Alan Turing (English Wikipedia)

Copeland, Jack; Proudfoot, Diane (May 2004). "Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer". alanturing.net. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
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Hilton, Peter. "A Century of Mathematics in America, Part 1, Reminiscences of Bletchley Park" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2019.

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Brendan D'Aquino (7 March 2023). "Abstract: F46.00003 : Studying Turing patterns in vegetation". American Physical Society.

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"The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2006.

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Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
Turing, Alan M. (1940). The Prof's Book: Turing's Treatise on the Enigma. In late 1940 Alan Turing wrote a report describing the methods he and his colleagues at Bletchley Park had used to break into the German Enigma cipher systems. At Bletchley it was known as 'the Prof's Book.' A copy of this handbook was at last released from secrecy by the American National Security Agency in April 1996, under the title Turing's Treatise on the Enigma. Subsequently, a much better original copy was released by the (British) National Archives, box HW 25/3. This also revealed a title which had been lost in the American copy: Mathematical theory of ENIGMA machine. (Though, oddly, the report does not actually have any mathematical theory.)
Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.

archives.gov

Gladwin, Lee (Fall 1997). "Alan Turing, Enigma, and the Breaking of German Machine Ciphers in World War II" (PDF). Prologue Magazine. Fall 1997: 202–217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019 – via National Archives.

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Vallance, Chris (19 April 2012). "Alan Turing papers on code breaking released by GCHQ". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
"Alan Turing: Colleagues share their memories". BBC News. 23 June 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Vincent Dowd (6 June 2014). "What was Alan Turing really like?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
Pease, Roland (23 June 2012). "Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012. We have ... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there.
"Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started". BBC News. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
"MP calls for pardon for computer pioneer Alan Turing". BBC News. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
"Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing". BBC News. 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
"Government 'committed' to Alan Turing gay pardon law". BBC News. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

news.bbc.co.uk

A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both the Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan (8 January 2015). "Myths > Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory". The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. and Hodges, Andrew. "Part 4: The Relay Race". Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Spencer, Clare (11 September 2009). "Profile: Alan Turing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2015. Update 13 February 2015 Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Hinsley, Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War, Keith Lockstone's home page Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
"Thousands call for Turing apology". BBC News. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
"PM apology after Turing petition". BBC News. 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2009.

bbc.com

Copeland, Jack (18 June 2012). "Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'". BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
"'Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned". BBC News. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
"St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years". BBC News. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.

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Gandy, Robin Oliver (1953). On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.16125. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.590164. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

bl.uk

"Alan Turing". The British Library. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.

bletchleypark.org.uk

"Sir John Dermot Turing". Bletchley Park. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017.
"Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007.

books.google.com

Beavers 2013, p. 481 Beavers, Anthony (2013). "Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist". In Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan (eds.). Alan Turing: His Work and Impact. Waltham: Elsevier. pp. 481–485. ISBN 978-0-12-386980-7.
Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1985). Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern. Basic Books. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-465-04566-2. OCLC 230812136.
The Alyson Almanac: A Treasury of Information for the Gay and Lesbian Community. Alyson Publications. 1989. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-932870-19-3. After his first love, Christopher Morcom, died of tuberculosis ...
Hodges, Andrew (1992). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Vintage. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-09-911641-7. This was first love, which Alan would himself come to regard as the first of many for others of his own sex.
Tekhnema: Journal of Philosophy and Technology. American University of Paris. 1995. p. 57. ... Turing's first platonic love, Christopher Morcom ...
B. Jack Copeland; Carl J. Posy; Oron Shagrir (2013). Computability: Turing, Gödel, Church, and Beyond. MIT Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-262-01899-9.
Hodges, Andrew (2014). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-691-16472-4.
Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-3781-7. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

britannica.com

"Alan Turing. Biography, Facts, & Education". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

cam.ac.uk

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repository.cam.ac.uk

Gandy, Robin Oliver (1953). On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.16125. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.590164. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

chessgames.com

"Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test"". Chessgames.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006.

christies.com

"TURING, Ethel Sara (1881–1976, mother of Alan Turing). Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July 1954 – 11 June 1971 (most before 1959), altogether 29 pages, 8vo (2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May 1955 incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling)". christies.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.

cix.co.uk

A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both the Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan (8 January 2015). "Myths > Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory". The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. and Hodges, Andrew. "Part 4: The Relay Race". Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Spencer, Clare (11 September 2009). "Profile: Alan Turing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2015. Update 13 February 2015 Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Hinsley, Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War, Keith Lockstone's home page Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
Hinsley, Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University

cnn.com

Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing. CNN. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

computerconservationsociety.org

Harper, John (Spring 2023). "Delilah Voice Secrecy System". Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society (101). The Computer Conservation Society: 8–9. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
Harper, John (Summer 2023). "Delilah Voice Secrecy System [part 2]: The Design, Development and Commissioning of Delilah in 1943 – 1945". Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society (102). The Computer Conservation Society: 16–19. Retrieved 28 June 2023.

direct.gov.uk

submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk

"Grant a pardon to Alan Turing". 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012.

doi.org

Gandy, Robin Oliver (1953). On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.16125. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.590164. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Bowen, Jonathan P. (2019). "The Impact of Alan Turing: Formal Methods and Beyond". In Bowen, Jonathan P.; Liu, Zhiming; Zhang, Zili (eds.). Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11430. Cham: Springer. pp. 202–235. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17601-3_5. ISBN 978-3-030-17600-6. S2CID 121295850. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Newman, M.H.A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256. S2CID 711366.
Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Jahanbakhsh, Ebrahim; Zakany, Szabolcs (16 October 2023). "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 39 (1): 145–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-024414. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 37843926.
Zabell, S. L. (1995). "Alan Turing and the Central Limit Theorem". The American Mathematical Monthly. 102 (6): 483–494. doi:10.1080/00029890.1995.12004608.
Turing 1937 Turing, A. M. (1937) [Delivered to the Society November 1936]. "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" (PDF). Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 2. Vol. 42. pp. 230–65. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230.
Church 1936 Church, Alonzo (1936). "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory". American Journal of Mathematics. 58 (2): 345–363. doi:10.2307/2371045. ISSN 0002-9327. JSTOR 2371045.
Turing, A.M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. s2-45: 161–228. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3.
Turing, Alan (1938). Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals (PhD thesis). Princeton University. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3. ProQuest 301792588.
Copeland 2004a, p. 217 Copeland, B. Jack (2004a). "Colossus: Its Origins and Originators". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 (4): 38–45. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2004.26. S2CID 20209254.
Turing, Alan M.; Bayley, D. (2012). "Report on Speech Secrecy System DELILAH, a Technical Description Compiled by A. M. Turing and Lieutenant D. Bayley REME, 1945–1946". Cryptologia. 36 (4): 295–340. doi:10.1080/01611194.2012.713803. ISSN 0161-1194. S2CID 205488183.
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Turing, Alan M. (14 August 1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 237 (641): 37–72. Bibcode:1952RSPTB.237...37T. doi:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012. S2CID 120437796.
Murray, James D. (March 1988). "How the Leopard Gets Its Spots". Scientific American. 258 (3): 80–87. Bibcode:1988SciAm.258c..80M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0388-80. JSTOR 24989019.
Vogel, G. (2012). "Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation". Science. 338 (6113): 1406. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1406V. doi:10.1126/science.338.6113.1406. PMID 23239707.
Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M.F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M.A. (2012). "Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism". Science. 338 (6113): 1476–1480. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1476S. doi:10.1126/science.1226804. PMC 4486416. PMID 23239739.
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Turing, A.M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. s2-45: 161–228. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3.
Turing, Alan (1938). Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals (PhD thesis). Princeton University. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3. ProQuest 301792588.
Turing, A.M. (1948). "Rounding-Off Errors in Matrix Processes". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 1: 287–308. doi:10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287. hdl:10338.dmlcz/103139.
Pinar Saygin, A.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000). "Turing Test: 50 Years Later". Minds and Machines. 10 (4): 463–518. doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451. hdl:11693/24987. S2CID 990084.

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Turing, Alan M. (14 August 1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 237 (641): 37–72. Bibcode:1952RSPTB.237...37T. doi:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012. S2CID 120437796.
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Vogel, G. (2012). "Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation". Science. 338 (6113): 1406. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1406V. doi:10.1126/science.338.6113.1406. PMID 23239707.
Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M.F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M.A. (2012). "Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism". Science. 338 (6113): 1476–1480. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1476S. doi:10.1126/science.1226804. PMC 4486416. PMID 23239739.

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Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M.F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M.A. (2012). "Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism". Science. 338 (6113): 1476–1480. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1476S. doi:10.1126/science.1226804. PMC 4486416. PMID 23239739.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M.F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M.A. (2012). "Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism". Science. 338 (6113): 1476–1480. Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1476S. doi:10.1126/science.1226804. PMC 4486416. PMID 23239739.

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worldcat.org

Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Jahanbakhsh, Ebrahim; Zakany, Szabolcs (16 October 2023). "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 39 (1): 145–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-024414. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 37843926.
Cawthorne, Nigel (2014). Alan Turing : the enigma man. London: Arcturus Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-78404-535-7. OCLC 890938716.
Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1985). Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern. Basic Books. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-465-04566-2. OCLC 230812136.
Teuscher, Christof, ed. (2004). Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-20020-8. OCLC 53434737.
Church 1936 Church, Alonzo (1936). "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory". American Journal of Mathematics. 58 (2): 345–363. doi:10.2307/2371045. ISSN 0002-9327. JSTOR 2371045.
Turing, Alan M.; Bayley, D. (2012). "Report on Speech Secrecy System DELILAH, a Technical Description Compiled by A. M. Turing and Lieutenant D. Bayley REME, 1945–1946". Cryptologia. 36 (4): 295–340. doi:10.1080/01611194.2012.713803. ISSN 0161-1194. S2CID 205488183.
See Copeland 2004b, pp. 410–432 Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (2004b). The Essential Turing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825079-1. OCLC 156728127.