European Union law (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "European Union law" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

176europa.eu

68^th place

117^th place

36wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

7doi.org

2^nd place

7bailii.org

3,544^th place

1,912^th place

6semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

4web.archive.org

1^st place

3justia.com

696^th place

428^th place

3cambridge.org

305^th place

264^th place

3coe.int

772^nd place

849^th place

3ssrn.com

703^rd place

501^st place

2canlii.org

6,607^th place

3,855^th place

2libertyfund.org

8,043^rd place

6,448^th place

2archive.org

6^th place

2ox.ac.uk

613^th place

456^th place

1unizar.es

low place

1legislation.gov.uk

809^th place

536^th place

1eupolitix.com

low place

1aspeninstitute.org

low place

1openjur.de

low place

1gesetze-im-internet.de

1,249^th place

4,347^th place

1uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

1routledge.com

2,932^nd place

1,911^th place

1worldcat.org

5^th place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

1heinonline.org

3,322^nd place

1,897^th place

1ilo.org

1,962^nd place

2,558^th place

1legifrance.gouv.fr

265^th place

1,095^th place

1sochealth.co.uk

low place

1ourworldindata.org

2,263^rd place

1,687^th place

1ft.com

210^th place

157^th place

1columbia.edu

488^th place

374^th place

1statista.com

776^th place

844^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1nih.gov

4^th place

1lemondedecathy.fr

low place

1transportpolicy.net

low place

1directlinegroup.co.uk

low place

1wired.com

193^rd place

152^nd place

1speedtest.net

low place

1thenextweb.com

1,356^th place

870^th place

1techcrunch.com

187^th place

146^th place

1youtube.com

9^th place

13^th place

1thedrum.com

5,929^th place

3,383^rd place

1euobserver.com

4,336^th place

3,558^th place

archive.org

I Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch or Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf (1795)
The classic arguments are found in WZ Ripley, Main Street and Wall Street (Little, Brown & Co 1927), Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933) per Brandeis J and W Cary, 'Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections on Delaware' (1974) 83(4) Yale Law Journal 663. See further S Deakin, 'Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros' (1999) 2 CYELS 231.

aspeninstitute.org

Working Time Directive 2003/88/EC art 7. A contract of employment can also require more. cf JM Keynes, The Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren (1930) arguing that as society became wealthier, increasing production would allow everyone to work less. See also the European Social Charter 1961 article 3. Oddly, the UK chose to express 28 days as 5.6 weeks in its own regulations (assuming a week is 5 working days).

bailii.org

Griffin v South West Water Services [1995] IRLR 15. This was not true for Doughty v Rolls-Royce [1991] EWCA Civ 15, but was for NUT v St Mary's School [1997] 3 CMLR 638.
[2015] UKSC 67, Mr Beavis received an £85 charge for parking too long in a carpark. Lord Toulson dissenting, would have held this charge, contrary to the requirement of good faith, created a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and duties. He pointed out that £85 was two-thirds of a state pension, and criticised the majority for wrongly applying the Court of Justice's case law.
WTD 2003 art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK context: Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd [2011] UKSC 57, [19]
ECHR art 11. This codified traditions in democratic member states before World War II. See for example Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2
Demir and Baykara v Turkey [2008] ECHR 1345
Contrast Lubbe v Cape Plc [2000] UKHL 41 and Chandler v Cape plc [2012] EWCA Civ 525
[2008] ECHR 453

cambridge.org

UDHR 1948 art 23. ICESCR 1966 art 7. E McGaughey, Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights (Cambridge UP 2022) ch 10
E McGaughey, Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights (Cambridge UP 2022) ch 11, 411-414
JC Bureau and A Matthews, 'EU Agricultural Policy: What Developing Countries Need to Know' (2005) IIS Discussion Paper No 91, 3. E McGaughey, Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights (Cambridge UP 2022) ch 13

canlii.org

TEU art 50. On the most sophisticated discussion of constitutional law and human rights principles for secession, see Reference Re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, particularly [67] "The consent of the governed is a value that is basic to our understanding of a free and democratic society. Yet democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law". And [149] "Democracy, however, means more than simple majority rule".
See for example, BCE Inc v 1976 Debentureholders [2008] 3 SCR 560

coe.int

rm.coe.int

European Social Charter 1961 arts 7, 10 and 17. ICESCR 1966 art 13(2)(c). cf in the UK, the Higher Education Act 2004 ss 23-24 and 31-39 (tuition fees and plans) and Higher Education (Higher Amount) Regulations 2010 regs 4-5A.
European Social Charter 1961 arts 7, 10 and 17. cf ECHR 1950 Protocol 1, article 2 and the Belgian Linguistic case (No 2) (1968) 1 EHRR 252. CFREU 2000 art 14.

coe.int

European Social Charter 1961 art 2(1)

columbia.edu

news.climate.columbia.edu

A Elfar, 'Landmark Climate Change Lawsuit Moves Forward as German Judges Arrive in Peru' (4 August 2022) Columbia Climate School, appealing from the Regional Court (2015) Case No. 2 O 285/15.

directlinegroup.co.uk

e.g. 'Electric Dreams: Green Vehicles Cheaper Than Petrol' (29 June 2020) Direct Line Group

doi.org

e.g. Habermas, J. (2015). "Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible". European Law Journal. 21 (4): 546. doi:10.1111/eulj.12128. S2CID 153849884. See also HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (1961) ch 4, on the danger of a static system and "rules of change".
See further Arnull, Anthony (1990). "Does the Court of Justice Have Inherent Jurisdiction?". Common Market Law Review. 27 (4): 683. doi:10.54648/cola1990043. S2CID 146781250.
cf Lechner, Susanne; Ohr, Renate (2011). "The right of withdrawal in the treaty of Lisbon: a game theoretic reflection on different decision processes in the EU". European Journal of Law and Economics. 32: 357. doi:10.1007/s10657-009-9139-1. S2CID 53362666.
Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit (in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 213–258. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_8. ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6.
Lashyn, Serhii (1 October 2021). "The Aporia of EU Citizenship". Liverpool Law Review. 42 (3): 361–377. doi:10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y. ISSN 1572-8625.
Le Page, Michael (21 September 2016). "The Great Carbon Scam". New Scientist. 231: 20–21. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5. S2CID 125134562. Norton, Michael; et al. (2019). "Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (11): 1256. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12643. hdl:20.500.11755/3e9ea771-9762-42d6-b1db-6f63ba2b6e5c. S2CID 202007944. Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (28 November 2022). "EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy". Nature. 612: 27. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04133-1. PMID 36443604. S2CID 254021202. the EU's 'own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.'
Kaplan, Jed O.; et al. (2009). "The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 28: 3016. doi:10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2009.09.028. S2CID 42090586.

euobserver.com

Mahony, Honor (23 October 2007). "EU court delivers blow on environment sanctions". EU Observer. Retrieved 23 October 2007.; Case C-440/05 Commission v Council

eupolitix.com

e.g. M Banks, 'Sarkozy slated over Strasbourg seat' (24 May 2007) EU Politix Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine

europa.eu

eur-lex.europa.eu

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963) Case 26/62
Defrenne v Sabena (1976) Case 43/75, [10]
(1986) Case 294/83, [1986] ECR 1339. The Greens challenged funding, contending its distribution was unfair against smaller parties, and it was held all funding was ultra vires. See Joliet and Keeling, 'The Reimbursement of Election Expenses: A Forgotten Dispute' (1994) 19 ELR 243
"EUR-Lex - 61964CJ0006 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Kadi v Commission (2008) C-402 and 415/05
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402 and 415/05, [2008] ECR I-6351
Marshall v Southampton Health Authority (1986) Case 152/84
(1963) Case 26/62
AG van Gerven, in Marshall (No 2) (1993) C-271/91, [1993] ECR I-4367 (Opinion), AG Jacobs, in Vaneetveld, C-316/93, [1994] ECR I-763, AG Lenz, in Faccini Dori (1994) C-91/92, [1994] ECR I-3325
Working Time Directive 2003/88/EC art 7. A contract of employment can also require more. cf JM Keynes, The Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren (1930) arguing that as society became wealthier, increasing production would allow everyone to work less. See also the European Social Charter 1961 article 3. Oddly, the UK chose to express 28 days as 5.6 weeks in its own regulations (assuming a week is 5 working days).
First held in Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (1986) Case 152/84, [1986] ECR 723, following the Opinion of AG Slynn, the Court of Justice held that Ms Marshall, who was made to retire at 60 as a woman, unlike the men at 65, was unlawful sex discrimination, but only on the basis that the employer (the NHS) was the state. Obiter, at [48] the Court of Justice suggested she would not have succeeded if it were a 'private' party.
(1990) C-106/89. See also Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (1984) Case 14/83, [1984] ECR 1891, which held that because the member state had a choice of remedy, the Equal Treatment Directive did not allow Ms Van Colson to have a job as a prison worker.
(1966) Case 61/65
(1991) C-6/90 and C-9/90, [1991] ECR I-5357
(1967) Case 8/66
(1967) Case 8/66, [91]
(1985) Case 11/82, [9]
(2002) C-50/00 P, [38]-[45]
Treaty on European Union article 3(3), introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon. But see previously, Deutsche Post v Sievers (2000) C-270/97, 'the economic aim pursued by Article [157 TFEU] ..., namely the elimination of distortions of competition between undertakings established in different Member States, is secondary to the social aim pursued by the same provision, which constitutes the expression of a fundamental human right'. Defrenne v Sabena (1976) Case 43/75, [10] 'this provision forms part of the social objectives of the community, which is not merely an economic union, but is at the same time intended, by common action, to ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples'.
Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) (1976) Case 43/75, [10]
c.f. Hünermund v Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Württemberg (1993) C-292/92, AG Opinion, [1] asking whether TFEU art 30 is "intended to liberalize intra-Community trade or is it intended more generally to encourage the unhindered pursuit of commerce in individual Member States?"
(1974) Case 8/74, [1974] ECR 837
Commission v Ireland (1982) Case 249/81
Commission v France (1997) C-265/95. See further K Muylle, 'Angry famers and passive policemen' (1998) 23 European Law Review 467
(1979) Case 170/78
(1979) Case 170/78, [13]-[14]
(1983) Case 261/81
(1983) Case 261/81, [17]
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC
Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg (1986) Case 66/85, [1986] ECR 2121
(1988) Case 196/87, [1988] ECR 6159
Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA (2000) C-281/98, [2000] ECR I-4139
Free Movement of Workers Regulation 492/2011 arts 1–4
(1995) C-415/93
(2000) C-281/98, [2000] ECR I-4139, [36]-[44]
(2007) C-287/05, [55]
Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve (2001) C-184/99, [2001] ECR I-6193
(1998) C-85/96, [1998] ECR I-2691
(2001) C-184/99, [2001] ECR I-6193
(1995) C-55/94, [1995] ECR I-4165
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd (2003) C-167/01
cf Employee Involvement Directive 2001/86/EC
(1988) Case 81/87, [1988] ECR 5483
(1999) C-212/97, [1999] ECR I-1459. See also Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH (2002) C-208/00, on Dutch minimum capital laws.
(2002) C-208/00, [92]-[93]
(2008) C-210/06
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - PART THREE: UNION POLICIES AND INTERNAL ACTIONS - TITLE IV: FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS, SERVICES AND CAPITAL - Chapter 4: Capital and payments - Article 63 (ex Article 56 TEC), EUR-Lex
Capital Movement Directive 1988 (88/361/EEC) Annex I, including (i) investment in companies, (ii) real estate, (iii) securities, (iv) collective investment funds, (v) money market securities, (vi) bonds, (vii) service credit, (viii) loans, (ix) sureties and guarantees (x) insurance rights, (xi) inheritance and personal loans, (xii) physical financial assets (xiii) other capital movements.
See Commission v United Kingdom (2001) C-98/01 and Commission v Netherlands (2006) C‑282/04, AG Maduro's Opinion on golden shares in KPN NV and TPG NV.
(1976) Case 43/75, [10]
Product Liability Directive 1985 85/374/EEC, recital 1 and 6
UTCCD 1993 93/13/EC and see H Collins, 'Good Faith in European Contract Law' (1994) 14 OJLS 229
RWE AG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV (2013) C-92/11
(2013) C-488/11
(2013) Case C-415/11
(2014) Case C-34/13
e.g. Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003 arts 11–12, 17–18
WTD 2003 art 7. In the UK, the implementing Working Time Regulations 1998 state "5.6 weeks" is needed, although this is also 28 days, as a "week" was originally taken to refer to a 5-day working week.
WTD 2003 arts 2–5 and 8–13
WTD 2003 arts 6 and 17 and Pfeiffer v Deutsches Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV (2005) C-397/01
Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989 art 11
(2010) C-555/07
(1991) C-6/90
Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001 No 2157/2001
Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001 art 3
Employee Involvement Directive 2001 Annex
See the Thirteenth Company Law Directive 2004 2004/25/EC
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003 2003/41/EC
UCITS Directive 2009 art 19(3)(o)
UCITS V Directive 2014/91/EU
2004/39/EC, art 18 on conflicts of interest
2011/61/EU art 3(2)
2011/61/EU respectively arts 22–23, 13 and Annex II, 14 and 30
"EUR-Lex - 32009L0138 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu.
(2004) Case T-201/04, [1052]
Konkurrensverket v TeliaSonera Sverige (2011) C-52/09, [22]; GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Commission (2009) C-513/06, [63]; British Airways plc v Commission (2007) C-95/04, [106]. Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc v Commission (1973) Case 6–72, [26]. Also TEU art 3(3) states the EU's goals as "aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment".
Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH (1991) C-41/90
Opinion of AG Jacobs in Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie''''' (1999) C-67/96
TFEU art 49 distinguishes the right of establishment for "self employed persons" from the right "to set up and manage undertakings". Transfers of Understakings Directive 2001/23/EC art 1(b) defines an "economic entity" as an "organised grouping of resources". Contrast FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v Staat der Nederlanden (2014) C-413/13 and clarification that solo-self-employed persons will not be subject to competition law in Communication from the commission Guidelines on the application of Union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self-employed persons 2022/C 374/02
(2004) Case T-201/04
(2004) Case T-201/04
(2017) C-413/14, (2022) T-286/09 RENV
Merger Regulation 2004 139/2004/EC arts 1 and 2(3)
Brussels I Regulation 2012 1215/2012
Copyright Term Directive 2006 2006/116/EC art 1
Copyright and Information Society Directive (2001/29)
2015/2436
Patients' Rights Directive 2011/24/EU arts 4-8
See EHIC Decision 2003/751/EC, No 189
See the Multilateral Financial Framework Regulation 2020/2093 Annex I
Pringle v Government of Ireland (2012) C‑370/12 held the mechanism lawful despite a challenge that it exceeded the EU's competence for economic policy.
RePowerEU Communication COM(2022) 108 final
Compare the Environmental Liability Directive 2004 (2004/35/EC) which requires polluters pay for damage and take remedial action for species and habitats as defined in the Birds Directive 2009/147/EC arts 2 and 4, duty to protect birds, and Habitats Directive 92/43/EC
Electricity Directive 2019/944 2019/944 art 8 and the Gas Directive 2009/73/EC art 4.
Electricity Directive 2019/944 arts 3 and 6.
Agricultural Unfair Trading Practices Directive 2019/633 art 3
Land Use and Forestry Directive 2018 2018/841 arts 1-4
Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 arts 25 and 27. RED 2009, article 3(4) required at least 10% of transport was fueled from renewable energy by 2020.
Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2002 art 3(1). The previous target was 15% by 2020.
Emission Performance Regulation 2019/631 arts 1(2) and 2, previously 120 grams of CO₂ per km.
EPR 2019 art 6
EPR 2019 arts 7-10. Also art 11 derogations.
Vehicle Emissions Regulation (EC) 715/2007 Annex, sets out the Euro 6 limits. See summary in 'EU: Light-Duty: Emissions' and 'EU: Heavy-Duty: Emissions' (2021) transportpolicy.net
Trans-European transport network Regulation, COM(2021) 812 final and European Court of Auditors Report (2018)
Single European Railway Directive 2012/34/EU arts 4 and 7. This followed the First Railway Directive 91/440/EC.
Single European Railway Directive 2012/34/EU art 5-6
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EC arts 2, 4-8
Postal Services Directive 1997 1997/67/EC
See previously the Telecoms Package, Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC, Electronic Communications Directive 2009/140/EC and Universal Service Directive 2009/136/EC
Electronic Communications Code Directive 2018 art 5
Information Society Directive 2015/1535 art 1 says an ISS is "normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by electronic means and at the individual request of a recipient of services".
2002/58/EC recital 25 and arts 5-15
DSAR 2022 arts 3-7 (exemptions for being a conduit, caching or hosting), 8-9 (illegal content and orders), 12-13 (terms and transparency)
"? - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu.
Mahony, Honor (23 October 2007). "EU court delivers blow on environment sanctions". EU Observer. Retrieved 23 October 2007.; Case C-440/05 Commission v Council

curia.europa.eu

Statute of the Court art 48 Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice arts 28 and 60 and Statute of the Court art 16(3) Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
(2014). In summary, these were it (1) undermined the CJEU's autonomy (2) allowed for a parallel dispute resolution mechanism among member states, when the treaties said the CJEU should be the sole arbiter (3) the "co-respondent" system, allowing the EU and member states to be sued together, allowed the ECtHR to illegitimately interpret EU law and allocate responsibility between the EU and member states, (4) did not allow the Court of Justice to decide if an issue of law was already dealt with, before the ECHR heard a case, and (5) the ECtHR was illegitimately being given power of judicial review over Common Foreign and Security Policy.
TEU art 6(2) and Opinion 2/13 (2014)
(2011) C-196/09
See Court of Justice of the European Union, Annual Report 2015: Judicial Activity (2016)
(1982) Case 283/81, [1982] ECR 3415, [16]
(2002) C-99/00
(2011) C-463/10P, [38] and [55]
(1963) Case 25/62
(2002) C-50/00 P, AG Opinion, [60] and [103]
(2013) C-583/11
(2012) C-544/10
c.f. Hünermund v Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Württemberg (1993) C-292/92, AG Opinion, [1] asking whether TFEU art 30 is "intended to liberalize intra-Community trade or is it intended more generally to encourage the unhindered pursuit of commerce in individual Member States?"
PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG (2001) C-379/98, [2001] ECR I-2099, [75]-[76]
(2003) C-112/00, [2003] ECR I-5659
(2003) C-112/00, [79]-[81]
c.f. Leppik (2006) C-434/04, [2006] ECR I‑9171, Opinion of AG Maduro, [23]-[25]
(2003) C-112/00, [2003] ECR I-5659, [77]. See ECHR articles 10 and 11.
(2003) C-14/00, [88]-[89]
(2009) C-110/05, [2009] ECR I-519, [56]. See also Mickelsson and Roos (2009) C-142/05, on prohibiting jet skis, but justified if proportionate towards the aim of safeguarding health and the environment.
Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig (2014) C‑333/13
(2004) C-387/01, [54]-[55]
(2007) C-213/05
Hartmann v Freistaat Bayern (2007) C-212/05. Discussed in Barnard 2013, ch 9, 293–294 Barnard, Catherine (2013). The substantive law of the EU : the four freedoms (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967076-5. (later editions are available)
CRD 2004 art 2(2) defines 'family member' as a spouse, long term partner, descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen. See also Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (2008) C-127/08, holding that four asylum seekers from outside the EU, although they did not lawfully enter Ireland (because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected) were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married EU citizens. See also, R (Secretary of State for the Home Department) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh [1992] 3 CMLR 358
(2005) C-209/03, [2005] ECR I-2119
(2014) C‑333/13
(2011) C-565/08, [52]
(2001) C-157/99, [48]-[55]
(2001) C-157/99, [94] and [104]-[106]
(2000) C-251/98, [22]
e.g. Commission v Belgium (2000) C-478/98, holding that a law forbidding Belgian residents getting securities of loans on the Eurobond was unjustified discrimination. It was disproportionate in preserving, as Belgium argued, fiscal coherence or supervision.
See Commission v United Kingdom (2001) C-98/01 and Commission v Netherlands (2006) C‑282/04, AG Maduro's Opinion on golden shares in KPN NV and TPG NV.
(2007) C-112/05
(2010) C-171/08
See British Airways plc v Commission (2007) C- 95/04, [106], stating TFEU article 102 "is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly, but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure".
See Banco Español de Crédito SA v Camino (2012) Case C-618/10, [39] and Océano Grupo Editorial and Salvat Editores (2000) C-240/98 to C-244/98 and [2000] ECR I-4941, [25]
Banco Español de Crédito SA v Camino (2012) Case C-618/10
See Federación Española de Empresas de Tecnología Sanitaria (FENIN) v Commission (2003) T-319/99
TFEU art 49 distinguishes the right of establishment for "self employed persons" from the right "to set up and manage undertakings". Transfers of Understakings Directive 2001/23/EC art 1(b) defines an "economic entity" as an "organised grouping of resources". Contrast FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v Staat der Nederlanden (2014) C-413/13 and clarification that solo-self-employed persons will not be subject to competition law in Communication from the commission Guidelines on the application of Union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self-employed persons 2022/C 374/02
France Telecom SA v Commission (2009) C-202/07
T-604/18
(2015) C-62/14, [103]-[105]
Netherlands v Essent (2013) C-105/12, [4]

ec.europa.eu

"Population on 1 January". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
See Eurostat, Table 1.
White Paper, Completing the Internal Market (1985) COM(85)310
'Farmers and the agricultural labour force - statistics' (November 2022)
(20 March 2019) Case 40411
(20 December 2022) Case 40462

europa.eu

"Living in the EU". European Union. 5 July 2016.
R Schuman, Speech to the French National Assembly (9 May 1950)
(18 July 2018) Case 40099

europarl.europa.eu

'Parliament backs boost for renewables use and energy savings' (14 September 2022) europarl.europa.eu
'EU ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035 explained' (3 November 2022) europarl.europa.eu
Gargani, Giuseppe (2007). "Intellectual property rights: criminal sanctions to fight piracy and counterfeiting". European Parliament. Retrieved 30 June 2007.

publications.europa.eu

AG van Gerven, in Marshall (No 2) (1993) C-271/91, [1993] ECR I-4367 (Opinion), AG Jacobs, in Vaneetveld, C-316/93, [1994] ECR I-763, AG Lenz, in Faccini Dori (1994) C-91/92, [1994] ECR I-3325

data.europa.eu

"Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market". 27 December 2006.

eesc.europa.eu

See the Charter's text

op.europa.eu

Trans-European transport network Regulation, COM(2021) 812 final and European Court of Auditors Report (2018)

ft.com

T Wilson, 'Shell investors back moving HQ from Netherlands to UK' (10 December 2021) Financial Times

gesetze-im-internet.de

Compare, for example, the German Constitutional Court Act (Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz) §90, which requires the probability that a claimant's human rights are infringed, or the Administrative Court Order (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung) §42, which requires a probable infringement of a subjective right.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Le Page, Michael (21 September 2016). "The Great Carbon Scam". New Scientist. 231: 20–21. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5. S2CID 125134562. Norton, Michael; et al. (2019). "Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (11): 1256. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12643. hdl:20.500.11755/3e9ea771-9762-42d6-b1db-6f63ba2b6e5c. S2CID 202007944. Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (28 November 2022). "EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy". Nature. 612: 27. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04133-1. PMID 36443604. S2CID 254021202. the EU's 'own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.'

heinonline.org

See, for example, S Deakin and F Wilkinson, 'Rights vs Efficiency? The Economic Case for Transnational Labour Standards' (1994) 23(4) Industrial Law Journal 289

ilo.org

See the Clayton Act 1914 s 6, ILO Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention 1948 (No 87) which protects anyone, including self-employed, who works for a living. ECHR article 11, freedom of association subject only to proportionate restrictions in a democracy.

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

c.f. Shelley v Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) per Vinson CJ at 19, 'These are not cases, as has been suggested, in which the States have merely abstained from action, leaving private individuals free to impose such discriminations as they see fit. Rather, these are cases in which the States have made available to such individuals the full coercive power of government to deny to petitioners, on the grounds of race or color, the enjoyment of property rights in premises which petitioners are willing and financially able to acquire and which the grantors are willing to sell'.
The classic arguments are found in WZ Ripley, Main Street and Wall Street (Little, Brown & Co 1927), Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933) per Brandeis J and W Cary, 'Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections on Delaware' (1974) 83(4) Yale Law Journal 663. See further S Deakin, 'Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros' (1999) 2 CYELS 231.
See Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933)

legifrance.gouv.fr

French Higher Education Law (2019) art 90

legislation.gov.uk

See the European Union Referendum Act 2015 (c 36) on the campaign rules for the poll.

lemondedecathy.fr

Kaplan, Jed O.; et al. (2009). "The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 28: 3016. doi:10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2009.09.028. S2CID 42090586.

libertyfund.org

oll.libertyfund.org

W Penn, An ESSAY towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates (1693) in AR Murphy, The Political Writings of William Penn (2002) See D Urwin, The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration (1995)
JJ Rousseau, A lasting peace through the federation of Europe; and, The state of war (1756)

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Le Page, Michael (21 September 2016). "The Great Carbon Scam". New Scientist. 231: 20–21. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5. S2CID 125134562. Norton, Michael; et al. (2019). "Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (11): 1256. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12643. hdl:20.500.11755/3e9ea771-9762-42d6-b1db-6f63ba2b6e5c. S2CID 202007944. Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (28 November 2022). "EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy". Nature. 612: 27. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04133-1. PMID 36443604. S2CID 254021202. the EU's 'own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.'

openjur.de

Outright Monetary Transactions case (14 January 2014) BVerfGE 134, 366, 2 BvR 2728/13

ourworldindata.org

e.g. M Roser, 'Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?' (1 December 2020) Our World in Data

ox.ac.uk

law.ox.ac.uk

J Armour, 'Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?' (2016) OxBLB pt 1, 2.
J Armour, 'Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?' (2016) OxBLB pt 1, 2, in 2014, the year that VW fraud was first alleged, Winterkorn was paid €18 million, of which €16 million was 'performance based' variable pay.

routledge.com

cw.routledge.com

See T Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (1950) 28-9, positing that 'citizenship' passed from civil rights, political rights, to social rights, and JHH Weiler, 'The European Union belongs to its citizens: Three immodest proposals' (1997) 22 European Law Review 150

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

e.g. Habermas, J. (2015). "Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible". European Law Journal. 21 (4): 546. doi:10.1111/eulj.12128. S2CID 153849884. See also HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (1961) ch 4, on the danger of a static system and "rules of change".
See further Arnull, Anthony (1990). "Does the Court of Justice Have Inherent Jurisdiction?". Common Market Law Review. 27 (4): 683. doi:10.54648/cola1990043. S2CID 146781250.
cf Lechner, Susanne; Ohr, Renate (2011). "The right of withdrawal in the treaty of Lisbon: a game theoretic reflection on different decision processes in the EU". European Journal of Law and Economics. 32: 357. doi:10.1007/s10657-009-9139-1. S2CID 53362666.
See Skovgaard-Petersen, Henrik (December 2013). "There and back again: portability of student loans, grants and fee support in a free movement perspective". European Law Review. 38 (6): 783. S2CID 140851472.
Le Page, Michael (21 September 2016). "The Great Carbon Scam". New Scientist. 231: 20–21. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5. S2CID 125134562. Norton, Michael; et al. (2019). "Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (11): 1256. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12643. hdl:20.500.11755/3e9ea771-9762-42d6-b1db-6f63ba2b6e5c. S2CID 202007944. Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (28 November 2022). "EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy". Nature. 612: 27. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04133-1. PMID 36443604. S2CID 254021202. the EU's 'own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.'
Kaplan, Jed O.; et al. (2009). "The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 28: 3016. doi:10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2009.09.028. S2CID 42090586.

sochealth.co.uk

See W Beveridge, Social insurance and allied services (1942) Cmd 6404, Part VI, §427, 'Restoration of a sick person to health is a duty of the State and the sick person, prior to any other consideration.' Department of Health, NHS Constitution for England (27 July 2015) art 1(2) access 'to NHS services is based on clinical need, not an individual's ability to pay'. The UK's NHS, since 2010, has suffered from substantial underfunding, and increasing privatisation after the Health and Social Care Act 2012 ss 164-5, amending NHS Act 2006 s 43A.

speedtest.net

See Speedtest.net for average broadband and mobile internet speeds by country.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

TFEU art 282 and TEU art 3(3). M Roth, 'Employment as a Goal of Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank' (2015) ssrn.com argues that the price stability objective cannot be interpreted in a way that conflicts with general EU goals.
UDHR 1948 arts 3 and 27(1). ICESCR 1966 art 15. On origins, see L Shaver, 'The right to science and culture' [2010] Wisconsin Law Review 121.

ssrn.com

See LD Brandeis, Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It (1914) and E McGaughey, 'Does Corporate Governance Exclude the Ultimate Investor?' (2016) 16(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 221

statista.com

See 'Weekly European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) carbon pricing in 2022' (13 December 2022) Statistia

techcrunch.com

J Constine, 'Facebook Asks Users If It Can Abolish Their Right To Vote On Future Site Governance Changes' (21 November 2012) TechCrunch

thedrum.com

A Nix, 'The Power of Big Data and Psychographics' (27 September 2016) 2016 Concordia Annual Summit, Alexander Nix of Cambridge Analytica explaining they had "four or five thousand data points on every adult in the United States", that they worked for the Cruz campaign and were working for Trump. C Wylie, Mindf*ck (2020) on Cambridge Analytica working to procure Brexit. R Darbyshire, '"We Dumped Our Entire Budget in the Last 10 days": Inside the Behavioural Science Strategy of Vote Leave' (13 June 2017) The Drum, Dominic Cummings organiser of Vote Leave saying they targeted 'roughly 7 million people, who saw something like one and a half billion ads'. R Mueller, Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election (March 2019) 1, on Russian cyber-war against the US in the 2016 election. House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363, 43-4, §162, Russia engaged in "unconventional warfare" against the UK to back Brexit.

theguardian.com

e.g. J Stiglitz, 'Too important for bankers' (11 June 2003) The Guardian and J Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality (2011) ch 9 and 349

thenextweb.com

cf T Macaulay, 'How to stop annoying cookie pop-ups from ruining your browsing: It doesn't have to be this way' (26 May 2022) TNW

transportpolicy.net

Vehicle Emissions Regulation (EC) 715/2007 Annex, sets out the Euro 6 limits. See summary in 'EU: Light-Duty: Emissions' and 'EU: Heavy-Duty: Emissions' (2021) transportpolicy.net

uchicago.edu

chicagounbound.uchicago.edu

For example, in this vast philosophical debate, see on the one hand O Gierke, The Social Role of Private Law (1889), F Kessler, 'Natural Law, Justice and Democracy—Some Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice' (1944) 19 Tulane Law Review 32, 52, R Dworkin, Law's Empire (1985). For well known minority positions advocating 'legal positivism' (the view that the concept of law and morality should be intellectually segregated) see HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (1961). For the work that is widely seen as having resolved the positivism debate in philosophy, see L Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (1953)

unizar.es

See Comite Intergouvernemental créé par la conference de Messine. Rapport des chefs de delegation aux ministres des affaires etrangeres (21 April 1956 Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine) text in French.

web.archive.org

See Comite Intergouvernemental créé par la conference de Messine. Rapport des chefs de delegation aux ministres des affaires etrangeres (21 April 1956 Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine) text in French.
e.g. M Banks, 'Sarkozy slated over Strasbourg seat' (24 May 2007) EU Politix Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Statute of the Court art 48 Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice arts 28 and 60 and Statute of the Court art 16(3) Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Treaty on European Union art 2
See TEU art 3(1) 'The Union's aim is to promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples.' (3) '... and shall promote social justice and protection...'
See TEU arts 3(3) 'It shall work for the sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment'. Art 4(3) 'Pursuant to the principle of sincere cooperation, the Union and the Member States shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties'.
TEU art 50. On the most sophisticated discussion of constitutional law and human rights principles for secession, see Reference Re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, particularly [67] "The consent of the governed is a value that is basic to our understanding of a free and democratic society. Yet democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law". And [149] "Democracy, however, means more than simple majority rule".
See TEU arts 13–19
See the UN Charter 1945 Preamble
TEU art 17
TFEU art 294
TEU art 2
TEU art 7
TFEU art 282–287
c.f. TEU art 9
TEU art 19(2) and TFEU arts 253–254
TFEU arts 258–259
See Magna Carta, ECHR art 6 and CFREU art 47
TEU art 6(2) and Opinion 2/13 (2014)
CFREU 2000 art 47, right to an effective remedy.
TFEU art 345
See TEU art 3(3) and Directives and Regulations issued under TFEU arts 101–109 and 145–172.
See TFEU Part III, arts 26-197. further, AO Hirschmann, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970)
TFEU art 169
TFEU art 169(3) and the CFREU art 38
TFEU art 147
TFEU art 153(1)
European Social Charter 1961 arts 7, 10 and 17. ICESCR 1966 art 13(2)(c). cf in the UK, the Higher Education Act 2004 ss 23-24 and 31-39 (tuition fees and plans) and Higher Education (Higher Amount) Regulations 2010 regs 4-5A.
ICESCR 1966 art 13(2)(c), "Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". UDHR 1948 art 26 "free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages" and "higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit."
European Social Charter 1961 arts 7, 10 and 17. cf ECHR 1950 Protocol 1, article 2 and the Belgian Linguistic case (No 2) (1968) 1 EHRR 252. CFREU 2000 art 14.
UDHR 1948 art 23. ICESCR 1966 art 7. E McGaughey, Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights (Cambridge UP 2022) ch 10
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union arts 3-4
CFREU 2000 art 37
TFEU art 3(3) "improvement of the environment"
ICCPR 1966 art 1(2) and ICESCR 1966 art 1(2). See also TFEU art 194, requiring a functioning energy market, security of supply, energy efficiency and 'new and renewable forms of energy', and network interconnection. Such measures shall not affect a Member State's right to determine the conditions for exploiting its energy resources, its choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply, without prejudice to Article 192(2)(c)" which in turn requires unanimity for "measures significantly affecting a Member State's choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply." This does not prevent measures to make energy sources internalise pollution costs in full.
CFREU 2000 art 37. TFEU arts 4 (shared competence for agriculture and environment), 13 (pay regard to animal welfare)
TFEU arts 38-44, and art 39 on CAP objectives.
UDHR 1948 art 27, and ICESCR 1966 art 15(1)(b)
CFREU 2000 art 8

wired.com

e.g. K Finley, 'The First US City With 10 GB Internet Is ... Salisbury' (4 September 2015) Wired, reporting speeds in Salisbury, North Carolina, of 10 Gigabits, or 10,000Mbps.

worldcat.org

Lashyn, Serhii (1 October 2021). "The Aporia of EU Citizenship". Liverpool Law Review. 42 (3): 361–377. doi:10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y. ISSN 1572-8625.

youtube.com

A Nix, 'The Power of Big Data and Psychographics' (27 September 2016) 2016 Concordia Annual Summit, Alexander Nix of Cambridge Analytica explaining they had "four or five thousand data points on every adult in the United States", that they worked for the Cruz campaign and were working for Trump. C Wylie, Mindf*ck (2020) on Cambridge Analytica working to procure Brexit. R Darbyshire, '"We Dumped Our Entire Budget in the Last 10 days": Inside the Behavioural Science Strategy of Vote Leave' (13 June 2017) The Drum, Dominic Cummings organiser of Vote Leave saying they targeted 'roughly 7 million people, who saw something like one and a half billion ads'. R Mueller, Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election (March 2019) 1, on Russian cyber-war against the US in the 2016 election. House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363, 43-4, §162, Russia engaged in "unconventional warfare" against the UK to back Brexit.