钍 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "钍" in Chinese language version.

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abc.net.au

Evans, B. Scientist urges switch to thorium. ABC News. 2006 [2011-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-28）.
Alberici, Emma. Italian military officials' trial ignites suspicions of links between weapon testing and birth defects in Sardinia. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2019-01-29 [2019-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-29）.

ahepl.org

phy240.ahepl.org

Beiser, A. Nuclear Transformations (PDF). Concepts of Modern Physics 6. McGraw-Hill Education. 2003: 432–434 [2019-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-07-244848-1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-04）.

americanscientist.org

Kazimi, M. Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy. American Scientist. 2003 [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-01）.

anl.gov

ne.anl.gov

Nuclear Energy FAQs (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 2014 [2018-01-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-07）.

archive.org

Cotton, S. Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 150.
King, R. Bruce. Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements. Wiley-VCH. 1995. ISBN 978-0-471-18602-1.
Hammond, C. R. The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st. CRC Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Yamashita, Toshiyuki; Nitani, Noriko; Tsuji, Toshihide; Inagaki, Hironitsu. Thermal expansions of NpO₂ and some other actinide dioxides. J. Nucl. Mater. 1997, 245 (1): 72–78. Bibcode:1997JNuM..245...72Y. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00750-7.
Emsley, J. emsley blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. 2011: 544–548. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
Clayton, D. D. Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. McGraw-Hill Education. 1968: 577–591. ISBN 978-0-226-10953-4.
Rosenblatt, D. B. Effects of a Primeval Endowment of U²³⁶. Physical Review. 1953, 91 (6): 1474–1475. Bibcode:1953PhRv...91.1474R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.91.1474.
Simmons, J. G. The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present. Carol. 1996: 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2139-8.
van Spronsen, J. W. The periodic system of chemical elements. Elsevier. 1969: 315–316. ISBN 978-0-444-40776-4. .
Rhodes, R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb 25th Anniversary. Simon & Schuster. 2012: 221–222, 349. ISBN 978-1-4516-7761-4.
Jeffus, L. Welding: Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning. 2016: 393. ISBN 978-1-305-49469-5.
Langford, R. E. Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological. John Wiley & Sons. 2004: 85. ISBN 978-0-471-46560-7.
Luetzelschwab, J. W.; Googins, S. W. Radioactivity released from burning gas lantern mantles. Health Phys. 1984, 46 (4): 873–881. PMID 6706595. doi:10.1097/00004032-198404000-00013.

archive.today

Nuclear Power in India. World Nuclear Association. 2017 [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-06）.

arizona.edu

geo.arizona.edu

Davis, O. Uranium-Thorium Dating. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona. [2017-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-28）.

arpansa.gov.au

Radioactivity in Lantern Mantles. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-14）.

arxiv.org

von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Laatiaoui, M.; et al. Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition. Nature. 2016, 533 (7601): 47–51. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. PMID 27147026. arXiv:1710.11398 . doi:10.1038/nature17669.
Frebel, Anna; Beers, Timothy C. The formation of the heaviest elements. Physics Today. 2018, 71 (1): 30–37. Bibcode:2018PhT....71a..30F. ISSN 0031-9228. arXiv:1801.01190 . doi:10.1063/pt.3.3815.
Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. The End of Nucleosynthesis: Production of Lead and Thorium in the Early Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 698 (2): 1963–1980. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1963R. arXiv:0904.3105 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Berzelius, J. J. Untersuchung eines neues Minerals und einer darin erhalten zuvor unbekannten Erde [Investigation of a new mineral and of a previously unknown earth contained therein]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1829, 16 (7): 385–415 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:1829AnP....92..385B. doi:10.1002/andp.18290920702. （原始内容存档于2021-04-27）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 385–415).
Schmidt, G. C. Über die von den Thorverbindungen und einigen anderen Substanzen ausgehende Strahlung [On the radiation emitted by thorium compounds and some other substances]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1898, 65 (5): 141–151 [2019-08-10]. Bibcode:1898AnP...301..141S. doi:10.1002/andp.18983010512. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 301, pp. 141–151 (1898)).

bnl.gov

nndc.bnl.gov

Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; et al. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 2003, 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.8504 . doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-24）.
Interactive Chart of Nuclides. Brookhaven National Laboratory. [2013-08-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-24）.

caltech.edu

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu

Feynman, R.; Leighton, R.; Sands, M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics 1. Addison-Wesley. 1963: 2–5 [2018-01-13]. ISBN 978-0-201-02116-5.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Ichimura, K.; et al. Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 2011, 4 (9): 647–651 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..647K. doi:10.1038/ngeo1205. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-07）.

cdc.gov

atsdr.cdc.gov

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Thorium (PDF) (报告). 2016 [2017-09-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-12）.
Toxicological Profile for Thorium (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Public Health Service: 4. 1990 [2024-03-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2004-10-21）.
Thorium ToxFAQs (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-06-05）.

cern.ch

cds.cern.ch

Ruchowska, E.; Płóciennik, W. A.; Żylicz, J.; et al. Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th. Physical Review C. 2006, 73 (4): 044326 [2019-07-13]. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.
Kratz, J. V.; Nagame, Y. Liquid-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Schädel, M.; Shaughnessy, D. (编). The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements 2nd. Springer-Verlag. 2014: 335. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1.

ciaaw.org

Standard Atomic Weights: Thorium. CIAAW. 2013 [2024-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-09）.

dae.gov.in

Compendium of Policy And Statutory Provisions Relating To Exploitation of Beach Sand Minerals. Department of Atomic Energy. [2008-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-04）.

degruyter.com

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 （英语）.

doe.gov

lm.doe.gov

Meister, G. Production of Rarer Metals (PDF) (报告). United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1948 [2017-09-22].

doi.org

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 （英语）.
Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking. Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 2019, 25 (50): 11772–11784. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027 . PMID 31276242. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第61–63頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Johansson, B.; Abuja, R.; Eriksson, O.; et al. Anomalous fcc crystal structure of thorium metal.. Physical Review Letters. 1995, 75 (2): 280–283. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75..280J. PMID 10059654. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.280.
Fricke, Burkhard. Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Structure and Bonding 21. 1975: 89–144 [2013-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第59–60頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Martin, W. C.; Hagan, L.; Reader, J.; et al. Ground Levels and Ionization Potentials for Lanthanide and Actinide Atoms and Ions (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 1974, 3 (3): 771–779 [2013-10-19]. Bibcode:1974JPCRD...3..771M. doi:10.1063/1.3253147. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.
Stoll 2005，第6頁. Stoll, W. Thorium and Thorium Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. 2005. ISBN 978-3-527-31097-5. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_001.
Moore, Robert Lee; Goodall, C. A.; Hepworth, J. L.; Watts, R. A. Nitric Acid Dissolution of Thorium. Kinetics of Fluoride-Catalyzed Reaction. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. May 1957, 49 (5): 885–887. doi:10.1021/ie50569a035.
Yamashita, Toshiyuki; Nitani, Noriko; Tsuji, Toshihide; Inagaki, Hironitsu. Thermal expansions of NpO₂ and some other actinide dioxides. J. Nucl. Mater. 1997, 245 (1): 72–78. Bibcode:1997JNuM..245...72Y. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00750-7.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第70–77頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Ivey, H. F. Candoluminescence and radical-excited luminescence. Journal of Luminescence. 1974, 8 (4): 271–307. Bibcode:1974JLum....8..271I. doi:10.1016/0022-2313(74)90001-5.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第95–97頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第78–94頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第97–101頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第64–66頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第66–70頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第117–134頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Persson, I. Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures?. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2010, 82 (10): 1901–1917. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第101–115頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第116–117頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Chemical Science. 2015, 6 (6): 517–521. PMC 5811171 . PMID 29560172. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H.
Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; et al. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 2003, 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.8504 . doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-24）.
de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2003, 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2006, 78 (11): 2051–2066 [2017-07-27]. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-12）.
Ramdahl, Thomas; Bonge-Hansen, Hanne T.; Ryan, Olav B.; Larsen, Åsmund; Herstad, Gunnar; Sandberg, Marcel; Bjerke, Roger M.; Grant, Derek; Brevik, Ellen M. An efficient chelator for complexation of thorium-227. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2016-09-01, 26 (17): 4318–4321. ISSN 0960-894X. PMID 27476138. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.034.
Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Lohrey, Trevor D.; Booth, Corwin H.; Carter, Korey P.; Parker, Bernard F.; Larsen, Åsmund; Smeets, Roger; Ryan, Olav B.; Cuthbertson, Alan S. Solution Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Metal Complexation with a Hydroxypyridinone Chelator Designed for Thorium-227 Targeted Alpha Therapy. Inorganic Chemistry. 2018-11-19, 57 (22): 14337–14346 [2019-07-13]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 30372069. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02430. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）.
Captain, Ilya; Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Rupert, Peter B.; An, Dahlia D.; Illy, Marie-Claire; Rostan, Emeline; Ralston, Corie Y.; Strong, Roland K.; Abergel, Rebecca J. Engineered Recognition of Tetravalent Zirconium and Thorium by Chelator–Protein Systems: Toward Flexible Radiotherapy and Imaging Platforms. Inorganic Chemistry. 2016-11-21, 55 (22): 11930–11936 [2019-07-13]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 27802058. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02041. （原始内容存档于2021-04-29）.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第53–55頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Bonetti, R.; Chiesa, C.; Guglielmetti, A.; et al. First observation of spontaneous fission and search for cluster decay of ²³²Th. Physical Review C. 1995, 51 (5): 2530. Bibcode:1995PhRvC..51.2530B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.51.2530.
Yang, H. B.; et al. New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with Z > 82 and N < 126. Physical Review C. 2022, 105 (L051302). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.105e1302Y. S2CID 248935764. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L051302.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 2021, 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
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