Helium (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Helium" in English language version.

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  • Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). ""The" periodic table". Chemical & Engineering News. 97 (3). Retrieved 27 March 2020.

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  • Strobel, Nick (2007). "Atmospheres". Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes. Archived from the original on 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2007-09-25.

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  • "Heliox21". Linde Gas Therapeutics. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.

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  • Hilleret, N. (1999). "Leak Detection" (PDF). In S. Turner (ed.). CERN Accelerator School, vacuum technology: proceedings: Scanticon Conference Centre, Snekersten, Denmark, 28 May – 3 June 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: CERN. pp. 203–212. doi:10.5170/CERN-1999-005.203. At the origin of the helium leak detection method was the Manhattan Project and the unprecedented leak-tightness requirements needed by the uranium enrichment plants. The required sensitivity needed for the leak checking led to the choice of a mass spectrometer designed by Dr. A.O.C. Nier tuned on the helium mass.

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  • Rayet, G. (1868). "Analyse spectral des protubérances observées, pendant l'éclipse totale de Soleil visible le 18 août 1868, à la presqu'île de Malacca" [Spectral analysis of the protuberances observed during the total solar eclipse, seen on 18 August 1868, from the Malacca peninsula]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 67: 757–759. hdl:2027/umn.31951d000083928. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. …je vis immédiatement une série de neuf lignes brillantes qui … me semblent devoir être assimilées aux lignes principales du spectre solaire, B, D, E, b, une ligne inconnue, F, et deux lignes du groupe G. […I saw immediately a series of nine bright lines that … seemed to me should be classed as the principal lines of the solar spectrum, B, D, E, b, an unknown line, F, and two lines of the group G.]
  • Pogson filed his observations of the 1868 eclipse with the local Indian government, but his report wasn't published. (Biman B. Nath, The Story of Helium and the Birth of Astrophysics (New York, New York: Springer, 2013), p. 8.) Nevertheless, Lockyer quoted from his report. From p. 320 Archived 17 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine of Lockyer, J. Norman (1896) "The story of helium. Prologue," Nature, 53 : 319–322 : "Pogson, in referring to the eclipse of 1868, said that the yellow line was "at D, or near D." "
  • Lockyer, J. N. (October 1868). "Notice of an observation of the spectrum of a solar prominence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 17: 91–92. Bibcode:1868RSPS...17...91L. doi:10.1098/rspl.1868.0011. JSTOR 112357. S2CID 163097539. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  • Palmieri, Luigi (1881). "La riga dell'Helium apparsa in una recente sublimazione vesuviana" [The line of helium appeared in a recently sublimated material [from Mt.] Vesuvius.]. Rendiconto dell'Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Naples, Italy). 20: 223. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Raccolsi alcun tempo fa una sostanza amorfa di consistenza butirracea e di colore giallo sbiadato sublimata sull'orlo di una fumarola prossima alla bocca di eruzione. Saggiata questa sublimazione allo spettroscopio, ho ravvisato le righe del sodio e del potassio ed una lineare ben distinta che corrisponde esattamente alla D3 che è quella dell'Helium. Do per ora il semplice annunzio del fatto, proponendomi di ritornare sopra questo argomento, dopo di aver sottoposta la sublimazione ad una analisi chimica. (I collected some time ago an amorphous substance having a buttery consistency and a faded yellow color which had sublimated on the rim of a fumarole near the mouth of the eruption. Having analyzed this sublimated substance with a spectroscope, I recognized the lines of sodium and potassium and a very distinct linear line which corresponds exactly to D3, which is that of helium. For the present, I'm making a mere announcement of the fact, proposing to return to this subject after having subjected the sublimate to a chemical analysis.)
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  • Anderson, Don L.; Foulger, G. R.; Meibom, A. (2006-09-02). "Helium Fundamentals". MantlePlumes.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

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  • Rose, Melinda (October 2008). "Helium: Up, Up and Away?". Photonics Spectra. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010. For a more authoritative but older 1996 pie chart showing U.S. helium use by sector, showing much the same result, see the chart reproduced in "Applications" section of this article.

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  • Basu, Sourish (October 2007). Yam, Philip (ed.). "Updates: Into Thin Air". Scientific American. Vol. 297, no. 4. Scientific American, Inc. p. 18. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

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  • "Helium" (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. geological survey. January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  • United States Geological Survey (March 2025). "Helium" (PDF). Mineral Commodities Summaries. Retrieved 1 November 2025.

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  • Ellis, Fred M. (2005). "Third sound". Wesleyan Quantum Fluids Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2008-07-23.

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  • Mullins, P. V.; Goodling, R. M. (1951). Helium. Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook 1949. pp. 599–602. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

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  • "Lunar Mining of Helium-3". Fusion Technology Institute of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 2007-10-19. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2008-07-09.

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