钍 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "钍" in Chinese language version.

Last modified: 09:03:23, 27 June 2026 (UTC)

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abc.net.au (Global: 120^th place; Chinese: 297^th place)

Evans, B. Scientist urges switch to thorium. ABC News. 2006 [2011-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-28）.
Alberici, Emma. Italian military officials' trial ignites suspicions of links between weapon testing and birth defects in Sardinia. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2019-01-29 [2019-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-29）.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Chinese: 27^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Johansson, B.; Abuja, R.; Eriksson, O.; et al. Anomalous fcc crystal structure of thorium metal.. Physical Review Letters. 1995, 75 (2): 280–283. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75..280J. PMID 10059654. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.280.
Martin, W. C.; Hagan, L.; Reader, J.; et al. Ground Levels and Ionization Potentials for Lanthanide and Actinide Atoms and Ions (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 1974, 3 (3): 771–779 [2013-10-19]. Bibcode:1974JPCRD...3..771M. doi:10.1063/1.3253147. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.
Yamashita, Toshiyuki; Nitani, Noriko; Tsuji, Toshihide; Inagaki, Hironitsu. Thermal expansions of NpO₂ and some other actinide dioxides. J. Nucl. Mater. 1997, 245 (1): 72–78. Bibcode:1997JNuM..245...72Y. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00750-7.
Ivey, H. F. Candoluminescence and radical-excited luminescence. Journal of Luminescence. 1974, 8 (4): 271–307. Bibcode:1974JLum....8..271I. doi:10.1016/0022-2313(74)90001-5.
Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; et al. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 2003, 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.8504 . doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-24）.
Bonetti, R.; Chiesa, C.; Guglielmetti, A.; et al. First observation of spontaneous fission and search for cluster decay of ²³²Th. Physical Review C. 1995, 51 (5): 2530. Bibcode:1995PhRvC..51.2530B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.51.2530.
Yang, H. B.; et al. New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with Z > 82 and N < 126. Physical Review C. 2022, 105 (L051302). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.105e1302Y. S2CID 248935764. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L051302.
Ruchowska, E.; Płóciennik, W. A.; Żylicz, J.; et al. Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th. Physical Review C. 2006, 73 (4): 044326 [2019-07-13]. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.
Beck, B. R.; Becker, J. A.; Beiersdorfer, P.; et al. Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th. Physical Review Letters. 2007, 98 (14): 142501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98n2501B. PMID 17501268. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.142501.
von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Laatiaoui, M.; et al. Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition. Nature. 2016, 533 (7601): 47–51. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. PMID 27147026. arXiv:1710.11398 . doi:10.1038/nature17669.
Cameron, A. G. W. Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 1973, 15 (1): 121–146. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-10-21）.
Frebel, Anna; Beers, Timothy C. The formation of the heaviest elements. Physics Today. 2018, 71 (1): 30–37. Bibcode:2018PhT....71a..30F. ISSN 0031-9228. arXiv:1801.01190 . doi:10.1063/pt.3.3815.
Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. The End of Nucleosynthesis: Production of Lead and Thorium in the Early Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 698 (2): 1963–1980. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1963R. arXiv:0904.3105 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963.
Burbidge, E. M.; Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, W. A.; et al. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 1957, 29 (4): 547 [2019-07-20]. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..547B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-24）.
Diamond, H.; Friedman, A. M.; Gindler, J. E.; et al. Possible Existence of Cm²⁴⁷ or Its Daughters in Nature. Physical Review. 1956, 105 (2): 679–680. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105..679D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.679.
Rao, M. N.; Gopalan, K. Curium-248 in the Early Solar System. Nature. 1973, 245 (5424): 304–307. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..304R. doi:10.1038/245304a0.
Rosenblatt, D. B. Effects of a Primeval Endowment of U²³⁶. Physical Review. 1953, 91 (6): 1474–1475. Bibcode:1953PhRv...91.1474R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.91.1474.
Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Ichimura, K.; et al. Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 2011, 4 (9): 647–651 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..647K. doi:10.1038/ngeo1205. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-07）.
Weeks, M. E. The discovery of the elements. XI. Some elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: Zirconium, titanium, cerium, and thorium. Journal of Chemical Education. 1932, 9 (7): 1231. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1231W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1231.
Berzelius, J. J. Untersuchung eines neues Minerals und einer darin erhalten zuvor unbekannten Erde [Investigation of a new mineral and of a previously unknown earth contained therein]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1829, 16 (7): 385–415 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:1829AnP....92..385B. doi:10.1002/andp.18290920702. （原始内容存档于2021-04-27）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 385–415).
Jensen, William B. The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 2003, 80 (8): 952–961. Bibcode:2003JChEd..80..952J. doi:10.1021/ed080p952. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-11）.
Schmidt, G. C. Über die von den Thorverbindungen und einigen anderen Substanzen ausgehende Strahlung [On the radiation emitted by thorium compounds and some other substances]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1898, 65 (5): 141–151 [2019-08-10]. Bibcode:1898AnP...301..141S. doi:10.1002/andp.18983010512. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 301, pp. 141–151 (1898)).
Furuta, E.; Yoshizawa, Y.; Aburai, T. Comparisons between radioactive and non-radioactive gas lantern mantles. J. Radiol. Prot. 2000, 20 (4): 423–431. Bibcode:2000JRP....20..423F. PMID 11140713. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/20/4/305.
Toepker, Terrence P. Thorium and yttrium in gas lantern mantles. American Journal of Physics. 1996, 64 (2): 109. Bibcode:1996AmJPh..64..109T. doi:10.1119/1.18463.
Poljanc, K.; Steinhauser, G.; Sterba, J. H.; et al. Beyond low-level activity: on a "non-radioactive" gas mantle. Science of the Total Environment. 2007, 374 (1): 36–42. Bibcode:2007ScTEn.374...36P. PMID 17270253. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.024.
Huyskens, C. J.; Hemelaar, J. T.; Kicken, P. J. Dose estimates for exposure to radioactivity in gas mantles. Sci. Total Environ. 1985, 45: 157–164. Bibcode:1985ScTEn..45..157H. PMID 4081711. S2CID 39901914. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(85)90216-5.

ahepl.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

phy240.ahepl.org

Beiser, A. Nuclear Transformations (PDF). Concepts of Modern Physics 6. McGraw-Hill Education. 2003: 432–434 [2019-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-07-244848-1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-04）.

americanscientist.org (Global: 9,393^rd place; Chinese: 5,262^nd place)

Kazimi, M. Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy. American Scientist. 2003 [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-01）.

anl.gov (Global: 8,120^th place; Chinese: 4,393^rd place)

ne.anl.gov

Nuclear Energy FAQs (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 2014 [2018-01-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-07）.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 2^nd place)

Cotton, S. Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. 2006.
Cotton, S. Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 150.
King, R. Bruce. Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements. Wiley-VCH. 1995. ISBN 978-0-471-18602-1.
Hammond, C. R. The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st. CRC Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Yamashita, Toshiyuki; Nitani, Noriko; Tsuji, Toshihide; Inagaki, Hironitsu. Thermal expansions of NpO₂ and some other actinide dioxides. J. Nucl. Mater. 1997, 245 (1): 72–78. Bibcode:1997JNuM..245...72Y. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00750-7.
Emsley, J. emsley blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. 2011: 544–548. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Laatiaoui, M.; et al. Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition. Nature. 2016, 533 (7601): 47–51. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. PMID 27147026. arXiv:1710.11398 . doi:10.1038/nature17669.
Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. The End of Nucleosynthesis: Production of Lead and Thorium in the Early Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 698 (2): 1963–1980. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1963R. arXiv:0904.3105 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963.
Clayton, D. D. Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. McGraw-Hill Education. 1968: 577–591. ISBN 978-0-226-10953-4.
Rao, M. N.; Gopalan, K. Curium-248 in the Early Solar System. Nature. 1973, 245 (5424): 304–307. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..304R. doi:10.1038/245304a0.
Rosenblatt, D. B. Effects of a Primeval Endowment of U²³⁶. Physical Review. 1953, 91 (6): 1474–1475. Bibcode:1953PhRv...91.1474R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.91.1474.
Weeks, M. E. The discovery of the elements. XI. Some elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: Zirconium, titanium, cerium, and thorium. Journal of Chemical Education. 1932, 9 (7): 1231. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1231W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1231.
Simmons, J. G. The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present. Carol. 1996: 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2139-8.
van Spronsen, J. W. The periodic system of chemical elements. Elsevier. 1969: 315–316. ISBN 978-0-444-40776-4. .
Rhodes, R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb 25th Anniversary. Simon & Schuster. 2012: 221–222, 349. ISBN 978-1-4516-7761-4.
Jeffus, L. Welding: Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning. 2016: 393. ISBN 978-1-305-49469-5.
Langford, R. E. Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological. John Wiley & Sons. 2004: 85. ISBN 978-0-471-46560-7.
Luetzelschwab, J. W.; Googins, S. W. Radioactivity released from burning gas lantern mantles. Health Phys. 1984, 46 (4): 873–881. PMID 6706595. doi:10.1097/00004032-198404000-00013.

archive.today (Global: 28^th place; Chinese: 9^th place)

Nuclear Power in India. World Nuclear Association. 2017 [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-06）.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; Chinese: 1,177^th place)

geo.arizona.edu

Davis, O. Uranium-Thorium Dating. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona. [2017-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-28）.

arpansa.gov.au (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Radioactivity in Lantern Mantles. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-14）.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; Chinese: 158^th place)

von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Laatiaoui, M.; et al. Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition. Nature. 2016, 533 (7601): 47–51. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. PMID 27147026. arXiv:1710.11398 . doi:10.1038/nature17669.
Frebel, Anna; Beers, Timothy C. The formation of the heaviest elements. Physics Today. 2018, 71 (1): 30–37. Bibcode:2018PhT....71a..30F. ISSN 0031-9228. arXiv:1801.01190 . doi:10.1063/pt.3.3815.
Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. The End of Nucleosynthesis: Production of Lead and Thorium in the Early Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 698 (2): 1963–1980. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1963R. arXiv:0904.3105 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963.

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; Chinese: 533^rd place)

gallica.bnf.fr

Berzelius, J. J. Untersuchung eines neues Minerals und einer darin erhalten zuvor unbekannten Erde [Investigation of a new mineral and of a previously unknown earth contained therein]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1829, 16 (7): 385–415 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:1829AnP....92..385B. doi:10.1002/andp.18290920702. （原始内容存档于2021-04-27）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 385–415).
Schmidt, G. C. Über die von den Thorverbindungen und einigen anderen Substanzen ausgehende Strahlung [On the radiation emitted by thorium compounds and some other substances]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1898, 65 (5): 141–151 [2019-08-10]. Bibcode:1898AnP...301..141S. doi:10.1002/andp.18983010512. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）（德语）. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 301, pp. 141–151 (1898)).

bnl.gov (Global: 6,608^th place; Chinese: 4,014^th place)

nndc.bnl.gov

Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; et al. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 2003, 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.8504 . doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-24）.
Interactive Chart of Nuclides. Brookhaven National Laboratory. [2013-08-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-24）.

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; Chinese: 298^th place)

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu

Feynman, R.; Leighton, R.; Sands, M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics 1. Addison-Wesley. 1963: 2–5 [2018-01-13]. ISBN 978-0-201-02116-5.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Ichimura, K.; et al. Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 2011, 4 (9): 647–651 [2019-07-28]. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..647K. doi:10.1038/ngeo1205. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-07）.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; Chinese: 220^th place)

atsdr.cdc.gov

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Thorium (PDF) (报告). 2016 [2017-09-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-12）.
Toxicological Profile for Thorium (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Public Health Service: 4. 1990 [2024-03-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2004-10-21）.
Thorium ToxFAQs (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [2017-09-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-06-05）.

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; Chinese: 2,171^st place)

cds.cern.ch

Ruchowska, E.; Płóciennik, W. A.; Żylicz, J.; et al. Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th. Physical Review C. 2006, 73 (4): 044326 [2019-07-13]. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.
Kratz, J. V.; Nagame, Y. Liquid-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Schädel, M.; Shaughnessy, D. (编). The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements 2nd. Springer-Verlag. 2014: 335. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1.

ciaaw.org (Global: 9,183^rd place; Chinese: low place)

Standard Atomic Weights: Thorium. CIAAW. 2013 [2024-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-09）.

dae.gov.in (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Compendium of Policy And Statutory Provisions Relating To Exploitation of Beach Sand Minerals. Department of Atomic Energy. [2008-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-04）.

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; Chinese: 1,704^th place)

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 （英语）.

doe.gov (Global: 3,382^nd place; Chinese: 2,655^th place)

lm.doe.gov

Meister, G. Production of Rarer Metals (PDF) (报告). United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1948 [2017-09-22].

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 5^th place)

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 （英语）.
Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking. Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 2019, 25 (50): 11772–11784. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027 . PMID 31276242. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625.
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第61–63頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
Johansson, B.; Abuja, R.; Eriksson, O.; et al. Anomalous fcc crystal structure of thorium metal.. Physical Review Letters. 1995, 75 (2): 280–283. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75..280J. PMID 10059654. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.280.
Fricke, Burkhard. Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Structure and Bonding 21. 1975: 89–144 [2013-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
Wickleder, Fourest & Dorhout 2006，第59–60頁. Wickleder, M. S.; Fourest, B.; Dorhout, P. K. Thorium. Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF) 3 3rd. Springer-Verlag. 2006: 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3598-2. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-14）.
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uc.edu (Global: 7,342^nd place; Chinese: 6,620^th place)

unizg.hr (Global: 7,328^th place; Chinese: low place)

unt.edu (Global: 1,621^st place; Chinese: 3,190^th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; Chinese: 119^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; Chinese: 350^th place)

world-nuclear-news.org (Global: 3,632^nd place; Chinese: 2,898^th place)

world-nuclear.org (Global: 4,040^th place; Chinese: 2,973^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)