Fire (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Fire" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

41doi.org

2^nd place

26nih.gov

4^th place

24web.archive.org

1^st place

17books.google.com

3^rd place

16harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

5semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

4jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

4nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

3worldcat.org

5^th place

3etymonline.com

287^th place

321^st place

2caltech.edu

887^th place

714^th place

2bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1nwcg.gov

low place

9,400^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1gsu.edu

1,911^th place

1,817^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1aessoil.com

low place

1modernsciences.org

low place

1nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

1go.com

48^th place

39^th place

1sciencenewstoday.org

low place

1fao.org

318^th place

411^th place

1columbia.edu

488^th place

374^th place

1google.com

163^rd place

185^th place

1acs.org

1,248^th place

1,104^th place

1croris.hr

low place

1popularmechanics.com

1,808^th place

1,159^th place

1nzhistory.govt.nz

6,226^th place

3,938^th place

1apjjf.org

8,476^th place

5,338^th place

1iea.org

2,532^nd place

2,451^st place

1eia.gov

2,290^th place

1,909^th place

1howstuffworks.com

840^th place

635^th place

1azwood.co.nz

low place

1newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

1youtube.com

9^th place

13^th place

1ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1io9.com

2,391^st place

1,563^rd place

1met.com

low place

1osti.gov

2,036^th place

1,254^th place

1bris.ac.uk

4,848^th place

3,431^st place

1sciencenotes.org

low place

1engineeringtoolbox.com

5,522^nd place

4,948^th place

1derose.net

low place

1fireapparatusmagazine.com

low place

1worldrescuers.com

low place

1usda.gov

438^th place

336^th place

1priceonomics.com

low place

1uni-freiburg.de

5,792^nd place

9,376^th place

1smokeybear.com

low place

1gov.mb.ca

8,104^th place

4,664^th place

1nist.gov

355^th place

454^th place

1fema.gov

6,922^nd place

4,361^st place

1independent.co.uk

36^th place

33^rd place

1siu.edu

low place

9,567^th place

1timesofisrael.com

571^st place

403^rd place

1livescience.com

1,190^th place

959^th place

1medcentral.com

low place

acs.org (Global: 1,248^th place; English: 1,104^th place)

"The Chemical Revolution of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier". International Historic Chemical Landmark. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2025-03-07.

aessoil.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How Do Wildfires Affect Soil? - Applied Earth Sciences". 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476^th place; English: 5,338^th place)

Guillaume, Marine (2016-12-01). "Napalm in US Bombing Doctrine and Practice, 1942-1975" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. 14 (23). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-04.

azwood.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Clinker Formation in Biomass Boiler: What Is It and How To Prevent It". Azwood. Retrieved 2025-05-02.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.co.uk

Ghosh, Pallab; Sargeant, Paul (December 10, 2025). "The moment the earliest known man-made fire was uncovered". BBC News. Retrieved 2025-12-10.

news.bbc.co.uk

"In Pictures: German destruction ". BBC News.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Pyne, Stephen J. (1998). "Forged in Fire: History, Land and Anthropogenic Fire". In Balée, William (ed.). Advances in Historical Ecology. Historical Ecology Series. University of Columbia Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 0-231-10632-7.
Chang, Ku-ming (Kevin) (2015). "Phlogiston and Chemical Principles". In Parshall, Karen Hunger; Walton, Michael T.; Moran, Bruce T. (eds.). Bridging Traditions: Alchemy, Chemistry, and Paracelsian Practices in the Early Modern Era. Early Modern Studies. Penn State Press. pp. 101–121. ISBN 978-0-271-09125-9.
McNab, Chris (2015). The Flamethrower. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4728-0903-2.
Fletcher, David (2012). Churchill Crocodile Flamethrower. New Vanguard. Vol. 136. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-78096-803-2.
Barash, David P.; Webel, Charles P. (10 July 2008). Peace and Conflict Studies. SAGE. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-4129-6120-2.
Rutherford, F. James; Ahlgren, Andrew (1991). Science for All Americans. Oxford University Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-19-536186-5.
Stauffer, E.; NicDaéid, N. (2017). "Chemistry of Fire". In Houck, Max M. (ed.). Forensic Engineering. Advanced Forensic Science Series. Elsevier, Inc. pp. 137–143. ISBN 978-0-12-802718-9.
Gisborne, H. T. (Winter 2004). "Fundamentals of Fire Behavior". Fire Management Today. 64 (1). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 15–23.
Kirkpatrick, Allan T.; Kuo, Kenneth K. (2024). Principles of Combustion. Wiley. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-394-18707-2.
Mishra, D. P. (2007). Fundamentals of Combustion. PHI Learning. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-81-203-3348-2.
Drew, James M. (2013). Blacksmithing. Read Books Limited. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4733-8543-6.
Home Fire Safety Checklist. The Safety Network. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1989. p. 2.
Marion, Jeffrey (2014). Leave No Trace in the Outdoors. Stackpole Books. pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-0-8117-6051-5.
Ward, Michael (March 2005). Fire Officer: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-2247-0.
Diamantes, David (2014). "Fire Protection Systems Testing". Principles of Fire Prevention. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. pp. 120–132. ISBN 978-1-284-04186-6.
Baars, Hans; Smulders, Andre; Hintzbergen, Kees; Hintzbergen, Jule (2015-04-15). Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002 (3rd revised ed.). Van Haren. ISBN 978-94-018-0541-4.
Hales, Robert E. (2008). "Impulse Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified". In Yudofsky, Stuart C.; Gabbard, Glen O. (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 793. ISBN 978-1-58562-257-3.

bris.ac.uk (Global: 4,848^th place; English: 3,431^st place)

chm.bris.ac.uk

Whitley, Ollie; Belding, Stephen (October 2020). "Diborane: The Story of an Undergraduate vs a Nobel Laureate". Molecule of the Month. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. Retrieved 2025-03-03.

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; English: 714^th place)

resolver.caltech.edu

Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.

columbia.edu (Global: 488^th place; English: 374^th place)

blogs.ei.columbia.edu

Krajick, Kevin (16 November 2011). "Farmers, Flames and Climate: Are We Entering an Age of 'Mega-Fires'? – State of the Planet". Columbia Climate School. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-05-23.

croris.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Petaros, A.; Borrini, M.; Josip, A. (2009). The history of fire and torture – fire in crimes committed against the integrity of life and health. V Meeting of the International Society for the History of Medicine. p. 92. Retrieved 2025-02-25.

derose.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Flame temperatures". www.derose.net. Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2007-07-09.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915811F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515. PMC 6825191. PMID 31676808.
Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C (2006). "Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects". International Journal of Wildland Fire. 3 (15): 319–345. doi:10.1071/WF05097. S2CID 724358.
Morris, S. E.; Moses, T. A. (1987). "Forest Fire and the Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 77 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00156.x. ISSN 0004-5608.
Al-Hajj, S.; et al. (2022). "Interventions for preventing residential fires in vulnerable neighbourhoods and Indigenous communities: A systematic review of the literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (9): 5434. doi:10.3390/ijerph19105434 (inactive 4 December 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2025 (link)
Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 717–31, discussion 731–2. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMC 1692785. PMID 10905606.
Jones, Timothy P.; Chaloner, William G. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 97 (1–2): 39–50. Bibcode:1991PPP....97...39J. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y.
Glasspool, I. J.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology. 32 (5): 381–383. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..381G. doi:10.1130/G20363.1.
Scott, A. C.; Glasspool, I. J. (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–90. Bibcode:1997Palai..12..380R. doi:10.2307/3515337. JSTOR 3515337.
Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696) 20150164. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164. PMC 4874402. PMID 27216521.
Gowlett, J. A. J.; Wrangham, R. W. (2013). "Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 48 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754. S2CID 163033909.
Kaplan, Matt (2012). "Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10372. S2CID 177595396. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Berna, Francesco; Goldberg, Paul; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (May 15, 2012). "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". PNAS. 109 (20): E1215 – E1220. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMC 3356665. PMID 22474385.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Penzias, A. A. (August 1979). "The Origin of the Elements". Science. 205 (4406): 549–554. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..549P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4406.549. PMID 17729659.
Dolman, Han (March 2023). "The discovery of the Carbon Dioxide molecule". Carbon Dioxide Through the Ages: From Wild Spirit to Climate Culprit. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–61. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198869412.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-886941-2.
Black, Ernest G. (February 1927). "Torture under English Law". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 75 (4): 344–348. doi:10.2307/3307506. JSTOR 3307506.
Turner, Matthew D.; Sapp, Jason (November 2023). "Fire and Brimstone: SO₂ as a Chemical Weapon in History". Military Medicine. 188 (11–12): 286–288. doi:10.1093/milmed/usad160. PMID 37192218.
Cheronis, Nicholas D. (August 1, 1937). "Chemical warfare in the middle ages. Kallinikos' 'prepared fire'". Journal of Chemical Education. 14 (8): 360. Bibcode:1937JChEd..14..360C. doi:10.1021/ed014p360.
Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "Cathayan Arrows and Meteors: The Origins of Chinese Rocketry". Journal of Chinese Military History. 2 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1163/22127453-12341243.
Martín-Alberca, C.; Ferrando, J. L.; García-Ruiz, C. (March 2013). "Anionic markers for the forensic identification of Chemical Ignition Molotov Cocktail composition". Science & Justice. 53 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2012.11.004. PMID 23380062.
Patterson, Ian (February 1, 2017). "Xabier Irujo. Gernika, 1937: The Market Day Massacre". The American Historical Review. 122 (1). Reno: University of Nevada Press: 263–264. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.1.263.
Tuśnio, Norbert; Wolny, Paweł (2016). "New Techniques and a New Approach to the Effective Extinguishing of Fully Developed Fires in Enclosed Spaces". Internal Security. 8 (1): 213–224. doi:10.5604/20805268.1231596.
Trimm, D. L. (September 15, 1983). "Catalytic combustion (review)". Applied Catalysis. 7 (3): 249–282. doi:10.1016/0166-9834(83)80027-X.
Bryant, D. (May 1995). "An investigation into the effects of gravity level on rate of heat release and time to ignition". Fire and Materials. 19 (3): 119–126. doi:10.1002/fam.810190304.
Lei, Baiwei; He, Binbin; Xiao, Bowen; Du, Peiying; Wu, Bing (April 1, 2020). "Comparative study of single inert gas in confined space inhibiting open flame coal combustion". Fuel. 265 116976. Bibcode:2020Fuel..26516976L. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116976.
Grant, G.; Brenton, J.; Drysdale, D. (April 2000). "Fire suppression by water sprays". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 26 (2): 79–130. Bibcode:2000PECS...26...79G. doi:10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00012-X.
Kim, Tae-Sun; Park, Tae-Hee; Park, Jeong-Hwa; Yang, Ji-Hyun; Han, Dong-Hun; Lee, Byeong-Chae; Kwon, Jin-Suk (August 2024). "Thermal characteristics of fire extinguishing agents in compartment fire suppression". Science Progress. 107 (3) 00368504241263435. doi:10.1177/00368504241263435. PMC 11298059. PMID 39096047.
Dixon, Harold B.; Edgar, E. C. (1906). "The Atomic Weight of Chlorine: An Attempt to Determine the Equivalent of Chlorine by Direct Burning with Hydrogen". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character. 205 (387–401): 169–200. Bibcode:1906RSPTA.205..169D. doi:10.1098/rsta.1906.0005.
Grosse, A. V.; Kirshenbaum, A. D. (October 1955). "The Premixed Hydrogen-Fluorine Flame and its Burning Velocity". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (19): 5012–5013. Bibcode:1955JAChS..77.5012G. doi:10.1021/ja01624a018.
Hutto, Richard L. (December 1, 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1827H. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19263880.
Rodgers, K. M.; et al. (2019). "Health toll from open flame and cigarette-started fires on flame-retardant furniture in Massachusetts, 2003–2016". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (9): 1205–1211. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305157. PMC 6687246. PMID 31318595.
Butry, D. T.; Thomas, D. S. (2017). "Cigarette Fires Involving Upholstered Furniture in Residences: The Role that Smokers, Smoker Behavior, and Fire Standard Compliant Cigarettes Play". Fire Technology. 53 (3): 1123–1146. doi:10.1007/s10694-016-0621-3. PMC 5524378. PMID 28751788.
Badem, Abdullah (2024). "The Effects of Fire in Human Life and in the Cuisine from the Paleolithic to the Modern Age". Journal of Ecohumanism. 3 (6): 269–293. doi:10.62754/joe.v3i6.4002.
Pyne, Stephen J. (June 5, 2016). "Fire in the mind: changing understandings of fire in Western civilization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0166. PMC 4874404. PMID 27216523.
Noy, David (November 2000). "Building a Roman Funeral Pyre". Antichthon. 34: 30–45. doi:10.1017/S0066477400001167.
Rezaie, Leeba; Hosseini, Seyed Ali; Rassafiani, Mehdi; Najafi, Farid; Shakeri, Jalal; Khankeh, Hamid Reza (March 2014). "Why self-immolation? A qualitative exploration of the motives for attempting suicide by self-immolation". Burns. 40 (2): 319–327. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.06.016. PMID 23891233.
Pope, R. J.; Marshall, A. M.; O'Kane, B. O. (November 2016). "Observing UK Bonfire Night pollution from space: analysis of atmospheric aerosol". Weather. 71 (11): 288–291. Bibcode:2016Wthr...71..288P. doi:10.1002/wea.2914.
Tanda, Stefan; Ličbinský, Roman; Hegrová, Jitka; Goessler, Walter (July 2019). "Impact of New Year's Eve fireworks on the size resolved element distributions in airborne particles". Environment International. 128: 371–378. Bibcode:2019EnInt.128..371T. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.071. PMID 31078006.
Olson, Lisa (2021). "Moral Bonfires: An Exploration of Book Burning in American Society". Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management. 16. doi:10.5931/djim.v16i1.10886.

eia.gov (Global: 2,290^th place; English: 1,909^th place)

"How electricity is generated". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2023-11-02.

engineeringtoolbox.com (Global: 5,522^nd place; English: 4,948^th place)

"Adiabatic Flame Temperatures". Engineering Toolbox. 2003. Retrieved 2025-03-01.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

"fire". Online Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
Harper, Douglas. "Origin and history of ignite". etymonline – online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 2025-05-24.
Harper, Douglas. "Origin and history of pyro-". etymonline – online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

fao.org (Global: 318^th place; English: 411^th place)

Wade, D. D.; Lundsford, J. (1990). "Fire as a forest management tool: prescribed burning in the southern United States". Unasylva. 41 (3): 28–38. Retrieved 2025-02-25.

fema.gov (Global: 6,922^nd place; English: 4,361^st place)

usfa.fema.gov

U.S. Fire Administration, "Cooking Fires in Residential Buildings (2017-2019)", July 2021

fireapparatusmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Roberts, Geary (April 1, 2010). "Class A and B: What you need to know about foam". Fire Apparatus Magazine. Retrieved 2025-02-28.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

NASA Johnson (29 August 2008). "Ask Astronaut Greg Chamitoff: Light a Match!". Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via YouTube.

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

abcnews.go.com

O'Carroll, Eoin (5 April 2012). "Were Early Humans Cooking Their Food a Million Years Ago?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. Early humans harnessed fire as early as a million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, suggests evidence unearthed in a cave in South Africa.

google.com (Global: 163^rd place; English: 185^th place)

Dolman, Han (March 2023). "The discovery of the Carbon Dioxide molecule". Carbon Dioxide Through the Ages: From Wild Spirit to Climate Culprit. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–61. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198869412.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-886941-2.

gov.mb.ca (Global: 8,104^th place; English: 4,664^th place)

firecomm.gov.mb.ca

"Fire & Life Safety Education". Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008.

gsu.edu (Global: 1,911^th place; English: 1,817^th place)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

"Flame Colors as Chemical Indicators". Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915811F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515. PMC 6825191. PMID 31676808.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915811F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515. PMC 6825191. PMID 31676808.
Jones, Timothy P.; Chaloner, William G. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 97 (1–2): 39–50. Bibcode:1991PPP....97...39J. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y.
Glasspool, I. J.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology. 32 (5): 381–383. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..381G. doi:10.1130/G20363.1.
Scott, A. C.; Glasspool, I. J. (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–90. Bibcode:1997Palai..12..380R. doi:10.2307/3515337. JSTOR 3515337.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Penzias, A. A. (August 1979). "The Origin of the Elements". Science. 205 (4406): 549–554. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..549P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4406.549. PMID 17729659.
Cheronis, Nicholas D. (August 1, 1937). "Chemical warfare in the middle ages. Kallinikos' 'prepared fire'". Journal of Chemical Education. 14 (8): 360. Bibcode:1937JChEd..14..360C. doi:10.1021/ed014p360.
Lei, Baiwei; He, Binbin; Xiao, Bowen; Du, Peiying; Wu, Bing (April 1, 2020). "Comparative study of single inert gas in confined space inhibiting open flame coal combustion". Fuel. 265 116976. Bibcode:2020Fuel..26516976L. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116976.
Grant, G.; Brenton, J.; Drysdale, D. (April 2000). "Fire suppression by water sprays". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 26 (2): 79–130. Bibcode:2000PECS...26...79G. doi:10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00012-X.
Dixon, Harold B.; Edgar, E. C. (1906). "The Atomic Weight of Chlorine: An Attempt to Determine the Equivalent of Chlorine by Direct Burning with Hydrogen". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character. 205 (387–401): 169–200. Bibcode:1906RSPTA.205..169D. doi:10.1098/rsta.1906.0005.
Grosse, A. V.; Kirshenbaum, A. D. (October 1955). "The Premixed Hydrogen-Fluorine Flame and its Burning Velocity". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (19): 5012–5013. Bibcode:1955JAChS..77.5012G. doi:10.1021/ja01624a018.
Hutto, Richard L. (December 1, 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1827H. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19263880.
Pope, R. J.; Marshall, A. M.; O'Kane, B. O. (November 2016). "Observing UK Bonfire Night pollution from space: analysis of atmospheric aerosol". Weather. 71 (11): 288–291. Bibcode:2016Wthr...71..288P. doi:10.1002/wea.2914.
Tanda, Stefan; Ličbinský, Roman; Hegrová, Jitka; Goessler, Walter (July 2019). "Impact of New Year's Eve fireworks on the size resolved element distributions in airborne particles". Environment International. 128: 371–378. Bibcode:2019EnInt.128..371T. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.071. PMID 31078006.

howstuffworks.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 635^th place)

science.howstuffworks.com

Bowie, Desiree (July 18, 2023). "What Is an Internal Combustion Engine?". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2025-12-05.

iea.org (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 2,451^st place)

"World Energy Outlook 2022". IEA. October 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

Taylor, Jerome (2008-10-14). "The burning issue of Hindu funeral pyres". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2025-04-22. Retrieved 2025-04-22.

io9.com (Global: 2,391^st place; English: 1,563^rd place)

Inglis-Arkell, Esther (8 March 2011). "How does fire behave in zero gravity?". io9. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS. 12 (4): 380–90. Bibcode:1997Palai..12..380R. doi:10.2307/3515337. JSTOR 3515337.
Black, Ernest G. (February 1927). "Torture under English Law". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 75 (4): 344–348. doi:10.2307/3307506. JSTOR 3307506.
Melville, R. D. (April 1905). "The Use and Forms of Judicial Torture in England and Scotland". The Scottish Historical Review. 2 (7): 225–248. JSTOR 25517609. In particular, see p. 238.
Warpole, Ken (2009). "Living with the Dead: Burial, Cremation and Memory". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 98 (392): 447–456. JSTOR 25660708.

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

Wolchover, Natalie (April 23, 2012). "Why We Are Drawn to Fire". Live Science. Retrieved 2025-03-11.

medcentral.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Millard, Elizabeth (January 12, 2022). "DSM-5 Phobia Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment". MedCentral. HealthCentral. Retrieved 2025-03-11.

met.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

group.met.com

"Why does natural gas burn blue?". Met. October 31, 2023. Retrieved 2025-03-03.

modernsciences.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pyne, Stephen (February 10, 2025). "Human use of fire has produced an era of uncontrolled burning: Welcome to the Pyrocene". Modern Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-26.

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

microgravity.grc.nasa.gov

"CFM-1 experiment results". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. April 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12.
"LSP-1 experiment results". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. April 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12.

acd-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov

"Examples of blackbody radiators". NASA – Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory. November 12, 1998. Retrieved 2025-03-05.

science.nasa.gov

"Spiral flames in microgravity]". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-03-19.

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Kaplan, Matt (2012). "Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10372. S2CID 177595396. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

"What is fire?". New Scientist. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2022.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915811F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515. PMC 6825191. PMID 31676808.
Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 717–31, discussion 731–2. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMC 1692785. PMID 10905606.
Scott, A. C.; Glasspool, I. J. (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696) 20150164. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164. PMC 4874402. PMID 27216521.
Berna, Francesco; Goldberg, Paul; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (May 15, 2012). "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". PNAS. 109 (20): E1215 – E1220. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMC 3356665. PMID 22474385.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Penzias, A. A. (August 1979). "The Origin of the Elements". Science. 205 (4406): 549–554. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..549P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4406.549. PMID 17729659.
Turner, Matthew D.; Sapp, Jason (November 2023). "Fire and Brimstone: SO₂ as a Chemical Weapon in History". Military Medicine. 188 (11–12): 286–288. doi:10.1093/milmed/usad160. PMID 37192218.
Martín-Alberca, C.; Ferrando, J. L.; García-Ruiz, C. (March 2013). "Anionic markers for the forensic identification of Chemical Ignition Molotov Cocktail composition". Science & Justice. 53 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2012.11.004. PMID 23380062.
Kim, Tae-Sun; Park, Tae-Hee; Park, Jeong-Hwa; Yang, Ji-Hyun; Han, Dong-Hun; Lee, Byeong-Chae; Kwon, Jin-Suk (August 2024). "Thermal characteristics of fire extinguishing agents in compartment fire suppression". Science Progress. 107 (3) 00368504241263435. doi:10.1177/00368504241263435. PMC 11298059. PMID 39096047.
Hutto, Richard L. (December 1, 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1827H. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19263880.
Rodgers, K. M.; et al. (2019). "Health toll from open flame and cigarette-started fires on flame-retardant furniture in Massachusetts, 2003–2016". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (9): 1205–1211. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305157. PMC 6687246. PMID 31318595.
Butry, D. T.; Thomas, D. S. (2017). "Cigarette Fires Involving Upholstered Furniture in Residences: The Role that Smokers, Smoker Behavior, and Fire Standard Compliant Cigarettes Play". Fire Technology. 53 (3): 1123–1146. doi:10.1007/s10694-016-0621-3. PMC 5524378. PMID 28751788.
Pyne, Stephen J. (June 5, 2016). "Fire in the mind: changing understandings of fire in Western civilization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0166. PMC 4874404. PMID 27216523.
Rezaie, Leeba; Hosseini, Seyed Ali; Rassafiani, Mehdi; Najafi, Farid; Shakeri, Jalal; Khankeh, Hamid Reza (March 2014). "Why self-immolation? A qualitative exploration of the motives for attempting suicide by self-immolation". Burns. 40 (2): 319–327. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.06.016. PMID 23891233.
Tanda, Stefan; Ličbinský, Roman; Hegrová, Jitka; Goessler, Walter (July 2019). "Impact of New Year's Eve fireworks on the size resolved element distributions in airborne particles". Environment International. 128: 371–378. Bibcode:2019EnInt.128..371T. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.071. PMID 31078006.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915811F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515. PMC 6825191. PMID 31676808.
Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 717–31, discussion 731–2. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMC 1692785. PMID 10905606.
Scott, A. C.; Glasspool, I. J. (2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10861–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054.
Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696) 20150164. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164. PMC 4874402. PMID 27216521.
Berna, Francesco; Goldberg, Paul; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (May 15, 2012). "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". PNAS. 109 (20): E1215 – E1220. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMC 3356665. PMID 22474385.
Kim, Tae-Sun; Park, Tae-Hee; Park, Jeong-Hwa; Yang, Ji-Hyun; Han, Dong-Hun; Lee, Byeong-Chae; Kwon, Jin-Suk (August 2024). "Thermal characteristics of fire extinguishing agents in compartment fire suppression". Science Progress. 107 (3) 00368504241263435. doi:10.1177/00368504241263435. PMC 11298059. PMID 39096047.
Rodgers, K. M.; et al. (2019). "Health toll from open flame and cigarette-started fires on flame-retardant furniture in Massachusetts, 2003–2016". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (9): 1205–1211. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305157. PMC 6687246. PMID 31318595.
Butry, D. T.; Thomas, D. S. (2017). "Cigarette Fires Involving Upholstered Furniture in Residences: The Role that Smokers, Smoker Behavior, and Fire Standard Compliant Cigarettes Play". Fire Technology. 53 (3): 1123–1146. doi:10.1007/s10694-016-0621-3. PMC 5524378. PMID 28751788.
Pyne, Stephen J. (June 5, 2016). "Fire in the mind: changing understandings of fire in Western civilization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1696). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0166. PMC 4874404. PMID 27216523.

nist.gov (Global: 355^th place; English: 454^th place)

nvlpubs.nist.gov

Lawson, J. Randall (March 2009). "A History of Fire Testing" (PDF). MST Technical Note. NIST. Retrieved 2025-12-05.

nwcg.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,400^th place)

"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 2007. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"SCIENCE WATCH; Burning Plants Adding to Nitrogen". The New York Times. 1990-08-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.

nzhistory.govt.nz (Global: 6,226^th place; English: 3,938^th place)

"Flamethrower in action". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.

osti.gov (Global: 2,036^th place; English: 1,254^th place)

Melof, Brian M.; Grubelich, Mark C. (November 15, 2000). Investigation of Hypergolic Fuels with Hydrogen Peroxide. 3rd International Hydrogen Peroxide Propulsion Conference. OSTI 767866.

popularmechanics.com (Global: 1,808^th place; English: 1,159^th place)

Guerrieri, Vince (February 17, 2020). "Why Fire Is the Greatest Tool of All Time". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Digital Media. Retrieved 2025-02-26.

priceonomics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Christopher, Ben (21 July 2016). "Does Using Airplanes to Put out Forest Fires Actually Work?". Priceonomics. Retrieved 2025-02-28.

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

Lowe, Derek (February 26, 2008). "Sand Won't Save You This Time". Science. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2022.

sciencenewstoday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tuhin, Muhammad (June 24, 2025). "Ancient Humans Were Using Fire to Shape the Earth 50,000 Years Ago". Science News. Retrieved 2025-06-30.

sciencenotes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Helmenstine, Anne (January 6, 2021). "Adiabatic Flame Temperature Chart". Science Notes. Retrieved 2025-03-05.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C (2006). "Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects". International Journal of Wildland Fire. 3 (15): 319–345. doi:10.1071/WF05097. S2CID 724358.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Gowlett, J. A. J.; Wrangham, R. W. (2013). "Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 48 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754. S2CID 163033909.
Kaplan, Matt (2012). "Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10372. S2CID 177595396. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.

siu.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,567^th place)

opensiuc.lib.siu.edu

Myers, Zach (13 February 2019). "Barbecue as a Historical Looking Glass". Legacy. 18 (1). Retrieved 2025-03-06.

smokeybear.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Prescribed Fires". SmokeyBear.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2008-11-21.

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571^st place; English: 403^rd place)

Giannakouris, Petros; Nellas, Demetris (April 9, 2018). "Greek towns ritually burn Judas as Orthodox celebrate Easter". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2025-03-06.

uni-freiburg.de (Global: 5,792^nd place; English: 9,376^th place)

fire.uni-freiburg.de

"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain". International Forest Fire News. 18: 80–81. January 1998. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-09-03.

usda.gov (Global: 438^th place; English: 336^th place)

fs.usda.gov

"History of Fire Tower Lookout and Cabin Rentals". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2025-03-05.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 2007. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
"Flame Colors as Chemical Indicators". Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
"SCIENCE WATCH; Burning Plants Adding to Nitrogen". The New York Times. 1990-08-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
"How Do Wildfires Affect Soil? - Applied Earth Sciences". 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
"fire". Online Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Kaplan, Matt (2012). "Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10372. S2CID 177595396. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
O'Carroll, Eoin (5 April 2012). "Were Early Humans Cooking Their Food a Million Years Ago?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. Early humans harnessed fire as early as a million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, suggests evidence unearthed in a cave in South Africa.
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.; Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009). "Fire in the Earth system". Science. 324 (5926): 481–84. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038. S2CID 22389421. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
Krajick, Kevin (16 November 2011). "Farmers, Flames and Climate: Are We Entering an Age of 'Mega-Fires'? – State of the Planet". Columbia Climate School. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
"Flamethrower in action". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
Guillaume, Marine (2016-12-01). "Napalm in US Bombing Doctrine and Practice, 1942-1975" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. 14 (23). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-04.
"World Energy Outlook 2022". IEA. October 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27.
"What is fire?". New Scientist. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
Lowe, Derek (February 26, 2008). "Sand Won't Save You This Time". Science. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
Inglis-Arkell, Esther (8 March 2011). "How does fire behave in zero gravity?". io9. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
"Spiral flames in microgravity]". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-03-19.
"CFM-1 experiment results". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. April 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12.
"LSP-1 experiment results". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. April 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12.
"Flame temperatures". www.derose.net. Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain". International Forest Fire News. 18: 80–81. January 1998. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
"Prescribed Fires". SmokeyBear.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
"Fire & Life Safety Education". Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008.
Taylor, Jerome (2008-10-14). "The burning issue of Hindu funeral pyres". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2025-04-22. Retrieved 2025-04-22.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Morris, S. E.; Moses, T. A. (1987). "Forest Fire and the Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 77 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00156.x. ISSN 0004-5608.
"SCIENCE WATCH; Burning Plants Adding to Nitrogen". The New York Times. 1990-08-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
Hutto, Richard L. (December 1, 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1827–1834. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1827H. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19263880.

worldrescuers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Smit, John (7 May 2023). "Firefighting tools recommended for fire professionals". World Rescuers. Retrieved 2025-02-28.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

NASA Johnson (29 August 2008). "Ask Astronaut Greg Chamitoff: Light a Match!". Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via YouTube.

Fire (English Wikipedia)

acs.org (Global: 1,248th place; English: 1,104th place)

aessoil.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476th place; English: 5,338th place)

azwood.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

bris.ac.uk (Global: 4,848th place; English: 3,431st place)

chm.bris.ac.uk

caltech.edu (Global: 887th place; English: 714th place)

resolver.caltech.edu

columbia.edu (Global: 488th place; English: 374th place)

blogs.ei.columbia.edu

croris.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

derose.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

eia.gov (Global: 2,290th place; English: 1,909th place)

engineeringtoolbox.com (Global: 5,522nd place; English: 4,948th place)

etymonline.com (Global: 287th place; English: 321st place)

fao.org (Global: 318th place; English: 411th place)

fema.gov (Global: 6,922nd place; English: 4,361st place)

usfa.fema.gov

fireapparatusmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

go.com (Global: 48th place; English: 39th place)

abcnews.go.com

google.com (Global: 163rd place; English: 185th place)

gov.mb.ca (Global: 8,104th place; English: 4,664th place)

firecomm.gov.mb.ca

gsu.edu (Global: 1,911th place; English: 1,817th place)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

howstuffworks.com (Global: 840th place; English: 635th place)

science.howstuffworks.com

iea.org (Global: 2,532nd place; English: 2,451st place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36th place; English: 33rd place)

io9.com (Global: 2,391st place; English: 1,563rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,190th place; English: 959th place)

medcentral.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

met.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

group.met.com

modernsciences.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75th place; English: 83rd place)

microgravity.grc.nasa.gov

acd-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov

science.nasa.gov

nature.com (Global: 234th place; English: 397th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774th place; English: 716th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nist.gov (Global: 355th place; English: 454th place)

nvlpubs.nist.gov

nwcg.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,400th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

nzhistory.govt.nz (Global: 6,226th place; English: 3,938th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,036th place; English: 1,254th place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 1,808th place; English: 1,159th place)

priceonomics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

science.org (Global: 1,160th place; English: 737th place)

sciencenewstoday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencenotes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

siu.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,567th place)

opensiuc.lib.siu.edu

smokeybear.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571st place; English: 403rd place)

uni-freiburg.de (Global: 5,792nd place; English: 9,376th place)

fire.uni-freiburg.de

usda.gov (Global: 438th place; English: 336th place)

fs.usda.gov

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

acs.org (Global: 1,248^th place; English: 1,104^th place)

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476^th place; English: 5,338^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

bris.ac.uk (Global: 4,848^th place; English: 3,431^st place)

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; English: 714^th place)

columbia.edu (Global: 488^th place; English: 374^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

eia.gov (Global: 2,290^th place; English: 1,909^th place)

engineeringtoolbox.com (Global: 5,522^nd place; English: 4,948^th place)

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

fao.org (Global: 318^th place; English: 411^th place)

fema.gov (Global: 6,922^nd place; English: 4,361^st place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

google.com (Global: 163^rd place; English: 185^th place)

gov.mb.ca (Global: 8,104^th place; English: 4,664^th place)

gsu.edu (Global: 1,911^th place; English: 1,817^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 635^th place)

iea.org (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 2,451^st place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

io9.com (Global: 2,391^st place; English: 1,563^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 355^th place; English: 454^th place)

nwcg.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,400^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

nzhistory.govt.nz (Global: 6,226^th place; English: 3,938^th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,036^th place; English: 1,254^th place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 1,808^th place; English: 1,159^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

siu.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,567^th place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571^st place; English: 403^rd place)

uni-freiburg.de (Global: 5,792^nd place; English: 9,376^th place)

usda.gov (Global: 438^th place; English: 336^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)