El Niño–Southern Oscillation (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "El Niño–Southern Oscillation" in English language version.

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academia.edu

Sinamaw Zeleke Wallie (January 2019). Economic Impact from El Niños (Thesis). Debark University. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2022 – via Academia.Edu.

agu.org

Pearcy, W. G.; Schoener, A. (1987). "Changes in the marine biota coincident with the 1982-83 El Niño in the northeastern subarctic Pacific Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research. 92 (C13): 14417–28. Bibcode:1987JGR....9214417P. doi:10.1029/JC092iC13p14417. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
Liu, Zhengyu; Alexander Michael (2007). "Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climate teleconnections". Reviews of Geophysics. 45 (2): 2. Bibcode:2007RvGeo..45.2005L. doi:10.1029/2005RG000172.

al.com

"El Nino is over, NOAA says". Al.com. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

allcountries.org

"El Niño and its health impact". allcountries.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
"El Niño and its health impact". Health Topics A to Z. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.

allenpress.com

ams.allenpress.com

Chu, Pao-Shin. Hawaii Rainfall Anomalies and El Niño. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.

ametsoc.org

glossary.ametsoc.org

American Meteorological Society (2012-01-26). "Tehuantepecer". Glossary of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2013-05-16.

archive.org

Davis, Mike (2001). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8.
S. George Philander (2004). Our Affair with El Niño: How We Transformed an Enchanting Peruvian Current Into a Global Climate Hazard. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11335-7.
Brian Fagan (1999). Floods, Famines and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations. Basic Books. pp. 119–138. ISBN 978-0-465-01120-9.
Pezet, Federico Alfonso (1896), "The Counter-Current "El Niño," on the Coast of Northern Peru", Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress: Held in London, 1895, Volume 6, pp. 603–606
Findlay, Alexander G. (1851). A Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean -- Part II. The Islands, Etc., of the Pacific Ocean. London: R. H. Laurie. p. 1233. M. Lartigue is among the first who noticed a counter or southerly current.

archive.today

L'Heureux, Michelle (23 October 2020). "The Rise of El Niño and La Niña". ENSO Blog. NOAA. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Collins, Mat; An, Soon-Il; Cai, Wenju; Ganachaud, Alexandre; Guilyardi, Eric; Jin, Fei-Fei; Jochum, Markus; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Power, Scott; Timmermann, Axel; Vecchi, Gabe; Wittenberg, Andrew (23 May 2010). "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño". Nature Geoscience. 3 (6): 391–397. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..391C. doi:10.1038/ngeo868. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
Takahashi, K.; Montecinos, A.; Goubanova, K.; Dewitte, B. (2011). "Reinterpreting the Canonical and Modoki El Nino" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (10): n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3810704T. doi:10.1029/2011GL047364. hdl:10533/132105. S2CID 55675672. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
Lengaigne, M.; Vecchi, G. (2010). "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models". Climate Dynamics. 35 (2–3): 299–313. Bibcode:2010ClDy...35..299L. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0562-3. S2CID 14423113. Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
Takahashi, K.; Montecinos, A.; Goubanova, K.; Dewitte, B. (2011). "ENSO regimes: Reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Niño" (PDF). Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (10): L10704. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3810704T. doi:10.1029/2011GL047364. hdl:10533/132105. S2CID 55675672. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
Guilyardi, E.; Wittenberg, Andrew; Fedorov, Alexey; Collins, Mat; Wang, Chunzai; Capotondi, Antonietta; Van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Stockdale, Tim (2009). "Understanding El Nino in Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models: Progress and Challenges" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (3): 325–340. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..325G. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2387.1. hdl:10871/9288. S2CID 14866973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Masson, Sébastien (15 November 2014). "The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming*,+" (PDF). Journal of Climate. 27 (22): 8501–8509. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.8501R. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1. S2CID 42480067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.

atavist.com

wunderground.atavist.com

"El Niño 2016". Atavist. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

bbc.co.uk

"Slow response to East Africa famine 'cost lives'". BBC News. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Carrillo, Camilo N. (1892) "Disertación sobre las corrientes oceánicas y estudios de la correinte Peruana ó de Humboldt" Archived 2023-10-30 at the Wayback Machine (Dissertation on the ocean currents and studies of the Peruvian, or Humboldt's, current), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 2 : 72–110. [in Spanish] From p. 84: "Los marinos paiteños que navegan frecuentemente cerca de la costa y en embarcaciones pequeñas, ya al norte ó al sur de Paita, conocen esta corriente y la denomination Corriente del Niño, sin duda porque ella se hace mas visible y palpable después de la Pascua de Navidad." (The sailors [from the city of] Paita who sail often near the coast and in small boats, to the north or the south of Paita, know this current and call it "the current of the Boy [el Niño]", undoubtedly because it becomes more visible and palpable after the Christmas season.)
Eguiguren, D. Victor (1894) "Las lluvias de Piura" Archived 2023-10-30 at the Wayback Machine (The rains of Piura), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 4 : 241–258. [in Spanish] From p. 257: "Finalmente, la época en que se presenta la corriente de Niño, es la misma de las lluvias en aquella región." (Finally, the period in which the El Niño current is present is the same as that of the rains in that region [i.e., the city of Piura, Peru].)
Pezet, Federico Alfonso (1896) "La contra-corriente "El Niño", en la costa norte de Perú" Archived 2023-10-30 at the Wayback Machine (The counter-current "El Niño", on the northern coast of Peru), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 5 : 457-461. [in Spanish]

bloomberg.com

"The Strongest El Nino in Decades Is Going to Mess With Everything". Bloomberg.com. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

bom.gov.au

"El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)". About Australian climate. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
"El Niño, La Niña and Australia's Climate" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. February 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
"Climate glossary — Southern Oscilliation Index (SOI)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). 2002-04-03. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
"Australian Climate Influences: El Niño". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
"What is El Niño and what might it mean for Australia?". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
"El Niño - Detailed Australian Analysis". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
"El Niño in Australia" (PDF). Bom.gov.au. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
La Niña – Detailed Australian analysis (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
"ENSO Tracker: About ENSO and the Tracker". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
La Niña In Australia Bureau of Meteorology. www.bom.gov.au
El Niño in Australia Bureau of Meteorology. www.bom.gov.au
"Climate Driver Update". Bureau of Meteorology. Bureau of Meteorology. 17 September 2023.
"Climate glossary — Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). 2002-04-03. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
Australian Climate Extremes – Fire, BOM. Retrieved 2 May 2007.

books.google.com

Sharma, P. D.; P.D, Sharma (2012). Ecology And Environment. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-905-1. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
Lartigue (1827). Description de la Côte Du Pérou, Entre 19° et 16° 20' de Latitude Sud, ... [Description of the Coast of Peru, Between 19° and 16° 20' South Latitude, ...] (in French). Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-01-18. From pp. 22–23: "Il est néanmoins nécessaire, au sujet de cette règle générale, de faire part d'une exception ... dépassé le port de sa destination de plus de 2 ou 3 lieues; ... " (It is nevertheless necessary, with regard to this general rule, to announce an exception which, in some circumstances, might shorten the sailing. One said above that the breeze was sometimes quite fresh [i.e., strong], and that then the counter-current, which bore southward along the land, stretched some miles in length; it is obvious that one will have to tack in this counter-current, whenever the wind's force will permit it and whenever one will not have gone past the port of one's destination by more than 2 or 3 leagues; ...)

ca.gov

dfg.ca.gov

"El Niño Information". California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region. Archived from the original on 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2014-06-30.

wildlife.ca.gov

"El Niño Information". California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2024-01-18.

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Ballester, Joan; Jane C. Burns; Dan Cayan; Yosikazu Nakamura; Ritei Uehara; Xavier Rodó (2013). "Kawasaki disease and ENSO-driven wind circulation" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (10): 2284–2289. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.2284B. doi:10.1002/grl.50388. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2024-01-18.

cam.ac.uk

"Study reveals economic impact of El Niño". University of Cambridge. 11 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.

econ.cam.ac.uk

Cashin, Paul; Mohaddes, Kamiar & Raissi, Mehdi (2014). "Fair Weather or Foul? The Macroeconomic Effects of El Niño" (PDF). Cambridge Working Papers in Economics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2014.

channelnewsasia.com

"channelnewsasia.com - February 2010 is driest month for S'pore since records began in 1869". 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010.
Hong, Lynda (13 March 2008). "Recent heavy rain not caused by global warming". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.

climate.gov

Becker, Emily (4 December 2014). "December's ENSO Update: Close, but no cigar". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016.
L'Heureux, Michelle (5 May 2014). "What is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a nutshell?". ENSO Blog. NOAA. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
L'Heureux, Michelle (5 May 2014). "What is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a nutshell?". ENSO Blog. Climate.gov. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
L'Heureux, Michelle (23 October 2020). "The Rise of El Niño and La Niña". ENSO Blog. NOAA. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
Barnston, Anthony (2015-01-29). "Why are there so many ENSO indexes, instead of just one?". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
"August 2016 ENSO update;Wavy Gravy". Climate.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
Becker, Emily (27 May 2014). "How will we know when an El Niño has arrived?". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016.
"Climate.gov". NOAA. Global Climate Dashboard > Climate Variability. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Di Liberto, Tom (11 September 2014). "ENSO + Climate Change=Headache". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016.
Barnston, Anthony (19 May 2014). "How ENSO leads to a cascade of global impacts". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016.
Halpert, Mike (12 June 2014). "United States El Niño Impacts". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016.
Barnston, Anthony (12 June 2014). "With El Niño likely, what climate impacts are favored for this summer?". ENSO Blog. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016.
Karnauskas, Kris. "El Niño and the Galapagos". Climate.gov. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved Nov 17, 2022.

climatescience.org

"Tipping Points: Why we might not be able to reverse climate change". ClimateScience. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

climatetippingpoints.info

Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer". climatetippingpoints.info. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

columbia.edu

iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu

"What is ENSO?". IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library. International Research Institute for Climate and Society. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
International Research Institute for Climate and Society. "Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Equatorial SOI". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-08-14.

iri.columbia.edu

International Research Institute for Climate and Society (February 2002). "More Technical ENSO Comment". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-30.

confex.com

ams.confex.com

Cushman, Gregory T. "Who Discovered the El Niño-Southern Oscillation?". Presidential Symposium on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences: People, Discoveries, and Technologies. American Meteorological Society (AMS). Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

copernicus.eu

climate.copernicus.eu

"August Climate Bulletins / Summer 2023: the hottest on record". Copernicus Programme. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
"Copernicus: January 2025 was the warmest on record globally, despite an emerging La Niña". The Copernicus Programm. February 2025. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025. Click on "Download data" button and extract January values.

copernicus.org

esd.copernicus.org

Wunderling, Nico; Donges, Jonathan F.; Kurths, Jürgen; Winkelmann, Ricarda (3 June 2021). "Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming". Earth System Dynamics. 12 (2): 601–619. Bibcode:2021ESD....12..601W. doi:10.5194/esd-12-601-2021. ISSN 2190-4979. S2CID 236247596. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
Duque-Villegas, Mateo; Salazar, Juan Fernando; Rendón, Angela Maria (2019). "Tipping the ENSO into a permanent El Niño can trigger state transitions in global terrestrial ecosystems". Earth System Dynamics. 10 (4): 631–650. Bibcode:2019ESD....10..631D. doi:10.5194/esd-10-631-2019. ISSN 2190-4979. S2CID 210348791.

meetingorganizer.copernicus.org

For evidence of La Niña Modoki, and identification of La Niña Modoki year:
- Platonov, V.; Semenov, E.; Sokolikhina, E. (13 February 2014). "Extreme La Niña 2010/11 and the vigorous flood at the north-east of Australia" (PDF). EGU General Assembly / Geophysical Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2014.

doi.org

Fuentes, Gabriel; Munim, Ziaul Haque (2025). "Climate influence on Panama Canal operations: Predicting canal water times with integrated environmental and operational data". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 203: 104319. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2025.104319.
Becker, Emily (2016). "How Much Do El Niño and La Niña Affect Our Weather? This fickle and influential climate pattern often gets blamed for extreme weather. A closer look at the most recent cycle shows that the truth is more subtle". Scientific American. 315 (4): 68–75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1016-68. PMID 27798565.
Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015). "Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120 (2): 480–494. doi:10.1002/2014JD022576. hdl:10161/9564.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013). "An apparent hiatus in global warming?". Earth's Future. 1 (1): 19–32. Bibcode:2013EaFut...1...19T. doi:10.1002/2013EF000165.
Collins, Mat; An, Soon-Il; Cai, Wenju; Ganachaud, Alexandre; Guilyardi, Eric; Jin, Fei-Fei; Jochum, Markus; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Power, Scott; Timmermann, Axel; Vecchi, Gabe; Wittenberg, Andrew (23 May 2010). "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño". Nature Geoscience. 3 (6): 391–397. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..391C. doi:10.1038/ngeo868. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
Trenberth, Kevin E (December 1997). "The Definition of El Niño". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 78 (12): 2771–2777. Bibcode:1997BAMS...78.2771T. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2771:TDOENO>2.0.CO;2.
Wang, Chunzai; Deser, Clara; Yu, Jin-Yi; DiNezio, Pedro; Clement, Amy (2017). "El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A Review" (PDF). In Glynn, Peter W.; Manzello, Derek P.; Enochs, Ian C. (eds.). Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs of the World. Vol. 8. Springer. pp. 85–106. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_4. ISBN 978-94-017-7498-7. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
Wang, Chunzai (1 November 2018). "A review of ENSO theories". National Science Review. 5 (6): 813–825. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy104.
Yang, Song; Li, Zhenning; Yu, Jin-Yi; Hu, Xiaoming; Dong, Wenjie; He, Shan (1 November 2018). "El Niño–Southern Oscillation and its impact in the changing climate". National Science Review. 5 (6): 840–857. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy046.
Kim, WonMoo; Wenju Cai (2013). "Second peak in the far eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly following strong El Niño events". Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (17): 4751–4755. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4751K. doi:10.1002/grl.50697. S2CID 129885922.
Druffel, Ellen R. M.; Griffin, Sheila; Vetter, Desiree; Dunbar, Robert B.; Mucciarone, David M. (16 March 2015). "Identification of frequent La Niña events during the early 1800s in the east equatorial Pacific". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (5): 1512–1519. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.1512D. doi:10.1002/2014GL062997. S2CID 129644802. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Stepaniak, David P. (15 April 2001). "Indices of El Niño Evolution". Journal of Climate. 14 (8): 1697–1701. Bibcode:2001JCli...14.1697T. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1697:LIOENO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
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- For evidence of La Niña Modoki, and identification of La Niña Modoki year:
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