Great Leap Forward (English Wikipedia)

Lieberthal (1987), p. 301, "Thus, the [1957] Anti-Rightist Campaign in both urban and rural areas bolstered the position of those who believed that proper mobilization of the populace could accomplish tasks that the 'bourgeois experts' dismissed as impossible.". Lieberthal, Kenneth (1987). "The Great Leap Forward and the split in the Yenan leadership". The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Lieberthal (1987), p. 304. Lieberthal, Kenneth (1987). "The Great Leap Forward and the split in the Yenan leadership". The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.

china.org.cn

"An Illustrated History of the Communist Party of China". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

chinaelections.org

en.chinaelections.org

O'Neill, Mark (2008). A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine. China Elections, 10 February 2012 Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

cia.gov

Bridgham, Philip L. (31 July 1964). Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 (PDF) (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. p. 82 – via Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room.

ciolek.com

Rummel, Rudy J. (2005). Ciolek, T. Matthew (ed.). "Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2016 – via Asia Pacific Research Online.

columbia.edu

afe.easia.columbia.edu

"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2020.

www0.gsb.columbia.edu

Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

cuhk.edu.hk

ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk

Chen, Yixin (January 2015). "The Study of China's Great Leap Forward Famine in the West" (PDF). Journal of Jiangsu University (Social Science Edition) (in Chinese). 17 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020 – via Chinese University of Hong Kong.

democraticpeace.wordpress.com

Rummel, R. J. (10 October 2005). "Reevaluating China's Democide to 73,000,000". Democratic Peace (blog). Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

doi.org

Kte'pi, Bill (2011), "Chinese Famine (1907)", Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 70–71, doi:10.4135/9781412994064, ISBN 978-1412971010, The Chinese Famine of 1907 is the second-worst famine in recorded history, with an estimated death toll of around 25 million people; this exceeds the lowest estimates for the death toll of the later Great Chinese Famine, meaning that the 1907 famine could actually be the worst in history.
Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". British Medical Journal. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969.
Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
"The Road to the Cultural Revolution". Chinese Law & Government. 29 (4): 61–71. July 1996. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609290461. ISSN 0009-4609.
Shen & Xia (2011), p. 863. Shen, Zhihua; Xia, Yafeng (November 2011). "The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split". Journal of Contemporary China. 20 (72): 861–880. doi:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505. S2CID 153857326.
Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochemical Medicine. 13 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7. ISSN 0006-2944. PMID 1.
Teiwes, Frederick C. (1986). Longpu, Zheng; Domes, Jurgen (eds.). "Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (16): 81–98. doi:10.2307/2158776. ISSN 0156-7365.
Kohlenberg, Paul Joscha (January 2017). "The Use of "Comrade" as a Political Instrument in the Chinese Communist Party, from Mao to Xi". The China Journal. 77: 72–92. doi:10.1086/688519. ISSN 1324-9347.
Cheng, Jingru (2022). "Collectivisation, paradox and resistance: The architecture of people's commune in china". Journal of Architecture. 27 (7–8): 913–948. doi:10.1080/13602365.2022.2158207.
Lardy (1987), p. 367. Lardy, R. Nicholas (1987). "The Chinese economy under stress, 1958–1965". In MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (eds.). The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949–1965. Cambridge University Press. pp. 360–397. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243360.009. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
Lardy (1987), p. 368. Lardy, R. Nicholas (1987). "The Chinese economy under stress, 1958–1965". In MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (eds.). The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949–1965. Cambridge University Press. pp. 360–397. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243360.009. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
Ashton et al. (1984). Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Lardy (1987), p. 387. Lardy, R. Nicholas (1987). "The Chinese economy under stress, 1958–1965". In MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (eds.). The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949–1965. Cambridge University Press. pp. 360–397. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243360.009. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
Mahoney, Josef Gregory (2009). "Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr., Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Mao's Great Leap Forward, Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village". Journal of Chinese Political Science (Book review). 14 (3). Springer: 319–320. doi:10.1007/s11366-009-9064-8. S2CID 153540137.
Babiarz, K. S.; Eggleston, K.; Miller, G.; Zhang, Q. (2015). "An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80". Popul Stud (Camb). 69 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/00324728.2014.972432. PMC 4331212. PMID 25495509.
Dicker, Daniel (2018). "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. 392 (10159): 1684–1735. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9. PMC 6227504. PMID 30496102.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 614. "Demographic evidence indicates that famine during 1958–61 caused almost 30 million premature deaths in China and reduced fertility very significantly. Data on food availability suggest that, in contrast to many other famines, a root cause of this one was a dramatic decline in grain output that continued for several years, involving a drop in output of more than 25 percent in 1960–61. Causes of this drop are found in both natural disaster and government policy." Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Yang (2010). Yang excerpts Sen, Amartya (1999). "Democracy as a universal value". Journal of Democracy. 10 (3): 3–17. doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0055. Who calls it "the largest recorded famine in world history: nearly 30 million people died". ——— (2010). "The Fatal Politics of the PRC's Great Leap Famine: The Preface to Tombstone". Journal of Contemporary China. 19 (66): 755–776. doi:10.1080/10670564.2010.485408. S2CID 144899172.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 615. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009). Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
Yao, Shujie (1999). "A Note on the Causal Factors of China's Famine in 1959–1961". Journal of Political Economy. 107 (6): 1365–1369. doi:10.1086/250100. S2CID 17546168.
Yang, Songlin (2021). Telling the Truth: China's Great Leap Forward, Household Registration and the Famine Death Tally. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1661-7. ISBN 978-981-16-1660-0. S2CID 240948156.^{[page needed]}
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 613, 616–619. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009), p. 156. Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
Bianco, Lucien (30 July 2011). "Frank Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine, The History of China's most devastating catastrophe, 1958–62". China Perspectives. 2011 (2): 74–75. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.5585. ISSN 2070-3449.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 630. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 617. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Joseph, William A. (1986). "A Tragedy of Good Intentions: Post-Mao Views of the Great Leap Forward". Modern China. 12 (4): 419–457. doi:10.1177/009770048601200401. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189257. S2CID 145481585.
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 624–625. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 629. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 634. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Liu, Chang; Zhou, Li-An (7 January 2021) [2017-11-27]. "Radical Target Setting and China's Great Famine". SSRN Economic Journal. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3075015. S2CID 229287436. SSRN 3075015.
Revised in 2021, originally titled "Estimating the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Mao Zedong's Economic Radicalism".
Lippit, Victor D. (1975). "The Great Leap Forward Reconsidered". Modern China. 1 (1): 92–115. doi:10.1177/009770047500100104. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 188886. S2CID 143721256.
Meyskens (2020), pp. 52–54. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Kwong, Julia (1979). "The Educational Experiment of the Great Leap Forward, 1958-1959: Its Inherent Contradictions". Comparative Education Review. 23 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1086/446072. ISSN 0010-4086. JSTOR 1187608.
Meyskens (2020), p. 3. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 51. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 56. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 9. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), pp. 10–12. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Chen, Yuyu (1 July 2007). "The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959–1961 famine in China". Journal of Health Economics. 26 (4): 659–681. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006. PMID 17289187. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
Song, Shige (2010). "Mortality consequences of the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward famine in China: Debilitation, selection, and mortality crossovers". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.034. PMID 20542611.
Laikwan, Pang (2024). One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty. Stanford University Press. p. 138. doi:10.1515/9781503638822. ISBN 9781503638815.

figshare.com

Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009). Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009), p. 156. Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.

gov.cn

"关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议". The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

ifeng.com

culture.ifeng.com

Zhang, Ming (13 August 2009). 高等教育大跃进:到处是大学遍地是教授 [Great Leap Forward of higher education: professors and universities were everywhere]. Phoenix New Media (in Chinese). Shaanxi People's Publishing House. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024.

investopedia.com

Boyle, Michael J. (16 September 2022). "Great Leap Forward: What it was, goals, and impact". Investopedia.

jfklibrary.org

Kennedy, John F. (23 May 1962). "News conference 34, May 23, 1962". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 4 June 2023.

jstor.org

Teiwes, Frederick C. (1986). Longpu, Zheng; Domes, Jurgen (eds.). "Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (16): 81–98. doi:10.2307/2158776. ISSN 0156-7365.
Ashton et al. (1984). Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 614. "Demographic evidence indicates that famine during 1958–61 caused almost 30 million premature deaths in China and reduced fertility very significantly. Data on food availability suggest that, in contrast to many other famines, a root cause of this one was a dramatic decline in grain output that continued for several years, involving a drop in output of more than 25 percent in 1960–61. Causes of this drop are found in both natural disaster and government policy." Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 615. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Peng (1987), pp. 646–648. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), pp. 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 613, 616–619. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Peng (1987), pp. 645, 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), p. 656. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 630. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 617. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. S2CID 253067190.
Joseph, William A. (1986). "A Tragedy of Good Intentions: Post-Mao Views of the Great Leap Forward". Modern China. 12 (4): 419–457. doi:10.1177/009770048601200401. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189257. S2CID 145481585.
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 624–625. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 629. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 634. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Lippit, Victor D. (1975). "The Great Leap Forward Reconsidered". Modern China. 1 (1): 92–115. doi:10.1177/009770047500100104. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 188886. S2CID 143721256.
Kwong, Julia (1979). "The Educational Experiment of the Great Leap Forward, 1958-1959: Its Inherent Contradictions". Comparative Education Review. 23 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1086/446072. ISSN 0010-4086. JSTOR 1187608.
W. K. (January–March 1966). "China's Third Five-Year Plan". The China Quarterly (25): 171–175. JSTOR 3082101.
Bridgham, Philip (1967). "Mao's "Cultural Revolution": Origin and Development". The China Quarterly (29): 5. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 651587.

liberation.fr

Grangereau, Philippe (17 June 2011). "La Chine creuse ses trous de mémoire". La Liberation (in French). Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

mronline.org

Ball, Joseph (21 September 2006). "Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?". Monthly Review. There is a good argument to suggest that the policies of the Great Leap Forward actually did much to sustain China's overall economic growth, after an initial period of disruption.

mtholyoke.edu

Gabriel, Satya J. (1998). "Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

newyorker.com

Fan, Jiayang (15 October 2018). "Yan Lianke's Forbidden Satires of China". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". British Medical Journal. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969.
Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochemical Medicine. 13 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7. ISSN 0006-2944. PMID 1.
Babiarz, K. S.; Eggleston, K.; Miller, G.; Zhang, Q. (2015). "An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80". Popul Stud (Camb). 69 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/00324728.2014.972432. PMC 4331212. PMID 25495509.
Dicker, Daniel (2018). "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. 392 (10159): 1684–1735. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9. PMC 6227504. PMID 30496102.
Chen, Yuyu (1 July 2007). "The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959–1961 famine in China". Journal of Health Economics. 26 (4): 659–681. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006. PMID 17289187. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
Song, Shige (2010). "Mortality consequences of the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward famine in China: Debilitation, selection, and mortality crossovers". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.034. PMID 20542611.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". British Medical Journal. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969.
Babiarz, K. S.; Eggleston, K.; Miller, G.; Zhang, Q. (2015). "An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80". Popul Stud (Camb). 69 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/00324728.2014.972432. PMC 4331212. PMID 25495509.
Dicker, Daniel (2018). "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. 392 (10159): 1684–1735. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9. PMC 6227504. PMID 30496102.

nsysu.edu.tw

rpb115.nsysu.edu.tw

Sun, Jingxian (April 2016). "Population Change during China's 'Three Years of Hardship' (1959 to 1961)" (PDF). Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations. 2 (1): 453–500.

nybooks.com

Mirsky, Jonathan (26 February 2009). "The China We Don't Know". New York Review of Books. Vol. 56, no. 3. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
Mirsky, Jonathan (11 May 2006). "China: The Shame of the Villages". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 53, no. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015.
Link, Perry (13 January 2011). "China: From Famine to Oslo". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015.
Johnson, Ian (2010). Finding the Facts About Mao's Victims Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Review of Books (Blog), 20 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011. Johnson interviews Yang Jisheng. (Provincial and central archives).

nytimes.com

"Chen Yizi, a Top Adviser Forced to Flee China, Dies at 73". The New York Times. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024.
Yu, Verna (18 November 2008). "Chinese author of book on famine braves risks to inform new generations". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019.
Mirsky, Jonathan (7 December 2012). "Unnatural Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.

query.nytimes.com

Bernstein, Richard (5 February 1997). "Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009.

ourworldindata.org

Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (10 October 2013). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

people.cn

en.people.cn

"Peng Dehuai". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

people.com.cn

paper.people.com.cn

1975年那个黑色八月（上） [The dark August of 1975 (1)]. People's Net (in Chinese). China Energy News. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.

cpc.people.com.cn

Wu, Shihong; Gao, Qi (9 August 2017). "邓小平与共和国重大历史事件（17）" [Deng Xiaoping and the major historical events of the People's Republic of China (17)]. People's Net. Guangan Daily. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

sagepub.com

sk.sagepub.com

Kte'pi, Bill (2011), "Chinese Famine (1907)", Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 70–71, doi:10.4135/9781412994064, ISBN 978-1412971010, The Chinese Famine of 1907 is the second-worst famine in recorded history, with an estimated death toll of around 25 million people; this exceeds the lowest estimates for the death toll of the later Great Chinese Famine, meaning that the 1907 famine could actually be the worst in history.

sciencedirect.com

Chen, Yuyu (1 July 2007). "The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959–1961 famine in China". Journal of Health Economics. 26 (4): 659–681. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006. PMID 17289187. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
Song, Shige (2010). "Mortality consequences of the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward famine in China: Debilitation, selection, and mortality crossovers". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.034. PMID 20542611.

scmp.com

O'Neill, Mark (5 September 2010). "45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016. At least 45 million people died unnecessary deaths during China's Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1962, including 2.5 million tortured or summarily killed, according to a new book by a Hong Kong scholar. Mao's Great Famine traces the story of how Mao Zedong's drive for absurd targets for farm and industrial production and the reluctance of anyone to challenge him created the conditions for the countryside to be emptied of grain and millions of farmers left to starve.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Shen & Xia (2011), p. 863. Shen, Zhihua; Xia, Yafeng (November 2011). "The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split". Journal of Contemporary China. 20 (72): 861–880. doi:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505. S2CID 153857326.
Mahoney, Josef Gregory (2009). "Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr., Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Mao's Great Leap Forward, Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village". Journal of Chinese Political Science (Book review). 14 (3). Springer: 319–320. doi:10.1007/s11366-009-9064-8. S2CID 153540137.
Yang (2010). Yang excerpts Sen, Amartya (1999). "Democracy as a universal value". Journal of Democracy. 10 (3): 3–17. doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0055. Who calls it "the largest recorded famine in world history: nearly 30 million people died". ——— (2010). "The Fatal Politics of the PRC's Great Leap Famine: The Preface to Tombstone". Journal of Contemporary China. 19 (66): 755–776. doi:10.1080/10670564.2010.485408. S2CID 144899172.
Yao, Shujie (1999). "A Note on the Causal Factors of China's Famine in 1959–1961". Journal of Political Economy. 107 (6): 1365–1369. doi:10.1086/250100. S2CID 17546168.
Yang, Songlin (2021). Telling the Truth: China's Great Leap Forward, Household Registration and the Famine Death Tally. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1661-7. ISBN 978-981-16-1660-0. S2CID 240948156.^{[page needed]}
Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. S2CID 253067190.
Joseph, William A. (1986). "A Tragedy of Good Intentions: Post-Mao Views of the Great Leap Forward". Modern China. 12 (4): 419–457. doi:10.1177/009770048601200401. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189257. S2CID 145481585.
Liu, Chang; Zhou, Li-An (7 January 2021) [2017-11-27]. "Radical Target Setting and China's Great Famine". SSRN Economic Journal. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3075015. S2CID 229287436. SSRN 3075015.
Revised in 2021, originally titled "Estimating the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Mao Zedong's Economic Radicalism".
Lippit, Victor D. (1975). "The Great Leap Forward Reconsidered". Modern China. 1 (1): 92–115. doi:10.1177/009770047500100104. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 188886. S2CID 143721256.
Meyskens (2020), pp. 52–54. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 3. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 51. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 56. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), p. 9. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.
Meyskens (2020), pp. 10–12. Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. S2CID 218936313.

socialisteconomist.com

Patnaik, Utsa (9 November 2018). "Ideological Statistics: Inflated Death Rates of China's Famine, the Russian one Ignored". Socialist Economist.

spectator.co.uk

Becker, Jasper (25 September 2010). "Systematic genocide". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Liu, Chang; Zhou, Li-An (7 January 2021) [2017-11-27]. "Radical Target Setting and China's Great Famine". SSRN Economic Journal. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3075015. S2CID 229287436. SSRN 3075015.
Revised in 2021, originally titled "Estimating the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Mao Zedong's Economic Radicalism".

thechemicalengineer.com

"Reflections on Banqiao". Institution of Chemical Engineers. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2020.

theguardian.com

Branigan, Tania (2013). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
"Tombstone: The Untold Story of Mao's Great Famine by Yang Jisheng – review". The Guardian. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2022.

time.com

Li, Rui (27 September 1999). "No Dissent". TIME. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

uchicago.edu

journals.uchicago.edu

Kohlenberg, Paul Joscha (January 2017). "The Use of "Comrade" as a Political Instrument in the Chinese Communist Party, from Mao to Xi". The China Journal. 77: 72–92. doi:10.1086/688519. ISSN 1324-9347.

umich.edu

lsa.umich.edu

Woo-Cummings, Meredith Archived 29 November 2013 at archive.today (2002). "The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons" (PDF). 22 January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2006., ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2006.

usf.edu

digitalcommons.usf.edu

"Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine 1958–1962, by Yang Jisheng, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012, 629 pp".

washingtonpost.com

Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994). "HOW MANY DIED? NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS FAR HIGHER NUMBERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF MAO ZEDONG'S ERA". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019.
Applebaum, Anne (12 August 2008). "When China Starved". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.

web.archive.org

Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (10 October 2013). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
Chen, Yixin (January 2015). "The Study of China's Great Leap Forward Famine in the West" (PDF). Journal of Jiangsu University (Social Science Edition) (in Chinese). 17 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020 – via Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Mirsky, Jonathan (26 February 2009). "The China We Don't Know". New York Review of Books. Vol. 56, no. 3. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
"Timeline". Chinese Foreign Policy Database. Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
1975年那个黑色八月（上） [The dark August of 1975 (1)]. People's Net (in Chinese). China Energy News. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
"Reflections on Banqiao". Institution of Chemical Engineers. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
Li, Rui (27 September 1999). "No Dissent". TIME. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
"An Illustrated History of the Communist Party of China". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
"Peng Dehuai". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
Wu, Shihong; Gao, Qi (9 August 2017). "邓小平与共和国重大历史事件（17）" [Deng Xiaoping and the major historical events of the People's Republic of China (17)]. People's Net. Guangan Daily. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
Chan, Alfred L. (2001). Mao's crusade: politics and policy implementation in China's great leap forward. Studies on contemporary China. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-924406-5. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
Gabriel, Satya J. (1998). "Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
Lieberthal (1987), p. 301, "Thus, the [1957] Anti-Rightist Campaign in both urban and rural areas bolstered the position of those who believed that proper mobilization of the populace could accomplish tasks that the 'bourgeois experts' dismissed as impossible.". Lieberthal, Kenneth (1987). "The Great Leap Forward and the split in the Yenan leadership". The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Lieberthal (1987), p. 304. Lieberthal, Kenneth (1987). "The Great Leap Forward and the split in the Yenan leadership". The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Mirsky, Jonathan (11 May 2006). "China: The Shame of the Villages". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 53, no. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015.
Becker, Jasper (25 September 2010). "Systematic genocide". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012.
"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
Bernstein, Richard (5 February 1997). "Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009.
Branigan, Tania (2013). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Fan, Jiayang (15 October 2018). "Yan Lianke's Forbidden Satires of China". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
Grangereau, Philippe (17 June 2011). "La Chine creuse ses trous de mémoire". La Liberation (in French). Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Peng (1987), pp. 646–648. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), pp. 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Rummel, R. J. (10 October 2005). "Reevaluating China's Democide to 73,000,000". Democratic Peace (blog). Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
O'Neill, Mark (5 September 2010). "45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016. At least 45 million people died unnecessary deaths during China's Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1962, including 2.5 million tortured or summarily killed, according to a new book by a Hong Kong scholar. Mao's Great Famine traces the story of how Mao Zedong's drive for absurd targets for farm and industrial production and the reluctance of anyone to challenge him created the conditions for the countryside to be emptied of grain and millions of farmers left to starve.
Peng (1987), pp. 645, 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
"Chen Yizi, a Top Adviser Forced to Flee China, Dies at 73". The New York Times. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024.
Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994). "HOW MANY DIED? NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS FAR HIGHER NUMBERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF MAO ZEDONG'S ERA". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019.
Rummel, Rudy J. (2005). Ciolek, T. Matthew (ed.). "Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2016 – via Asia Pacific Research Online.
Peng (1987), p. 656. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Yu, Verna (18 November 2008). "Chinese author of book on famine braves risks to inform new generations". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019.
Applebaum, Anne (12 August 2008). "When China Starved". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.
Link, Perry (13 January 2011). "China: From Famine to Oslo". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015.
Mirsky, Jonathan (7 December 2012). "Unnatural Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
O'Neill, Mark (2008). A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine. China Elections, 10 February 2012 Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Johnson, Ian (2010). Finding the Facts About Mao's Victims Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Review of Books (Blog), 20 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011. Johnson interviews Yang Jisheng. (Provincial and central archives).
"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
"关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议". The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
Woo-Cummings, Meredith Archived 29 November 2013 at archive.today (2002). "The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons" (PDF). 22 January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2006., ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
Zhang, Ming (13 August 2009). 高等教育大跃进:到处是大学遍地是教授 [Great Leap Forward of higher education: professors and universities were everywhere]. Phoenix New Media (in Chinese). Shaanxi People's Publishing House. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024.

wilsoncenter.org

digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org

"Timeline". Chinese Foreign Policy Database. Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". British Medical Journal. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969.
"The Road to the Cultural Revolution". Chinese Law & Government. 29 (4): 61–71. July 1996. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609290461. ISSN 0009-4609.
Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochemical Medicine. 13 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7. ISSN 0006-2944. PMID 1.
Teiwes, Frederick C. (1986). Longpu, Zheng; Domes, Jurgen (eds.). "Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (16): 81–98. doi:10.2307/2158776. ISSN 0156-7365.
Kohlenberg, Paul Joscha (January 2017). "The Use of "Comrade" as a Political Instrument in the Chinese Communist Party, from Mao to Xi". The China Journal. 77: 72–92. doi:10.1086/688519. ISSN 1324-9347.
Ashton et al. (1984). Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 614. "Demographic evidence indicates that famine during 1958–61 caused almost 30 million premature deaths in China and reduced fertility very significantly. Data on food availability suggest that, in contrast to many other famines, a root cause of this one was a dramatic decline in grain output that continued for several years, involving a drop in output of more than 25 percent in 1960–61. Causes of this drop are found in both natural disaster and government policy." Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 615. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009). Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 613, 616–619. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Houser, Sands & Xiao (2009), p. 156. Houser, D.; Sands, B.; Xiao, E. (February 2009). "Three parts natural, seven parts man-made: Bayesian analysis of China's Great Leap Forward demographic disaster". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69 (2): 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
Bianco, Lucien (30 July 2011). "Frank Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine, The History of China's most devastating catastrophe, 1958–62". China Perspectives. 2011 (2): 74–75. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.5585. ISSN 2070-3449.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 630. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 617. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Joseph, William A. (1986). "A Tragedy of Good Intentions: Post-Mao Views of the Great Leap Forward". Modern China. 12 (4): 419–457. doi:10.1177/009770048601200401. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189257. S2CID 145481585.
Ashton et al. (1984), pp. 624–625. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 629. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Ashton et al. (1984), p. 634. Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (December 1984). "Famine in China, 1958–61". Population and Development Review. 10 (4): 613–645. doi:10.2307/1973284. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973284.
Lippit, Victor D. (1975). "The Great Leap Forward Reconsidered". Modern China. 1 (1): 92–115. doi:10.1177/009770047500100104. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 188886. S2CID 143721256.
Kwong, Julia (1979). "The Educational Experiment of the Great Leap Forward, 1958-1959: Its Inherent Contradictions". Comparative Education Review. 23 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1086/446072. ISSN 0010-4086. JSTOR 1187608.
Bridgham, Philip (1967). "Mao's "Cultural Revolution": Origin and Development". The China Quarterly (29): 5. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 651587.

xgc2000.net

Peng (1987), pp. 646–648. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), pp. 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), pp. 645, 648–649. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
Peng (1987), p. 656. Peng, Xizhe (1987). "Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 13 (4): 639–670. JSTOR 1973026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.