美國奴隸制度 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt. Transatlantic Slave Trade. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. 1999. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
Foner, Eric. Nat Turner. 1971.
Basu, B.D. Chatterjee, R. , 编. History of Education in India under the rule of the East India Company. Calcutta: Modern Review Office. : 3–4 [March 9, 2009].
[E]very assemblage of negroes for the purpose of instruction in reading or writing, or in the night time for any purpose, shall be an unlawful assembly. Any justice may issue his warrant to any office or other person, requiring him to enter any place where such assemblage may be, and seize any negro therein; and he, or any other justice, may order such negro to be punished with stripes.

If a white person assemble with negroes for the purpose of instructing them to read or write, or if he associate with them in an unlawful assembly, he shall be confined in jail not exceeding six months and fined not exceeding one hundred dollars; and any justice may require him to enter into a recognizance, with sufficient security, to appear before the circuit, county or corporation court, of the county or corporation where the offence was committed, at its next term, to answer therefor（原文如此）, and in the mean time to keep the peace and be of good behaviour.

From The Code of Virginia. Richmond: William F. Ritchie: 747–48. 1849.
Whaples, R. Where is There Consensus among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. Journal of Economic History. Mar 1995, 55: 139–154. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602.
Tadman, M. The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas. The American Historical Review. Dec 2000, 105 (5): 1534. doi:10.2307/2652029.
Kotlikoff, L. J. The Structure of Slave prices in New Orleans. Economic Inquiry. Oct 1979, 17 (4): 496. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1979.tb00544.x.
Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Norton. 1978.
Palmer, R.R.; Colton, Joel. A History of the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1995: 572–573. ISBN 0-07-040826-2.
Ford, Carin T. George Eastman: The Kodak Camera Man. Enslow Publishers, INC. 2004.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; Chinese: 18^th place)

Thurmond: Why Georgia's founder fought slavery. [October 4, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2012年7月15日）.

archives.gov (Global: 446^th place; Chinese: 1,043^rd place)

Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]
Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]

baidu.com (Global: 1,972^nd place; Chinese: 105^th place)

xiezuoshi.baijia.baidu.com

《奴隶不像我们想象的那样生活凄惨》谢作诗，美国大唐集团中国区首。[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

Higginbotham, A. Leon. In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press. 1975 [2014-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.
Scott, Thomas Allan. Cornerstones of Georgia history. University of Georgia Press. July 1995. ISBN 9780820317434.
Rucker, Walter C. The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America. LSU Press. 2006: 126. ISBN 0-8071-3109-1.
James L. Roark; et al. The American Promise, Volume I: To 1877: A History of the United States. Macmillan. 2008: 206 [2014-09-03]. ISBN 9780312585525. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
Randall M. Miller, John David Smith. "Gradual abolition" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 471.
Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, Discourse and power in African American Culture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Thomas D. Morris (1999). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of North Carolina Press, p. 172. ISBN 0807864307
Davis, Floyd James. Who Is Black?: One Nation's Definition. Penn State Press. 2001: 38 [2014-09-08]. ISBN 0271044632. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）.
Doyle, Robert C. C. The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror. University Press of Kentucky. 2010: 76 [2014-09-23]. ISBN 9780813139616. （原始内容存档于2017-01-18）.
Joseph Conlin (2011). The American Past: A Survey of American History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cengage Learning, p. 370. ISBN 111134339X
Rachel Kranz (2004). African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Infobase Publishing, p. 72. ISBN 143810779X

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; Chinese: 100^th place)

"Slavery in America" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

ca.gov (Global: 421^st place; Chinese: 761^st place)

ceres.ca.gov

Castillo, E. D. 1998. "Short Overview of California Indian History" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-12-14., California Native American Heritage Commission, 1998. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

civil-war.net (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

1860 Census Results （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Civil War Home Page.
American Civil War Census Data. Civil-war.net. [2014-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-22）.
1860 Census （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Civil War Home Page.

civilization.ca (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

"Haida Warfare" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, civilization.ca. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

columbia.edu (Global: 488^th place; Chinese: 823^rd place)

Oren, Michael B. The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815. 2005-11-03 [2007-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-15）.

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; Chinese: 526^th place)

law.cornell.edu

Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]
Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Whaples, R. Where is There Consensus among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. Journal of Economic History. Mar 1995, 55: 139–154. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602.
Galenson, D.W. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servants in the Americas: An Economic Approach. Journal of Economical History. Mar 1984, 44: 1. doi:10.1017/S002205070003134X.
Tadman, M. The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas. The American Historical Review. Dec 2000, 105 (5): 1534. doi:10.2307/2652029.
Kotlikoff, L. J. The Structure of Slave prices in New Orleans. Economic Inquiry. Oct 1979, 17 (4): 496. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1979.tb00544.x.
Damian Alan Pargas, "Boundaries and Opportunities: Comparing Slave Family Formation in the Antebellum South"^{[永久失效連結]}, Journal of Family History 2008; 33; 316, doi:10.1177/0363199008318919

eh.net (Global: 9,448^th place; Chinese: 6,209^th place)

Thomas Weiss, Review: Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-12-20., Project 2001: Significant Works in Economic History, EH.net (Economic History.net)
Ransom, Roger. “Economics of the Civil War”. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 24, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economics-of-the-civil-war/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed July 16, 2014 引用错误：带有name属性“Roger Ransom 2001”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

fcnl.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Background on conflict in Liberia. （原始内容存档于2011-01-08）. Paul Cuffee, a successful New England black shipping man, financed and captained a voyage for American blacks in 1815–1816 to British-ruled Sierra Leone. Cuffee believed that African Americans could more easily "rise to be a people" in Africa than in the U.S. because of its slavery and limits on black rights. Although Cuffee died in 1817, his early efforts encouraged the ACS to lead further settlements. The Friends opposed slavery but believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the U.S. The slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks, but saw repatriation as a way of avoiding rebellions.

google.com (Global: 163^rd place; Chinese: 188^th place)

Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of American civil liberties (2006) Volume 1, p. 845 online.

historycooperative.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Michael Tadman, "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas," The American Historical Review, December 2000, 105:5 online 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-11-23.

historylink101.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

存档副本. [2014-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; Chinese: 113^th place)

Gunderson, Gerald. The Origin of the American Civil War. The Journal of Economic History. 1974: 915–950.

juneteenth.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

History of Juneteenth. Juneteenth World Wide Celebration. [9 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-27）.

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; Chinese: 342^nd place)

memory.loc.gov

"Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860 Slave code for the District of Columbia, 1860."^{[永久失效連結]} The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 19, 2008.

montgomerycollege.edu (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Richard Hofstadter, "White Servitude" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, n.d., Montgomery College. Retrieved January 11, 2012.

nps.gov (Global: 135^th place; Chinese: 457^th place)

itd.nps.gov

Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-07-14., National Park Service.

nydivided.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

"King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012

nypl.org (Global: 3,407^th place; Chinese: low place)

abolition.nypl.org

Finkelman, Paul. The Abolition of The Slave Trade. New York Public Library. 2007 [25 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-09）.
Regulation of the Trade. New York Public Library. [23 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-08）.
Paul Finkelman, "The Abolition of the Slave Trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Public Library, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2012.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Chinese: 31^st place)

Kathleen Collins, "The Scourged Back （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," History of Photography 9 (January 1985): 43–45.

okstate.edu (Global: 2,698^th place; Chinese: 6,737^th place)

digital.library.okstate.edu

Duncan, J. W. 1928. "Interesting ante-bellum laws of the Cherokee, now Oklahoma history" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chronicles of Oklahoma 6(2):178–180. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
Davis, J. B. 1933. "Slavery in the Cherokee nation" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chronicles of Oklahoma 11(4):1056–1072. Retrieved July 13, 2007.

oxfordjournals.org (Global: 1,389^th place; Chinese: 860^th place)

ahr.oxfordjournals.org

Donoghue, John. Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition (PDF). The American Historical Review. 2010 [2014-09-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-04）.

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; Chinese: 378^th place)

"Interview: James Oliver Horton: Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, PBS Newshour, January 25, 2007,. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
"Africans in America" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – PBS Series – Part 4 (2007).
Memoirs of Madison Hemings. PBS Frontline. [2014-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-07）.

potomacbooksinc.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Africa Squadron: The U.S. Navy and the Slave Trade, 1842–1861. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-10-15.

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; Chinese: 808^th place)

jfh.sagepub.com

Damian Alan Pargas, "Boundaries and Opportunities: Comparing Slave Family Formation in the Antebellum South"^{[永久失效連結]}, Journal of Family History 2008; 33; 316, doi:10.1177/0363199008318919

savannahnow.com (Global: 5,940^th place; Chinese: low place)

Thurmond: Why Georgia's founder fought slavery. [October 4, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2012年7月15日）.

sciway.net (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Trinkley, M. "Growth of South Carolina's Slave Population" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, South Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

slaveryinamerica.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Tony Seybert. Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865. Slavery in America. 4 Aug 2004 [14 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2004年8月4日）.

southernhistory.net (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

A history of the descendants of the slaves of Cherokee can be found at Sturm, Circe. "Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen". American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1998), pp. 230–58. In 1835, 7.4% of Cherokee families held slaves. In comparison, nearly one-third of white families living in Confederate states owned slaves in 1860. Further analysis of the 1835 Federal Cherokee Census can be found in Mcloughlin, WG. "The Cherokees in Transition: a Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835". Journal of American History, Vol. 64, 3, 1977, p. 678. A discussion on the total number of Slave holding families can be found in Olsen, Otto H. "Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States", Civil War History, December 2004 (Accessed here 存档副本. [2007-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-20）. June 8, 2007).

theroot.com (Global: 4,421^st place; Chinese: low place)

Henry Louis Gates Jr. "Did Black People Own Slaves? 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-01-23.". The Root. March 4, 2013.

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; Chinese: 439^th place)

press.uchicago.edu

"White Slaves, African Masters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". University of Chicago Press

uh.edu (Global: 3,907^th place; Chinese: 4,475^th place)

digitalhistory.uh.edu

Digital "African American Voices" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-07-15., Digital History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

umaryland.edu (Global: low place; Chinese: 6,981^st place)

digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu

Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; Chinese: 752^nd place)

mirlyn.lib.umich.edu

Horrors of Slavery: or, The American Tars in Tripoli, 1808.

usnews.com (Global: 634^th place; Chinese: 410^th place)

"The First Black Americans" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Hashaw, Tim; US News and World Report, 1/21/07

virginia.edu (Global: 1,041^st place; Chinese: 1,913^th place)

fisher.lib.virginia.edu

Historical Demographic, Economic and Social Data: the United States, 1790–1970. Historical Statistics of the United States. ICPSR Study. （原始内容存档于2003-04-01）.
Total Slave Population in US, 1790–1860, by State. [December 28, 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007年8月22日）.

wdl.org (Global: 1,424^th place; Chinese: 2,270^th place)

Map of Liberia, West Africa. World Digital Library. 1830 [2013-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-18）.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-07-14., National Park Service.
Richard Hofstadter, "White Servitude" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, n.d., Montgomery College. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Donoghue, John. Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition (PDF). The American Historical Review. 2010 [2014-09-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-04）.
Higginbotham, A. Leon. In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press. 1975 [2014-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.
Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
Tony Seybert. Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865. Slavery in America. 4 Aug 2004 [14 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2004年8月4日）.
"The First Black Americans" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Hashaw, Tim; US News and World Report, 1/21/07
"Slavery in America" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
Trinkley, M. "Growth of South Carolina's Slave Population" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, South Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
Michael Tadman, "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas," The American Historical Review, December 2000, 105:5 online 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-11-23.
Selig, Robert A. The Revolution's Black Soldiers. AmericanRevolution.org. [October 18, 2007]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-19）.
James L. Roark; et al. The American Promise, Volume I: To 1877: A History of the United States. Macmillan. 2008: 206 [2014-09-03]. ISBN 9780312585525. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
Finkelman, Paul. The Abolition of The Slave Trade. New York Public Library. 2007 [25 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-09）.
"Interview: James Oliver Horton: Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, PBS Newshour, January 25, 2007,. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
Regulation of the Trade. New York Public Library. [23 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-08）.
"King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012
"Africans in America" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – PBS Series – Part 4 (2007).
Randall M. Miller, John David Smith. "Gradual abolition" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 471.
Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, Discourse and power in African American Culture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
1860 Census Results （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Civil War Home Page.
American Civil War Census Data. Civil-war.net. [2014-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-22）.
A. Aguirre, Jr., "Slave executions in the United States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," The Social Science Journal, vol. 36, issue 1 (1999), pp. 1–31.
存档副本. [2014-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.
Kathleen Collins, "The Scourged Back （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," History of Photography 9 (January 1985): 43–45.
Thomas D. Morris (1999). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of North Carolina Press, p. 172. ISBN 0807864307
Davis, Floyd James. Who Is Black?: One Nation's Definition. Penn State Press. 2001: 38 [2014-09-08]. ISBN 0271044632. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）.
Memoirs of Madison Hemings. PBS Frontline. [2014-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-07）.
Thomas Weiss, Review: Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-12-20., Project 2001: Significant Works in Economic History, EH.net (Economic History.net)
Africa Squadron: The U.S. Navy and the Slave Trade, 1842–1861. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-10-15.
《奴隶不像我们想象的那样生活凄惨》谢作诗，美国大唐集团中国区首。[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Background on conflict in Liberia. （原始内容存档于2011-01-08）. Paul Cuffee, a successful New England black shipping man, financed and captained a voyage for American blacks in 1815–1816 to British-ruled Sierra Leone. Cuffee believed that African Americans could more easily "rise to be a people" in Africa than in the U.S. because of its slavery and limits on black rights. Although Cuffee died in 1817, his early efforts encouraged the ACS to lead further settlements. The Friends opposed slavery but believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the U.S. The slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks, but saw repatriation as a way of avoiding rebellions.
Map of Liberia, West Africa. World Digital Library. 1830 [2013-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-18）.
Paul Finkelman, "The Abolition of the Slave Trade" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Public Library, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
See "Arbitration, Mediation, and Conciliation". （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Historical Demographic, Economic and Social Data: the United States, 1790–1970. Historical Statistics of the United States. ICPSR Study. （原始内容存档于2003-04-01）.
Doyle, Robert C. C. The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror. University Press of Kentucky. 2010: 76 [2014-09-23]. ISBN 9780813139616. （原始内容存档于2017-01-18）.
History of Juneteenth. Juneteenth World Wide Celebration. [9 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-27）.
Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]
Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
——Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [2]
Ransom, Roger. “Economics of the Civil War”. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 24, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economics-of-the-civil-war/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed July 16, 2014 引用错误：带有name属性“Roger Ransom 2001”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
Castillo, E. D. 1998. "Short Overview of California Indian History" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-12-14., California Native American Heritage Commission, 1998. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
Digital "African American Voices" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-07-15., Digital History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
"Haida Warfare" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, civilization.ca. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
A history of the descendants of the slaves of Cherokee can be found at Sturm, Circe. "Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen". American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1998), pp. 230–58. In 1835, 7.4% of Cherokee families held slaves. In comparison, nearly one-third of white families living in Confederate states owned slaves in 1860. Further analysis of the 1835 Federal Cherokee Census can be found in Mcloughlin, WG. "The Cherokees in Transition: a Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835". Journal of American History, Vol. 64, 3, 1977, p. 678. A discussion on the total number of Slave holding families can be found in Olsen, Otto H. "Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States", Civil War History, December 2004 (Accessed here 存档副本. [2007-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-20）. June 8, 2007).
Duncan, J. W. 1928. "Interesting ante-bellum laws of the Cherokee, now Oklahoma history" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chronicles of Oklahoma 6(2):178–180. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
Davis, J. B. 1933. "Slavery in the Cherokee nation" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chronicles of Oklahoma 11(4):1056–1072. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
Joseph Conlin (2011). The American Past: A Survey of American History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cengage Learning, p. 370. ISBN 111134339X
Rachel Kranz (2004). African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Infobase Publishing, p. 72. ISBN 143810779X
Henry Louis Gates Jr. "Did Black People Own Slaves? 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-01-23.". The Root. March 4, 2013.
"White Slaves, African Masters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". University of Chicago Press
Oren, Michael B. The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815. 2005-11-03 [2007-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-15）.
Total Slave Population in US, 1790–1860, by State. [December 28, 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007年8月22日）.
Large Slaveholders of 1860 and African American Surname Matches from 1870 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, by Tom Blake, 2001–2005.
1860 Census （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Civil War Home Page.
Glatthaar, Joseph. ''General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse''. New York: Free Press, 2009, pp. 20, 474. Amazon.com. [2014-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-18）.
The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Transcribed by Tom Blake, April to July 2001, (updated October 2001 and December 2004 – now includes 19 holders)

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"It is shocking to human Nature, that any Race of Mankind and their Posterity should be sentanc'd to perpetual Slavery; nor in Justice can we think otherwise of it, that they are thrown amongst us to be our Scourge one Day or other for our Sins: And as Freedom must be as dear to them as it is to us, what a Scene of Horror must it bring about! And the longer it is unexecuted, the bloody Scene must be the greater." – Inhabitants of New Inverness, s:Petition against the Introduction of Slavery

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