Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Interracial marriage" in English language version.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Alt URLmacao Japanese women.
It is accounted a piece of Policy to do it; for the chief Factors and Captains of Ships have the great men's Daughters offered them, the Mandarins or Noblemen at Tunquin.
Siam, Cochinchina, and Cambodia. I did afterwards make a Voyage and most of our Men had Women aboard all the time of our abode there.
Siam, Cochinchina, and Cambodia. I did afterwards make a Voyage and most of our Men had Women aboard all the time of our abode there.
During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78-5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78-7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.*Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-206-1857-2. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut his tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Government Museum; Edgar Thurston (1897). Note on tours along the Malabar coast. Vol. 2-3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin, Volumes 1-2. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin. Vol. v. 2 1897–99. Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Madras Government Museum Bulletin. Vol. II. Madras. 1897. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Bratter and King (2009) examined whether crossing racial boundaries increases the risk of divorce. They compared the likelihood of divorce for same race couples to interracial couples and found that interracial couples (particularly those who married in the 1980s) have higher rates of divorce. In addition, white female/black male and white female/Asian male marriages were more prone to divorce than were white/white couples. Couples with non-white females/white males and Hispanic/non-Hispanic individuals had lower rates of divorce. Gender appears to play a role, such that white female/non-white male marriages are at a greater risk for divorce.
Moving beyond interracial–interethnic communication styles and response to transgressions, Bratter and King (2008) used data from the 2002 National Survey of Familial Growth to examine divorce rates for interracial couples. The study revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those marrying during the late 1980s. Compared to same-race white-white couples, they found that Black male–White female marriages and Asian male–White female marriages were more prone to divorce. Interestingly, those involving white male-non-white female marriages and Hispanic-non-Hispanic marriages tended toward lower risks of divorce. Researchers continue to focus on understanding these more fragile interracial marriages. While they cannot conclude that race is the cause per se of divorce, it does seem to be associated with higher risk of divorce or separation (Zhang and Van Hook, 2009). One notable finding is that there is a consistent elevated divorce rate for white females in interracial marriages. ... This distinctive couple type may experience added stress owing to negative reactions from strangers and diminished support from family and friends. Yancey (2007) notes that white females reported encountering more racial incidents with their black husbands and greater hostilities from families and friends as compared to other racial pairings.
For example, interracial couples that consist of White female/Black male and White female/Asian male were more likely to divorce than White/White couples (Bratter & King, 2008). White/Latino marriages were also at a higher risk for marital dissolution than homogenous Latino marriages, with Latino husband/white wife intermarriages at the highest risk (Fu and Wolfganger, 2011).
However, taken together the evidence for an association between attractiveness and objective measures of health is mixed (reviewed in Rubenstein et al., 2003).
Recent meta-analyses suggest that the evidence is either currently marginally in favor of preferences for MHC-dissimilar potential partners odors and faces (Winternitz et al., 2017) or supporting no effect in either direction (Havlicek et al., 2020).
Beauty experts in the United States have noticed that as the ethnic demographics of the population change, so do the ideals of beauty in women. According to Blended People of America (2010), the increased popularity of multiracial celebrity women adds to the current appeal of the ethnic look and preferred physical features associated with women such as fuller lips, fuller figures, and eve wider noses.
On October 14, 2000, a Filipina American, Miss Hawaii Angela Perez Baraquio, was crowned Miss America for 2001. A few years earlier another Miss Hawaii, a mixed-race part-Asian American woman named Brook Antoinette Mahealani Lee, won not only the Miss USA competition but the title of 1997 Miss Universe. Such victories do not necessarily mean full acceptance for Asian Americans into the American body politic. However they do signal a breakdown in the hegemony of European-American cultural standards of beauty.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Alt URL{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)"The half-caste population of Hongkong were ... almost exclusively the offspring of these Tan-ka women." EJ Eitel, Europe in, the History of Hongkong from the Beginning to the Year 1882 (Taipei: Chen-Wen Publishing Co., originally published in Hong Kong by Kelly and Walsh. 1895, 1968), 169.
The half-caste population in Hong Kong were, from the earliest days of the settlement of the Colony and down to the present day [1895], almost exclusively the off-spring of these Tan-ka people
Most of the Chinese who came to Hong Kong in the early years were from the lower classes, such as laborers, artisans, Tanka outcasts, prostitutes, wanderers, and smugglers. That these people violated orders from authorities in Canton
This exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname " ham-shui- mui " (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or boat
exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname " ham-shui- mui " (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or boat
To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to Macao in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman.
When we established ourselves here, the Chinese ostracized us. The Portuguese had their wives, then, that came from abroad, but they could have no contact with the Chinese women, except the fishing folk, the tanka women and the female slaves. Only the lowest class of Chinese contacted with the Portuguese in the first centuries. But later the strength of Christianization, of the priests, started to convince the Chinese to become Catholic. ... But, when they started to be Catholics, they adopted Portuguese baptismal names and were ostracized by the Chinese Buddhists. So they joined the Portuguese community and their sons started having Portuguese education without a single drop of Portuguese blood.
We can trace this fleeting and shallow relationship in Henrique de Senna Fernandes' short story, A-Chan, A Tancareira, (Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl) (1978). Senna Fernandes (1923–), a Macanese, had written a series of novels set against the context of Macau and some of which were made into films.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
ON A CHINESE-TAMIL CKOSS.
Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur, and developed, as the result of 'marriage' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating cofl'ce on a small scale, and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs.
The measurements of a single family, excepting a widowed daughter whom I was not permitted to see, and an infant in arms, who was pacified with cake while I investigated its mother, are recorded in the following table:
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78-5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78-7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.*Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-206-1857-2. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut his tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Government Museum; Edgar Thurston (1897). Note on tours along the Malabar coast. Vol. 2-3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin, Volumes 1-2. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin. Vol. v. 2 1897–99. Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Madras Government Museum Bulletin. Vol. II. Madras. 1897. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Thurston found the Chinese element to be predominant among the offspring as will be evident from his description. 'The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil Paraiyan. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish
Sarkar (1959) published a pedigree showing Tamil-Chinese-English crosses in a place located in the Nilgiris. Thurston (1909) mentioned an instance of a mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female. Man (Deka 1954) described
(c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male ) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).
(c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male ) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).
the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80-1; 80-1; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78•5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Paraiyan (76-8).
d: Tamil-Chinese Crosses in the Nilgiris, Madras. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) during May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, enquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan
During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
first documented Christian marriage: the interracial union of Luisa de Abrego, a free black woman, and Miguel Rodriguez, a Spanish soldier
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78-5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78-7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.*Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-206-1857-2. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut his tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Government Museum; Edgar Thurston (1897). Note on tours along the Malabar coast. Vol. 2-3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin, Volumes 1-2. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin. Vol. v. 2 1897–99. Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Madras Government Museum Bulletin. Vol. II. Madras. 1897. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
The products of both prostitution and legally binding marriages, these children were largely regarded as illegitimate. When the military presence returned to America, the distinction between the two was, for all practical purposes, null. As the American military departed, any previous preferential treatment for biracial people ended and was replaced with a backlash due to the return of ethnically-based national pride.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Alt URLLuisa de Abrego [...] a free black domestic servant [...] met Miguel Rodriguez and traveled with him to St. Augustine, and they married after they arrived in 1565. Theirs was the first documented Christian marriage in what became the continental United States
During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India. Vol. 2. Government press. p. 99. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
99 Chinese Tamil Cross in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnightAlt URL Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine *Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Radhakrishnan, D (19 April 2014). "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 March 2019. *Raman, A (31 May 2010). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Raman, A (12 July 2010). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *"Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Alt URL *Madras (India: State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78-5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78-7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.*Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-206-1857-2. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut his tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,*Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012. *Government Museum; Edgar Thurston (1897). Note on tours along the Malabar coast. Vol. 2-3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin, Volumes 1-2. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin. Vol. v. 2 1897–99. Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31. Retrieved 17 May 2014. *Madras Government Museum Bulletin. Vol. II. Madras. 1897. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
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