, FSA.gov.uk, Retrieved November 7, 2013

fsu.edu

criminology.fsu.edu

Greek, C. Differential Association Theory. Florida state University. [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-03）.

gangwar.com

Street Gang Dynamics. The Nawojczyk Group, Inc. [2009]. （原始内容存档于2006-04-27）.

getcited.org

Zuckerman. Vengeance is mine: Jimmy "the Weasel" Fratianno tells how he brought the kiss of death to the Mafia. Macmillan. 1987 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.

google.com.au

books.google.com.au

Cressey & Ward. Delinquency, crime, and social process. Harper & Row. 1969 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Albini. The American Mafia: genesis of a legend. 1971 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Abadinsky. Organized Crime. 2007 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
Lyman & Potter. Organized Crime. 2010 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.
Wright, A. Organized Crime. Willan. 2006 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
Thrasher, F. The gang: a study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1927 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Klein; et al. The modern gang reader. Roxbury. 2001 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Miller; et al. The eurogang paradox: street gangs and youth groups in the U.S. and Europe. Springer. 2001 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Young, J. The exclusive society: social exclusion, crime and difference in late modernity. SAGE. 1999 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Finer, C. Crime and social exclusion. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Decker & Van Winkle. Life in the gang: family, friends, and violence. Cambridge University Press. 1996 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Ethnography, Inequality, and Crime in the Low-Income Community. Stanford University Press. 1995: 80–94 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-20）.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Islands in the street: gangs and American urban society. University of California Press. 1991 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Linden. Focus on Terrorism. Nova Publishing. 2007 [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Siegel & Nelen. Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies. Springer. 2008 [2014-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Ianni, FAJ. The search for structure: a report on American youth today. Free Press. 1989 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Ianni & Ianni. The Crime society: organized crime and corruption in America. New American Library. 1976 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Jablin & Putnam. The new handbook of organizational communication: advances in theory, research, and methods. SAGE. 2001 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Scott, W. Organizations. Rational, natural, and open systems.. Prentice-Hall. 1992 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Maltz. Measuring the effectiveness of organized crime control efforts. University of Illinois. 1990 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Abadinsky. Organized Crime. Cengage. 2009 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Fijnaut. Organized Crime in the Netherlands. Martinus Nijhoff. 1998 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
Fijnaut & Paoli. Organized crime in Europe: concepts, patterns, and control policies in the European Union and beyond. Springer. 2004 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Akers, R. Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. 2009 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Hope & Sparks. Crime, risk, and insecurity: law and order in everyday life and political discourse. Routledge. 2000 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Goldson. Youth in Crisis?: Gangs, Territoriality and Violence. 2011 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.

havocscope.com

Market Value of Organised Crime-Havocscope Black Market. [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-01）.

heinonline.org

Hagan. The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model. Criminal Justice Review. 1983, 8 (52) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）.
Lynch & Phillips. Organized Crime--Violence and Corruption. Journal of Public Law. 1971, 20 (59) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-15）.
Radinsky, M. Retaliation: The Genesis of a Law and the Evolution toward International Cooperation: An Application of Game Theory to Modern International Conflicts. George Mason Law Review (Student Edition). 1994, 2 (53) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
Toby, J. Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology & Police science. 1957, 48 (12) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.

hometownannapolis.com

"Clarke: More defense needed in cyberspace" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） HometownAnnapolis.com, Sept. 24, 2010

icrc.org

存档副本. [2022-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-04）.

ifeng.com

city.ifeng.com

波兰去年破获大量黑社会组织. [2014-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.

ilo.org

Forced labor – Themes. Ilo.org. [2010-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-09）.

informaworld.com

Decker, Bynum, Weisel. A tale of two cities: Gangs as organized crime groups. Justice Quarterly. 1998, 15 (3) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Braithwaite. Criminological theory and organizational crime. Justice Quarterly. 1989, 6 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.

ingentaconnect.com

Van Duyne. Organized crime, corruption and power. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1997, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-24）.
van Duyne. Organized crime, corruption and power. Crime, Law and Social Change. 1997, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-24）.

jstor.org

Burgess, E. Residential Segregation in American Cities. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Nov 1928, 140. JSTOR 1016838.
Andersen, D. The Aggregate Burden of Crime. Journal of Law and Economics. 1999, 42 (2): 611–642. JSTOR 10. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f59380.
Jacobs & Peters. Labor Racketeering: The Mafia and the Unions. Crime and Justice. 2003, 30. JSTOR 1147700.
Akers, R. Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory. American Sociological Review. 1979, 44 (4). JSTOR 2094592.
Matsueda. Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach. American Sociological Review. 1982, 47 (4). JSTOR 2095194.
Matsueda & Heimer. Race, Family Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories. American Sociological Review. 1987, 52 (6). JSTOR 2095837.
Sampson & Groves. Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory. American Journal of Sociology. 1989, 99 (4). JSTOR 2780858.
Whyte, W. Social Organization in the Slums. American Sociological Review. 1943, 8 (1). JSTOR 2085446.
Merton, R. Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review. 1938, 3 (5). JSTOR 2084686.
Powell, E. Crime as a function of anomie. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. 1966, 57 (2). JSTOR 1141290.

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

United States v. Teamsters Local 807, 315 U. S. 521 (1942). [2014-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.

mendeley.com

Weick. Organizational culture as a source of high reliability. California Management Review. 1987, 29 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-01）.

mit.edu

mitpress.mit.edu

Reuter. Disorganized Crime Illegal Markets and the Mafia. MIT Press. 1985 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-11）.

ncjrs.gov

Skolnick. GANG ORGANIZATION AND MIGRATION -- AND -- DRUGS, GANGS, AND LAW ENFORCEMENT. National Youth Gang Information Ctr. 1993 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-29）.
Curry & Decker. Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community. Roxbury. 1998 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.
Smith. ORGANIZED CRIME AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY. 1978, 6 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-20）.
Williams. Organized Crime and Cybercrime: Synergies, Trends, and Responses. Global Issues. 2001, 6 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-19）.
Chambliss. ON THE TAKE - FROM PETTY CROOKS TO PRESIDENTS. Indiana University Press. 1978 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
Reuter. Disorganized Crime - The Economics of the Visible Hand. MIT Press. 1983 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-29）.
Tullock. DOES PUNISHMENT DETER CRIME?. Public Interest. 1974, 36 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-22）.
Akers. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - A SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH. 1973 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.

newint.org

UK. Slavery in the 21st century. Newint.org. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-27）.

nytimes.com

bits.blogs.nytimes.com

"Malware Hits Computerized Industrial Equipment" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） New York Times, Sept. 24, 2010

observatoriodeseguranca.org

Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Gangs and Social Change (PDF). Theoretical Criminology. 1991, 7 (2) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-03-01）.

oecd.org

The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). OECD. 2007, 12 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-11-12）.
Giovannini, E. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook. (PDF). OECD Publishing. 2002 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1787/9789264175358-en. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.

oilprice.com

Interview with Panos Kostakos (2012) Is Oil Smuggling and Organized Crime the Cause of Greece’s Economic Crisis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）? (by Jen Alic)

organised-crime.de

von Lampe, Klaus. The Use of Models in the Study of Organized Crime. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. ^{[永久失效連結]}

pbs.org

Sex Slaves: Estimating Numbers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Public Broadcasting System "Frontline" fact site.

pearsoncustom.com

wps.pearsoncustom.com

Lyman & Potter. Organized Crime (PDF). Pearson. 2007 [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-05-17）.

people.com.cn

中国“黑社会”现状分析. [2017-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）.

repec.org

ideas.repec.org

Feltenstein & Dabla-Norris. An Analysis of the Underground Economy and Its Macroeconomic Consequences. IMF. [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-06）.

sagepub.com

ccj.sagepub.com

Albini. Russian Organized Crime: Its History, Structure and Function. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1995, 11 (4) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-16）.
Albanese. Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2008, 24 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-04）.
Albanese, J. The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2000, 16 (4): 409–423 [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/1043986200016004004. （原始内容存档于2011-03-18）.
Carter. International Organized Crime: Emerging Trends in Entrepreneurial Crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1994, 10 (4) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.
Haller. Bureaucracy and the Mafia: An Alternative View. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1992, 8 (1) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-27）.
Aniskiewicz, R. Metatheoretical Issues in the Study of Organized Crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1994, 10 (4) [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.

cad.sagepub.com

Albini. Donald Cressey's Contributions to the Study of Organized Crime: An Evaluation. Crime and Delinquency. 1988, 34 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
Maltz. On Defining "Organized Grime" The Development of a Definition and a Typology. Crime & Delinquency. 76, 22 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-31）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Smith. Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise. Crime and Delinquency. 1980, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
Matsueda. The Current State of Differential Association Theory. Crime and Delinquency. 1988, 34 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-10）.

ann.sagepub.com

Geis. Violence and Organized Crime. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1966, 364 (1) [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-24）.

csx.sagepub.com

Roots, R. Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 1, 34 (1): 67–68 [2013-12-28]. doi:10.1177/009430610503400145. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

oss.sagepub.com

Reed. 存档副本. Organization Studies. Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis, 22 (2) [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/0170840601222002. （原始内容存档于2012-05-23）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

usj.sagepub.com

Forrest & Kearns. Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighborhood. Urban Studies. 2001, 38 (12) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-28）.

sciencedirect.com

Fugazza, M. Labor market institutions, taxation and the underground economy.. Journal of Public Economics. 2004, 88 (1-2): 395–418 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00079-8. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Alexeev; et al. Taxation and evasion in the presence of extortion by organized crime. Journal of Comparative Economics. 2004, 32 (3) [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.04.002. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

smfcdn.com

UN Chronicle | Slavery in the Twenty-First Century (PDF). Un.org. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-16）.

springerlink.com

Schloenhart. Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1999, 32 (3) [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Passas. Anomie and corporate deviance. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1990, 14 (2) [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Finkenauer. Problems of definition: What is organized crime? 8 (3). 2005 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Savona & Vettori. Evaluating the Cost of Organized Crime from a Comparative Perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2009, 15 (4): 379–393 [2013-12-29]. doi:10.1007/s10610-009-9111-1. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Choo. Organized crime groups in cyberspace: a typology. Trends in Organized Crime. 2008, 11 (3) [2013-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Grabowsky. The Internet, Technology, and Organized Crime. Asian Journal of Criminology. 2007, 2 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Akers, R. Self-control as a general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1991, 7 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Smith. Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an "official" definition for organized crime. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1991, 16 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.

state.gov

US Department of State. State.gov. [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-29）.

takungpao.com

finance.takungpao.com

黑社会经济学山口组为什么最会赚钱. [2014-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.

thenewslens.com

精選轉載. 從各種證據看來，「警黑合作」是唯一結論. The News Lens 關鍵評論網. 2019-07-22 [2019-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-01）（中文（臺灣））.

time.com

By E. Benjamin Skinner Monday, Jan. 18, 2010. sex trafficking in South Africa: World Cup slavery fear. Time.com. 2010-01-18 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-17）.

umich.edu

deepblue.lib.umich.edu

Feige & Urban. Measuring Underground (Unobserved, Non-Observed, Unrecorded) Economies in Transition Countries: Can We Trust GDP? (PDF). University of Michigan. [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-15）.

unhchr.ch

Report of the Special Rapporteur on systemic rape. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 22 June 1998 [10 November 2009]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-12）.

uni-muenchen.de

mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de

Feige & Cebula. Americaʼs Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S. Growth (PDF). 2011 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-11）.

unodc.org

Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the 2006 UNODC Anti-Human Trafficking Unit report
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Unodc.org. 2004-01-28 [2012-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-14）.

voanews.com

www1.voanews.com

Experts encourage action against sex trafficking. .voanews.com. 2009-05-15 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-01）.

web.archive.org

存档副本. [2022-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-04）.
Interview with Panos Kostakos (2012) Is Oil Smuggling and Organized Crime the Cause of Greece’s Economic Crisis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）? (by Jen Alic)
Cressey & Finckenauer. Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organised Crime in America. Transaction Publishers. 2008 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.
Cressey & Ward. Delinquency, crime, and social process. Harper & Row. 1969 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Albini. Russian Organized Crime: Its History, Structure and Function. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1995, 11 (4) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-16）.
Albini. Donald Cressey's Contributions to the Study of Organized Crime: An Evaluation. Crime and Delinquency. 1988, 34 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
Albini. The American Mafia: genesis of a legend. 1971 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Abadinsky. Organized Crime. 2007 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
Lyman & Potter. Organized Crime. 2010 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.
Schloenhart. Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1999, 32 (3) [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Passas. Anomie and corporate deviance. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1990, 14 (2) [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Hagan. The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model. Criminal Justice Review. 1983, 8 (52) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）.
Wright, A. Organized Crime. Willan. 2006 [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
Street Gang Dynamics. The Nawojczyk Group, Inc. [2009]. （原始内容存档于2006-04-27）.
Thrasher, F. The gang: a study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1927 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Klein & Weerman. Street Gang Violence in Europe (PDF). European Journal of Criminology. 2006, 3 (4) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-08-05）.
Klein; et al. The modern gang reader. Roxbury. 2001 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Miller; et al. The eurogang paradox: street gangs and youth groups in the U.S. and Europe. Springer. 2001 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Young, J. The exclusive society: social exclusion, crime and difference in late modernity. SAGE. 1999 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Finer, C. Crime and social exclusion. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Decker & Van Winkle. Life in the gang: family, friends, and violence. Cambridge University Press. 1996 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Skolnick. GANG ORGANIZATION AND MIGRATION -- AND -- DRUGS, GANGS, AND LAW ENFORCEMENT. National Youth Gang Information Ctr. 1993 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-29）.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Gangs and Social Change (PDF). Theoretical Criminology. 1991, 7 (2) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-03-01）.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Ethnography, Inequality, and Crime in the Low-Income Community. Stanford University Press. 1995: 80–94 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-20）.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. Islands in the street: gangs and American urban society. University of California Press. 1991 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Curry & Decker. Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community. Roxbury. 1998 [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.
Decker, Bynum, Weisel. A tale of two cities: Gangs as organized crime groups. Justice Quarterly. 1998, 15 (3) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Smith. ORGANIZED CRIME AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY. 1978, 6 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-20）.
Albanese, J. The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2000, 16 (4): 409–423 [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/1043986200016004004. （原始内容存档于2011-03-18）.
Carter. International Organized Crime: Emerging Trends in Entrepreneurial Crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1994, 10 (4) [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.
Morrison, S. Approaching Organized Crime: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? (PDF). Australian Institute of Criminology. [2011-06-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-03-29）.
Geis. Violence and Organized Crime. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1966, 364 (1) [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-24）.
Finkenauer. Problems of definition: What is organized crime? 8 (3). 2005 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Lynch & Phillips. Organized Crime--Violence and Corruption. Journal of Public Law. 1971, 20 (59) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-15）.
Gambetta. The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection. Harvard University Press. 1996 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
Zuckerman. Vengeance is mine: Jimmy "the Weasel" Fratianno tells how he brought the kiss of death to the Mafia. Macmillan. 1987 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
Radinsky, M. Retaliation: The Genesis of a Law and the Evolution toward International Cooperation: An Application of Game Theory to Modern International Conflicts. George Mason Law Review (Student Edition). 1994, 2 (53) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
Salter, F. Risky transactions: trust, kinship, and ethnicity. Berghahn Books. 2002 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
Roots, R. Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 1, 34 (1): 67–68 [2013-12-28]. doi:10.1177/009430610503400145. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Fighting financial crime （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, FSA.gov.uk, Retrieved November 7, 2013
Financial Action Task Force. Money Laundering FAQ. [2 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）.
Savona & Vettori. Evaluating the Cost of Organized Crime from a Comparative Perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2009, 15 (4): 379–393 [2013-12-29]. doi:10.1007/s10610-009-9111-1. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Money laundering and terrorism financing risks posed by alternative remittance in Australia. AIC. [2013-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.
The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). OECD. 2007, 12 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-11-12）.
Customs response to latest trends in Counterfeiting and piracy (PDF). COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. 2005 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-03）.
Feige & Cebula. Americaʼs Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S. Growth (PDF). 2011 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-11）.
Feige & Urban. Measuring Underground (Unobserved, Non-Observed, Unrecorded) Economies in Transition Countries: Can We Trust GDP? (PDF). University of Michigan. [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-15）.
Feltenstein & Dabla-Norris. An Analysis of the Underground Economy and Its Macroeconomic Consequences. IMF. [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-06）.
Fugazza, M. Labor market institutions, taxation and the underground economy.. Journal of Public Economics. 2004, 88 (1-2): 395–418 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00079-8. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Giovannini, E. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook. (PDF). OECD Publishing. 2002 [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1787/9789264175358-en. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.
Alexeev; et al. Taxation and evasion in the presence of extortion by organized crime. Journal of Comparative Economics. 2004, 32 (3) [2013-12-30]. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.04.002. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Masciandaro. The Illegal Sector, Money Laundering and the Legal Economy: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Journal of Financial Crime. 2000, 8 (2) [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-26）.
Choo. Organized crime groups in cyberspace: a typology. Trends in Organized Crime. 2008, 11 (3) [2013-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Li & Correa. Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2009 [2013-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-18）.
DOD - Cyberspace. Dtic.mil. [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
"Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Economist, July 1, 2010
"Clarke: More defense needed in cyberspace" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） HometownAnnapolis.com, Sept. 24, 2010
Grabowsky. The Internet, Technology, and Organized Crime. Asian Journal of Criminology. 2007, 2 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Williams. Organized Crime and Cybercrime: Synergies, Trends, and Responses. Global Issues. 2001, 6 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-19）.
O'Neil. Rebels for the System? Virus Writers, General Intellect, Cyberpunk and Criminal Capitalism (PDF). Continuum: Journal of Media & Culture Studies. 2006, 20 (2) [2014-01-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-07）.
Weaver; et al. A taxonomy of computer worms. Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode. 2003 [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）.
Linden. Focus on Terrorism. Nova Publishing. 2007 [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
"Malware Hits Computerized Industrial Equipment" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） New York Times, Sept. 24, 2010
African corruption 'on the wane' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 10 July 2007, BBC News
AIC. Heroin. [2014年1月1日]. （原始内容存档于2011年4月2日）.
Experts encourage action against sex trafficking. .voanews.com. 2009-05-15 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-01）.
Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the 2006 UNODC Anti-Human Trafficking Unit report
Report of the Special Rapporteur on systemic rape. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 22 June 1998 [10 November 2009]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-12）.
Sex Slaves: Estimating Numbers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Public Broadcasting System "Frontline" fact site.
UN highlights human trafficking. BBC News. 26 March 2007 [6 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-26）.
US Department of State. State.gov. [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-29）.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Unodc.org. 2004-01-28 [2012-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-14）.
Forced labor – Themes. Ilo.org. [2010-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-09）.
By E. Benjamin Skinner Monday, Jan. 18, 2010. sex trafficking in South Africa: World Cup slavery fear. Time.com. 2010-01-18 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-17）.
UN Chronicle | Slavery in the Twenty-First Century (PDF). Un.org. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-16）.
Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable. Csmonitor.com. 2004-09-01 [2011-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-24）.
UK. Slavery in the 21st century. Newint.org. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-27）.
Asia's sex trade is 'slavery'. BBC News. 2003-02-20 [2010-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-11）.
United States v. Teamsters Local 807, 315 U. S. 521 (1942). [2014-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
Siegel & Nelen. Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies. Springer. 2008 [2014-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Ianni, FAJ. The search for structure: a report on American youth today. Free Press. 1989 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Ianni & Ianni. The Crime society: organized crime and corruption in America. New American Library. 1976 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Chambliss. ON THE TAKE - FROM PETTY CROOKS TO PRESIDENTS. Indiana University Press. 1978 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
Reuter. Disorganized Crime - The Economics of the Visible Hand. MIT Press. 1983 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-29）.
Reuter. Disorganized Crime Illegal Markets and the Mafia. MIT Press. 1985 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-11）.
Haller. Bureaucracy and the Mafia: An Alternative View. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1992, 8 (1) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-27）.
Weick. Organizational culture as a source of high reliability. California Management Review. 1987, 29 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-01）.
Jablin & Putnam. The new handbook of organizational communication: advances in theory, research, and methods. SAGE. 2001 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Scott, W. Organizations. Rational, natural, and open systems.. Prentice-Hall. 1992 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Maltz. On Defining "Organized Grime" The Development of a Definition and a Typology. Crime & Delinquency. 76, 22 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-31）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Maltz. Measuring the effectiveness of organized crime control efforts. University of Illinois. 1990 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Abadinsky. Organized Crime. Cengage. 2009 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Fijnaut. Organized Crime in the Netherlands. Martinus Nijhoff. 1998 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
Fijnaut & Paoli. Organized crime in Europe: concepts, patterns, and control policies in the European Union and beyond. Springer. 2004 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Van Duyne. Organized crime, corruption and power. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1997, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-24）.
Reed. 存档副本. Organization Studies. Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis, 22 (2) [2014-01-04]. doi:10.1177/0170840601222002. （原始内容存档于2012-05-23）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
van Duyne. Organized crime, corruption and power. Crime, Law and Social Change. 1997, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-24）.
Market Value of Organised Crime-Havocscope Black Market. [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-01）.
Piquero & Tibbetts. Rational choice and criminal behavior: recent research and future challenges. Routledge. 2002 [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-18）.
Lyman & Potter. Organized Crime (PDF). Pearson. 2007 [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-05-17）.
Tullock. DOES PUNISHMENT DETER CRIME?. Public Interest. 1974, 36 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-22）.
Akers. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - A SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH. 1973 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
Akers, R. Self-control as a general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1991, 7 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Akers, R. Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. 2009 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Smith. Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise. Crime and Delinquency. 1980, 26 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
Smith. Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an "official" definition for organized crime. Crime, Law, and Social Change. 1991, 16 (2) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Greek, C. Differential Association Theory. Florida state University. [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-03）.
Braithwaite. Criminological theory and organizational crime. Justice Quarterly. 1989, 6 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.
Matsueda. The Current State of Differential Association Theory. Crime and Delinquency. 1988, 34 (3) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-10）.
Toby, J. Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology & Police science. 1957, 48 (12) [2020-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
Forrest & Kearns. Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighborhood. Urban Studies. 2001, 38 (12) [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-28）.
Hope & Sparks. Crime, risk, and insecurity: law and order in everyday life and political discourse. Routledge. 2000 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
Goldson. Youth in Crisis?: Gangs, Territoriality and Violence. 2011 [2014-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Aniskiewicz, R. Metatheoretical Issues in the Study of Organized Crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1994, 10 (4) [2014-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
中国“黑社会”现状分析. [2017-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）.
央視-市場黑手. [2022-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.
精選轉載. 從各種證據看來，「警黑合作」是唯一結論. The News Lens 關鍵評論網. 2019-07-22 [2019-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-01）（中文（臺灣））.
波兰去年破获大量黑社会组织. [2014-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.
黑社会经济学山口组为什么最会赚钱. [2014-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）.

wiley.com

doi.wiley.com

DANIEL S. NAGIN, GREG POGARSKY. INTEGRATING CELERITY, IMPULSIVITY, AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTION THREATS INTO A MODEL OF GENERAL DETERRENCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*. Criminology. 2001-11-01, 39 (4): 865–892 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x （英语）.
ERIC P. BAUMER, REGAN GUSTAFSON. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUMENTAL CRIME: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY ANOMIE THEORIES. Criminology. 2007-08-01, 45 (3): 617–663 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00090.x （英语）.
RONALD L. AKERS. IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION/SOCIAL LEARNING CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY?*. Criminology. 1996-05-01, 34 (2): 229–247 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01204.x （英语）.
ROBERT AGNEW. FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY*. Criminology. 1992-02-01, 30 (1): 47–88 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x （英语）.

worldcat.org

DANIEL S. NAGIN, GREG POGARSKY. INTEGRATING CELERITY, IMPULSIVITY, AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTION THREATS INTO A MODEL OF GENERAL DETERRENCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*. Criminology. 2001-11-01, 39 (4): 865–892 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x （英语）.
ERIC P. BAUMER, REGAN GUSTAFSON. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUMENTAL CRIME: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY ANOMIE THEORIES. Criminology. 2007-08-01, 45 (3): 617–663 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00090.x （英语）.
RONALD L. AKERS. IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION/SOCIAL LEARNING CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY?*. Criminology. 1996-05-01, 34 (2): 229–247 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01204.x （英语）.
ROBERT AGNEW. FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY*. Criminology. 1992-02-01, 30 (1): 47–88 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x （英语）.