Basque language (English Wikipedia)

Forni, Gianfranco (2013). "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 39–180. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Forni, Gianfranco (January 2013). "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language: A Reply to the Critics". Journal of Indo-European Studies: 268–310. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Kassian, Alexander (2013). "On Forni's Basque–Indo-European Hypothesis". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 181–201. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Gorrochategui, Joaquín; Lakarra, Joseba A. (2013). "Why Basque cannot be, unfortunately, an Indo-European language?". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 203–237. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Prósper, Blanca María (2013). "Is Basque an Indo-European language? Possibilities and limits of the comparative method when applied to isolates". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 238–245. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Koch, John T. (2013). "Is Basque an Indo-European Language?". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 255–267. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
Lakarra, Joseba A. (2017). "Prehistoria de la lengua vasca". In Gorrochategui Iván Igartua, Joaquín; Igartua, Iván; Lakarra, Joseba A. (eds.). Historia de la lengua vasca [History of the Basque language] (in Spanish). Vitoria-Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

aclweb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992). "XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology". Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. pp. 119–125. doi:10.3115/974499.974520. S2CID 1844637.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Clark, Robert (1979). The Basques: the Franco years and beyond. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-874-17057-5.

basquetribune.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune". Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Mallory, J. P. (1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. Thames and Hudson.
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A.; Trask, R. L. (1 January 1996). Towards a History of the Basque Language. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-90-272-8567-6.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). "Goizueta Basque" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40: 113–127. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2018.

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571^st place; English: 6,448^th place)

cvc.cervantes.es

See Jose Carlos Herreras, Actas XVI Congreso AIH. José Carlos HERRERAS. Políticas de normalización lingüística en la España democrática", 2007, p. 2. Reproduced in https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/16/aih_16_2_021.pdf

diariodenavarra.es (Global: 4,751^st place; English: 9,882^nd place)

"Navarrese Parliament rejects to grant Basque Language co-official status in Spanish-speaking areas by suppressing the linguistic delimitation". Diario de Navarra. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sturua, Natela (1991). "On the Basque-Caucasian Hypothesis". Studia Linguistica. 45 (1–2). Scandinavian University Press: 164–175. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1991.tb00823.x.
Hualde, José Ignacio (2021). "On the Comparative Method, Internal Reconstruction, and Other Analytical Tools for the Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Basque Language: An Assessment". Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo". 54 (1–2): 19–52. doi:10.1387/asju.23021. hdl:10810/59003.
Blevins, Juliette & Richard Sproat. 2021. Statistical evidence for the Proto-Indo-EuropeanEuskarian hypothesis: A word-list approach integrating phonotactics. Diachronica 38(4). 506-564. https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19014.ble
Hualde, José Ignacio (2020 [2022]). «On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction of the evolution of the Basque language: An assessment», ASJU, 54 (1-2), 19-52. (https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.23021).
Corominas, Joan (1972). "De toponimia vasca y vasco-románica en los Bajos Pirineos" [Basque and Basque-Romanesque toponymy in the Low Pyrenees]. Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta (in Spanish) (12): 299–320. doi:10.35462/flv12.2. ISSN 0046-435X.
Bakker, Peter (1987). "A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of Fu". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak.
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). "Goizueta Basque" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40: 113–127. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2018.
Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992). "XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology". Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. pp. 119–125. doi:10.3115/974499.974520. S2CID 1844637.

dpz.es (Global: 8,868^th place; English: low place)

ifc.dpz.es

Orduña Aznar, Eduardo (2005). "Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos". Palaeohispanica. 5: 491–506.

ehu.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

addi.ehu.es

Hualde, José Ignacio (2020 [2022]). «On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction of the evolution of the Basque language: An assessment», ASJU, 54 (1-2), 19-52. (https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.23021).

ehu.es

"(Basque) INFLECTION §1.4.2.2. Potential paradigms: absolutive and dative".

ehu.eus (Global: low place; English: low place)

ehu.eus

Agirrezabal, Lore (2010). The basque experience : some keys to language and identity recovery. Eskoriatza, Gipuzkoa: Garabide Elkartea. ISBN 978-84-613-6835-8. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
Hualde, J.I. (1986). "Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey". Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo. XX (3): 867–896. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.

ixa.si.ehu.eus

Alegria, Iñaki; Sarasola, Kepa (2017). Language technology for language communities: An overview based on our experience. In: FEL XXI : communities in control : learning tools and strategies for multilingual endangered language communities : proceedings of the 21st FEL Conference, 19–21 October 2017. Hungerford, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. ISBN 978-0-9560210-9-0.

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

See "Articulo 1, Orden Ministerial Sobre el Registro Civil, 18 de mayo de 1938". Reproduced in Jordi Busquets, "Casi Tres Siglos de Imposicion", 'El Pais' online, 29 April 2001. https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/29/cultura/988495201_850215.html.

euskaltzaindia.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Basque alphabet" (PDF).

euskararenjatorria.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bengtson, John D. (2013). "Comments on "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" by Gianfranco Forni" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 246–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

fas.harvard.edu (Global: 2,293^rd place; English: 2,027^th place)

people.fas.harvard.edu

Bengston, John D. (Spring 1996). "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1". Mother Tongue: Newsletter of the Association for the Study of Language In Prehistory. No. 26. Archived from the original on 13 March 2003.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Bengtson, John D. (2013). "Comments on "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" by Gianfranco Forni" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 41 (1 & 2): 246–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Hualde, José Ignacio (2021). "On the Comparative Method, Internal Reconstruction, and Other Analytical Tools for the Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Basque Language: An Assessment". Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo". 54 (1–2): 19–52. doi:10.1387/asju.23021. hdl:10810/59003.

hiru.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Aspecto, tiempo y modo Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine in Spanish, Aditzen aspektua, tempusa eta modua in Basque.

history.com (Global: 852^nd place; English: 715^th place)

"Francisco Franco". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. 9 November 2009.

mcu.es (Global: 1,873^rd place; English: 4,473^rd place)

prensahistorica.mcu.es

The first telegraph message in Basque was sent by Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui, at the time a deputy to the Cortes from Gipuzkoa, to Ondarroa; it read: Aitorreu hizcuntz ederrean nere lagun eta erritarrai bistz barrengo eroipenac (transl. heartfelt regards to my friends and compatriots in the wonderful language of Aitor), Diario de Reus 26.06.04

mintzaira.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

(in French) VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Archived 21 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (2016).)

navarra.es (Global: 5,687^th place; English: low place)

consejoescolar.educacion.navarra.es

"Navarrese Educational System. Report 2011/2012" (PDF). Navarrese Educative Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"Basque". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); [bæsk] US; [bask] or [bɑːsk] UK

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

Ray, Nina M. (1 January 2009). "Basque Studies: Commerce, Heritage, And A Language Less Commonly Taught, But Whole-Heartedly Celebrated". Global Business Languages. 12: 10. ProQuest 85685222.

purdue.edu (Global: 1,391^st place; English: 979^th place)

docs.lib.purdue.edu

Ray, Nina M. (1 January 2009). "Basque Studies: Commerce, Heritage, And A Language Less Commonly Taught, But Whole-Heartedly Celebrated". Global Business Languages. 12: 10. ProQuest 85685222.

radiorecuperandomemoria.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See Communicacion No. 2486, Negociado 4, Excelentisimo Gobierno Civil de Vizcaya, 27 Octubre de 1949". A letter of acknowledgement from the archive of the Alcaldia de Guernica y Lumo, 2 November 2941, is reproduced in https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/ Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
See for example the letter from the Military Commander of Las Arenas, Biscay, dated 21 October 1938, acknowledging a fine for the public use of a Basque first name on the streets of Las Arenas, reproduced in https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/ Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine

rae.es (Global: 632^nd place; English: 3,255^th place)

buscon.rae.es

"Diccionario de la lengua española". Real Academia Española. Retrieved 22 November 2008.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992). "XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology". Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. pp. 119–125. doi:10.3115/974499.974520. S2CID 1844637.

theworld.org (Global: 5,753^rd place; English: 3,033^rd place)

Porzucki, Nina (16 May 2018). "How the Basque language has survived". The World from PRX. theworld.org. Retrieved 16 October 2022.

tribunalconstitucional.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spanish Constitution". Spanish Constitutional Court. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

revistas.ucm.es

Varela Pose, F.J. (2004)O latín dos canteiros en Cabana de Bergantiños Archived 3 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (pdf)Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 11 June 2010.

unr.edu (Global: 9,587^th place; English: 5,383^rd place)

basque.unr.edu

Olaetxe, J. Mallea. "The Basques in the Mexican Regions: 16th–20th Centuries." Archived 9 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Basque Studies Program Newsletter No. 51 (1995).

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune". Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
(in French) VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Archived 21 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (2016).)
See Communicacion No. 2486, Negociado 4, Excelentisimo Gobierno Civil de Vizcaya, 27 Octubre de 1949". A letter of acknowledgement from the archive of the Alcaldia de Guernica y Lumo, 2 November 2941, is reproduced in https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/ Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
See for example the letter from the Military Commander of Las Arenas, Biscay, dated 21 October 1938, acknowledging a fine for the public use of a Basque first name on the streets of Las Arenas, reproduced in https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/ Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
"Navarrese Educational System. Report 2011/2012" (PDF). Navarrese Educative Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Bengston, John D. (Spring 1996). "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1". Mother Tongue: Newsletter of the Association for the Study of Language In Prehistory. No. 26. Archived from the original on 13 March 2003.
"Spanish Constitution". Spanish Constitutional Court. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
"Navarrese Parliament rejects to grant Basque Language co-official status in Spanish-speaking areas by suppressing the linguistic delimitation". Diario de Navarra. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Varela Pose, F.J. (2004)O latín dos canteiros en Cabana de Bergantiños Archived 3 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (pdf)Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Olaetxe, J. Mallea. "The Basques in the Mexican Regions: 16th–20th Centuries." Archived 9 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Basque Studies Program Newsletter No. 51 (1995).
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). "Goizueta Basque" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40: 113–127. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2018.
Hualde, J.I. (1986). "Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey". Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo. XX (3): 867–896. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
Aspecto, tiempo y modo Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine in Spanish, Aditzen aspektua, tempusa eta modua in Basque.

wiktionary.org (Global: 1,064^th place; English: 1,160^th place)

en.wiktionary.org

Basque's two rhotics contrast only between vowels, and the trill is then written as -rr- and the tap as -r-. When a suffix is added to a word ending in -r, a trill is generally used, as in ederrago 'more beautiful', from eder 'beautiful' and -ago. There is a small number of words that are exceptions to the rule, with de Rijk listing the following ten common ones: zer, ezer, nor, inor, hor, paper, plater, plazer, ur, and zur.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Corominas, Joan (1972). "De toponimia vasca y vasco-románica en los Bajos Pirineos" [Basque and Basque-Romanesque toponymy in the Low Pyrenees]. Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta (in Spanish) (12): 299–320. doi:10.35462/flv12.2. ISSN 0046-435X.
de Rijk, Rudolf P. G. (2008). Standard Basque: a progressive grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04242-0. OCLC 636283146.

Basque language (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

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