Greenhouse effect (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Greenhouse effect" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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45web.archive.org

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23doi.org

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18harvard.edu

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14nasa.gov

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7semanticscholar.org

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5acs.org

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4books.google.com

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4worldcat.org

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4nih.gov

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2climate.gov

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1climatechangetracker.org

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1smithsonianmag.com

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1nature.com

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1carbonbrief.org

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1arxiv.org

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1archive.today

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1nerc.ac.uk

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1climate-lab-book.ac.uk

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1cornell.edu

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1realclimate.org

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1metafact.io

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1aip.org

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1eiu.edu

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acs.org (Global: 1,248^th place; English: 1,104^th place)

acs.org

"Predicted Planetary Temperatures". ACS Climate Science Toolkit. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
"ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
"ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures". ACS. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

pubs.acs.org

Hileman B (28 November 2005). "Ice Core Record Extended". Chemical & Engineering News. 83 (48): 7. doi:10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2006.

aip.org (Global: 2,204^th place; English: 1,735^th place)

history.aip.org

Weart, Spencer. "The Discovery of Global Warming: Venus & Mars". Center for History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, "What is the Greenhouse Effect?" FAQ 1.3 – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page 115: "To balance the absorbed incoming [solar] energy, the Earth must, on average, radiate the same amount of energy back to space. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and reradiated back to Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect."
Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). "Global Climate Change in the Human Perspective". In Bengtsson, Lennart O.; Hammer, Claus U. (eds.). Geosphere-biosphere Interactions and Climate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-521-78238-8. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
Claussen, E.; Cochran, V.A.; Davis, D.P., eds. (2001). "Global Climate Data". Climate Change: Science, Strategies, & Solutions. University of Michigan. p. 373. ISBN 978-9004120242. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Allaby, A.; Allaby, M. (1999). A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-280079-4.
John Tyndall, Heat considered as a Mode of Motion (500 pages; year 1863, 1873)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

"Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance". Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,592^nd place; English: 1,119^th place)

atmo.arizona.edu

"The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance". University of Arizona, Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences. 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

van Wijngaarden, W. A.; Happer, W. (2020). "Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases" (PDF). Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. arXiv:2006.03098. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2023.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Deep ice tells long climate story". BBC News. 4 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2010.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, "What is the Greenhouse Effect?" FAQ 1.3 – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page 115: "To balance the absorbed incoming [solar] energy, the Earth must, on average, radiate the same amount of energy back to space. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and reradiated back to Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect."
Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). "Global Climate Change in the Human Perspective". In Bengtsson, Lennart O.; Hammer, Claus U. (eds.). Geosphere-biosphere Interactions and Climate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-521-78238-8. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
Claussen, E.; Cochran, V.A.; Davis, D.P., eds. (2001). "Global Climate Data". Climate Change: Science, Strategies, & Solutions. University of Michigan. p. 373. ISBN 978-9004120242. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Allaby, A.; Allaby, M. (1999). A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-280079-4.
Fourier, J. (1824). "Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires". Annales de Chimie et de Physique (in French). 27: 136–167. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
Foote, Eunice (November 1856). Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays. Vol. 22. pp. 382–383. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Bowen, Mark (2006). Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains. Owl Books. ISBN 978-1429932707. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2018.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"5 Weird Facts About Venus". Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2023.

carbonbrief.org (Global: low place; English: 9,497^th place)

Robert McSweeney (25 February 2015). "New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

climate-lab-book.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hawkins, Ed (27 January 2016). "Earth's energy imbalance". Climate Lab Book. Retrieved 16 July 2023.

climate.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann. "Climate Change: Global Temperature". NOAA Climate.gov. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". NOAA Climate.gov. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

climatechangetracker.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Yearly average temperature". Climate Change Tracker.

columbia.edu (Global: 488^th place; English: 374^th place)

eesc.columbia.edu

"Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance". The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 4 November 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
"Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance". Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; English: 246^th place)

astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu

Mitchell, John F. B. (1989). "The "Greenhouse" effect and Climate Change" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics. 27 (1): 115–139. Bibcode:1989RvGeo..27..115M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.471. doi:10.1029/RG027i001p00115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2008.

dlr.de (Global: 9,342^nd place; English: 9,837^th place)

elib.dlr.de

Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, et al. (October 2007). "Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis". In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–234. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ekholm N (1901). "On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 27 (117): 1–62. Bibcode:1901QJRMS..27....1E. doi:10.1002/qj.49702711702.
Held, Isaac M.; Soden, Brian J. (November 2000). "Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25: 441–475. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.9397. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441.
Svante Arrhenius (1896). "On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground". Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 41 (251): 237–276. doi:10.1080/14786449608620846.
Raval, A.; Ramanathan, V. (1989). "Observational determination of the greenhouse effect". Nature. 342 (6251): 758–761. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..758R. doi:10.1038/342758a0. S2CID 4326910.
Schmidt, G. A.; Ruedy, R. A.; Miller, R. L.; Lacis, A. A. (2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (D20) 2010JD014287. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
Hansen J. (February 2005). "A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes "dangerous anthropogenic interference"?". Climatic Change. 68 (333): 269–279. Bibcode:2005ClCh...68..269H. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0. S2CID 153165132. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
Hileman B (28 November 2005). "Ice Core Record Extended". Chemical & Engineering News. 83 (48): 7. doi:10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
Mauritsen, Thorsten; Tsushima, Yoko; Meyssignac, Benoit; Loeb, Normal G.; et al. (10 May 2025). "Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades". AGU Advances. 6 (3) e2024AV001636. American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2025AGUA....601636M. doi:10.1029/2024AV001636. The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set.
von Schuckmann, K.; Palmer, M.; Trenberth, K.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N.; Mathiew, P.P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, M. (2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 138–144. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..138V. doi:10.1038/nclimate2876.
Strong, J.; Plass, G. N. (1950). "The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature". Astrophysical Journal. 112: 365. Bibcode:1950ApJ...112..365S. doi:10.1086/145352.
Mitchell, John F. B. (1989). "The "Greenhouse" effect and Climate Change" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics. 27 (1): 115–139. Bibcode:1989RvGeo..27..115M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.471. doi:10.1029/RG027i001p00115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Manabe, S.; Strickler, R. F. (1964). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment". J. Atmos. Sci. 21 (4): 361–385. Bibcode:1964JAtS...21..361M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0361:TEOTAW>2.0.CO;2.
Liou, Kuo-Nan (1 June 1986). "Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective". Monthly Weather Review. 114 (6): 1167–1199. Bibcode:1986MWRv..114.1167L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
Haywood, James; Boucher, Olivier (November 2000). "Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (4): 513–543. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38..513H. doi:10.1029/1999RG000078.
Twomey S (1977). "The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2.
Haberle, Robert M. (2013). "Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect". Icarus. 223 (1): 619–620. Bibcode:2013Icar..223..619H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022.
Halpern, J. B.; Close, C. M.; Ho-Stuart, C.; Shore, J. D.; Smith, A. P.; Zimmermann, J. (2010). "Comment on "falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics"". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 24 (10): 1309–1332. doi:10.1142/S021797921005555X.
Benestad, R. E. (2017). "A mental picture of the greenhouse effect". Theor Appl Climatol. 128 (3–4): 679–688. doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y. S2CID 123923155.
Schmithüsen, Holger; Notholt, Justus; König-Langlo, Gert; Lemke, Peter; Jung, Thomas (16 December 2015). "How increasing CO₂ leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (23). doi:10.1002/2015GL066749. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 131351000.
Sejas, S.A.; Taylor, P. C.; Cai, M. (2018). "Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau". npj Clim Atmos Sci. 1 (17): 17. Bibcode:2018npCAS...1...17S. doi:10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y. PMC 7580794. PMID 33102742.
McKay, C. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Courtin, R. (6 September 1991). "The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan" (PDF). Science. 253 (5024): 1118–1121. Bibcode:1991Sci...253.1118M. doi:10.1126/science.11538492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11538492. S2CID 10384331. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2023.
Rasool, I.; De Bergh, C. (June 1970). "The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO₂ in the Venus Atmosphere" (PDF). Nature. 226 (5250): 1037–9. Bibcode:1970Natur.226.1037R. doi:10.1038/2261037a0. PMID 16057644. S2CID 4201521. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2011.
Hashimoto, G. L.; Roos-Serote, M.; Sugita, S.; Gilmore, M. S.; Kamp, L. W.; Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H. (2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 113 (E9): E00B24. Bibcode:2008JGRE..113.0B24H. doi:10.1029/2008JE003134. S2CID 45474562.

easterbrook.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Easterbrook, Steve (18 August 2015). "Who first coined the term "Greenhouse Effect"?". Serendipity. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.

eiu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

ux1.eiu.edu

"The Atmosphere". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

gatech.edu (Global: 4,448^th place; English: 2,923^rd place)

wray.eas.gatech.edu

McKay, C. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Courtin, R. (6 September 1991). "The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan" (PDF). Science. 253 (5024): 1118–1121. Bibcode:1991Sci...253.1118M. doi:10.1126/science.11538492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11538492. S2CID 10384331. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2023.

grida.no (Global: 6,903^rd place; English: 8,349^th place)

"6.7.8 Discussion of Uncertainties". IPCC Third Assessment Report – Climate Change 2001. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2012.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ekholm N (1901). "On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 27 (117): 1–62. Bibcode:1901QJRMS..27....1E. doi:10.1002/qj.49702711702.
Raval, A.; Ramanathan, V. (1989). "Observational determination of the greenhouse effect". Nature. 342 (6251): 758–761. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..758R. doi:10.1038/342758a0. S2CID 4326910.
Schmidt, G. A.; Ruedy, R. A.; Miller, R. L.; Lacis, A. A. (2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (D20) 2010JD014287. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
Hansen J. (February 2005). "A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes "dangerous anthropogenic interference"?". Climatic Change. 68 (333): 269–279. Bibcode:2005ClCh...68..269H. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0. S2CID 153165132. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
Mauritsen, Thorsten; Tsushima, Yoko; Meyssignac, Benoit; Loeb, Normal G.; et al. (10 May 2025). "Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades". AGU Advances. 6 (3) e2024AV001636. American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2025AGUA....601636M. doi:10.1029/2024AV001636. The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set.
von Schuckmann, K.; Palmer, M.; Trenberth, K.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N.; Mathiew, P.P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, M. (2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 138–144. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..138V. doi:10.1038/nclimate2876.
Strong, J.; Plass, G. N. (1950). "The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature". Astrophysical Journal. 112: 365. Bibcode:1950ApJ...112..365S. doi:10.1086/145352.
Mitchell, John F. B. (1989). "The "Greenhouse" effect and Climate Change" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics. 27 (1): 115–139. Bibcode:1989RvGeo..27..115M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.471. doi:10.1029/RG027i001p00115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Manabe, S.; Strickler, R. F. (1964). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment". J. Atmos. Sci. 21 (4): 361–385. Bibcode:1964JAtS...21..361M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0361:TEOTAW>2.0.CO;2.
Liou, Kuo-Nan (1 June 1986). "Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective". Monthly Weather Review. 114 (6): 1167–1199. Bibcode:1986MWRv..114.1167L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
Haywood, James; Boucher, Olivier (November 2000). "Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (4): 513–543. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38..513H. doi:10.1029/1999RG000078.
Twomey S (1977). "The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2.
Haberle, Robert M. (2013). "Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect". Icarus. 223 (1): 619–620. Bibcode:2013Icar..223..619H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022.
Sejas, S.A.; Taylor, P. C.; Cai, M. (2018). "Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau". npj Clim Atmos Sci. 1 (17): 17. Bibcode:2018npCAS...1...17S. doi:10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y. PMC 7580794. PMID 33102742.
McKay, C. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Courtin, R. (6 September 1991). "The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan" (PDF). Science. 253 (5024): 1118–1121. Bibcode:1991Sci...253.1118M. doi:10.1126/science.11538492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11538492. S2CID 10384331. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2023.
Rasool, I.; De Bergh, C. (June 1970). "The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO₂ in the Venus Atmosphere" (PDF). Nature. 226 (5250): 1037–9. Bibcode:1970Natur.226.1037R. doi:10.1038/2261037a0. PMID 16057644. S2CID 4201521. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2011.
Hashimoto, G. L.; Roos-Serote, M.; Sugita, S.; Gilmore, M. S.; Kamp, L. W.; Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H. (2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 113 (E9): E00B24. Bibcode:2008JGRE..113.0B24H. doi:10.1029/2008JE003134. S2CID 45474562.

acmg.seas.harvard.edu

Jacob, Daniel J. (1999). "7. The Greenhouse Effect". Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400841547. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2009.

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,308^th place; English: 924^th place)

pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu

Nugent, Alison; DeCou, David. "ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability". Retrieved 31 May 2023.

soest.hawaii.edu

"Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003)" (PDF). Myron B. Thompson Academy. 2006.

ipcc.ch (Global: 1,778^th place; English: 1,339^th place)

ipcc.ch

Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, Mauritzen C, Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M (2007). "Historical Overview of Climate Change Science" (PDF). In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
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