Leopard seal (English Wikipedia)

Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (July 1820). "Sur Quelques Cranes de Phoques". Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts. 91. Paris. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
Gistel, Johannes (1851). Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs : für höhere Schulen. first published 1848. Stuttgart: Scheitlin & Krais. p. XI. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.97235. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

britannica.com

"Leopard seal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1998.

bucknell.edu

departments.bucknell.edu

Wilson, Don E.; Seeder, Dee Ann M., eds. (2005). "Species: Hydrurga leptonyx". Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

doc.govt.nz

"Leopard seal". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
"Leopard seal provoked". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 11 June 2024.

doi.org

Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10340A45226422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10340A45226422.en. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
Gistel, Johannes (1851). Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs : für höhere Schulen. first published 1848. Stuttgart: Scheitlin & Krais. p. XI. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.97235. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
Krause, Douglas J.; Hinke, Jefferson T.; Perryman, Wayne L.; Goebel, Michael E.; LeRoi, Donald J. (2017-11-29). "An accurate and adaptable photogrammetric approach for estimating the mass and body condition of pinnipeds using an unmanned aerial system". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187465. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287465K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187465. PMC 5706667. PMID 29186134.
Kienle, Sarah S. (17 August 2022). "Plasticity in the morphometrics and movements of an Antarctic apex predator, the leopard seal". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. Bibcode:2022FrMaS...976019K. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.976019.
Forcada, J.; Trathan, P.; Boveng, Boyd; I., Burns; J., Costa; D., Fedak; M., Rogers; T., Southwell, C. (2012). "Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing". Biological Conservation. 149 (1): 40–50. Bibcode:2012BCons.149...40F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.002. S2CID 7892053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rogers, T.L.; Hogg, C. & Irvine, A. (2005). "Spatial movement of adult leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica". Polar Biology. 28 (6): 456–463. Bibcode:2005PoBio..28..456R. doi:10.1007/s00300-004-0703-4. S2CID 22535400.
Meade, J.; Ciaglia, M.B.; Slip, D.J.; Negrete, J.; Márquez M.E.I., Rogers, T. (2015). "Spatial patterns in activity of leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx in relation to sea ice". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 521: 265–275. Bibcode:2015MEPS..521..265M. doi:10.3354/meps11120. S2CID 87706193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Southwell, C.; Paxton, C.; Borchers, D.; Boveng, P. Rogers, T. & de la Mare, W. (2008). "Uncommon or cryptic? Challenges in estimating leopard seal abundance by conventional but state-of-the-art methods". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 (4): 519–531. Bibcode:2008DSRI...55..519S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rogers TL, Ciaglia MB, Klinck H, Southwell C (2013). "Density Can Be Misleading for Low-Density Species: Benefits of Passive Acoustic Monitoring". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52542. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852542R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052542. PMC 3541380. PMID 23326339.
Avery, G.; Klein, R.G. (2011). "Review of fossil phocid and otariid seals from the southern and western coasts of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 66 (1): 14–24. Bibcode:2011TRSSA..66...14A. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2011.564490.
Oster, S.; Reynard, J.P.; Cawthra, H.C.; Esteban, I.; Pargeter, J.; Fisher, E.C. (2024). "Late Pleistocene and Holocene fauna from Waterfall Bluff Rock Shelter, Mpondoland, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 120 (11/12). doi:10.17159/sajs.2024/17449.
Krause, Douglas J.; Goebel, Michael E.; Marshall, Greg J.; Abernathy, Kyler (2016-02-24). "Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Marine Mammal Science. 32 (3): 839–867. Bibcode:2016MMamS..32..839K. doi:10.1111/mms.12309. ISSN 0824-0469.
Kuhn, Carey E.; McDonald, Birgitte I.; Shaffer, Scott A.; Barnes, Julie; Crocker, Daniel E.; Burns, Jennifer; Costa, Daniel P. (2005). "Diving physiology and winter foraging behavior of a juvenile leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)". Polar Biology. 29 (4): 303–307. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0053-x. S2CID 32195795.
Hiruki, Lisa M.; Schwartz, Michael K.; Boveng, Peter L. (1999). "Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of Zoology. 249 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01063.x.
Walker, T.R.; Boyd, I.L.; Mccafferty, D.J.; Huin, N.; Taylor, R.I.; Reid, K. (1998). "Seasonal occurrence and diet of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Bird Island, South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 10 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:1998AntSc..10...75W. doi:10.1017/S0954102098000108. S2CID 85575118.
Van Der Linde, Krista; Visser, Ingrid N.; Bout, Rick; Lalas, Chris; Shepherd, Lara; Hocking, David; Finucci, Brittany; Fyfe, Jim; Pinkerton, Matthew (2021). "Leopard Seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in New Zealand waters predating on chondrichthyans". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. Bibcode:2021FrMaS...895358V. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.795358.
Yong, Ed (2012). "Leopard seals suck up krill like whales". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11672. S2CID 87484971.
Rogers TL (2014). "Source levels of the underwater calls of a male leopard seal". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 136 (4): 1495–1498. Bibcode:2014ASAJ..136.1495R. doi:10.1121/1.4895685. PMID 25324053.
Rogers, Tracey L.; Cato, Douglas H. (2002). "Individual Variation in the Acoustic Behaviour of the Adult Male Leopard Seal, Hydrurga leptonyx". Behaviour. 139 (10): 1267–1286. doi:10.1163/156853902321104154. JSTOR 4535987.
Rogers, T. L.; Cato, D. H. & Bryden, M. M. (1996). "Behavioral significance of underwater vocalizations of captive leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". Marine Mammal Science. 12 (3): 414–427. Bibcode:1996MMamS..12..414R. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00593.x.
Rogers, T. L (2007). "Age-related differences in the acoustic characteristics of male leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 122 (1): 596–605. Bibcode:2007ASAJ..122..596R. doi:10.1121/1.2736976. PMID 17614516.
Rogers, Tracey L.; Cato, Douglas H. (2002). "Individual Variation in the Acoustic Behaviour of the Adult Male Leopard Seal, Hydrurga leptonyx". Behaviour. 139 (10): 1267–1286. doi:10.1163/156853902321104154. JSTOR 4535987.
Southwell, Colin; Kerry, Knowles; Ensor, Paul; Woehler, Eric J.; Rogers, Tracey (2003). "The timing of pupping by pack-ice seals in East Antarctica". Polar Biology. 26 (10): 648–652. Bibcode:2003PoBio..26..648S. doi:10.1007/s00300-003-0534-8. S2CID 7565646.
Borsa, Philippe (1990). "Seasonal occurrence of the leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, in the Kerguelen Islands". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (2): 405–408. Bibcode:1990CaJZ...68..405B. doi:10.1139/z90-059.
Muir, Shona F.; Barnes, David K.A.; Reid, Keith (2006). "Interactions between humans and leopard seals". Antarctic Science. 18 (1): 61–74. Bibcode:2006AntSc..18...61M. doi:10.1017/S0954102006000058. S2CID 53648359.

dpreview.com

National Geographic photographer's surprise encounter with deadly predator. dpreview.com (2012-10-18)

ecophotoexplorers.com

Gyford, Sue (2003-11-14). [1] Archived 2016-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. ecophotoexplorers.com. Retrieved on 2019-08-20

facebook.com

Leopard Seals NZ (28 June 2022). "Have you seen Owha?". Facebook. Retrieved 31 July 2024.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Krause, Douglas J.; Hinke, Jefferson T.; Perryman, Wayne L.; Goebel, Michael E.; LeRoi, Donald J. (2017-11-29). "An accurate and adaptable photogrammetric approach for estimating the mass and body condition of pinnipeds using an unmanned aerial system". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187465. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287465K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187465. PMC 5706667. PMID 29186134.
Kienle, Sarah S. (17 August 2022). "Plasticity in the morphometrics and movements of an Antarctic apex predator, the leopard seal". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. Bibcode:2022FrMaS...976019K. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.976019.
Forcada, J.; Trathan, P.; Boveng, Boyd; I., Burns; J., Costa; D., Fedak; M., Rogers; T., Southwell, C. (2012). "Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing". Biological Conservation. 149 (1): 40–50. Bibcode:2012BCons.149...40F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.002. S2CID 7892053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rogers, T.L.; Hogg, C. & Irvine, A. (2005). "Spatial movement of adult leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica". Polar Biology. 28 (6): 456–463. Bibcode:2005PoBio..28..456R. doi:10.1007/s00300-004-0703-4. S2CID 22535400.
Meade, J.; Ciaglia, M.B.; Slip, D.J.; Negrete, J.; Márquez M.E.I., Rogers, T. (2015). "Spatial patterns in activity of leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx in relation to sea ice". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 521: 265–275. Bibcode:2015MEPS..521..265M. doi:10.3354/meps11120. S2CID 87706193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Southwell, C.; Paxton, C.; Borchers, D.; Boveng, P. Rogers, T. & de la Mare, W. (2008). "Uncommon or cryptic? Challenges in estimating leopard seal abundance by conventional but state-of-the-art methods". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 (4): 519–531. Bibcode:2008DSRI...55..519S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rogers TL, Ciaglia MB, Klinck H, Southwell C (2013). "Density Can Be Misleading for Low-Density Species: Benefits of Passive Acoustic Monitoring". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52542. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852542R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052542. PMC 3541380. PMID 23326339.
Avery, G.; Klein, R.G. (2011). "Review of fossil phocid and otariid seals from the southern and western coasts of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 66 (1): 14–24. Bibcode:2011TRSSA..66...14A. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2011.564490.
Krause, Douglas J.; Goebel, Michael E.; Marshall, Greg J.; Abernathy, Kyler (2016-02-24). "Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Marine Mammal Science. 32 (3): 839–867. Bibcode:2016MMamS..32..839K. doi:10.1111/mms.12309. ISSN 0824-0469.
Walker, T.R.; Boyd, I.L.; Mccafferty, D.J.; Huin, N.; Taylor, R.I.; Reid, K. (1998). "Seasonal occurrence and diet of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Bird Island, South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 10 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:1998AntSc..10...75W. doi:10.1017/S0954102098000108. S2CID 85575118.
Van Der Linde, Krista; Visser, Ingrid N.; Bout, Rick; Lalas, Chris; Shepherd, Lara; Hocking, David; Finucci, Brittany; Fyfe, Jim; Pinkerton, Matthew (2021). "Leopard Seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in New Zealand waters predating on chondrichthyans". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. Bibcode:2021FrMaS...895358V. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.795358.
Rogers TL (2014). "Source levels of the underwater calls of a male leopard seal". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 136 (4): 1495–1498. Bibcode:2014ASAJ..136.1495R. doi:10.1121/1.4895685. PMID 25324053.
Rogers, T. L.; Cato, D. H. & Bryden, M. M. (1996). "Behavioral significance of underwater vocalizations of captive leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". Marine Mammal Science. 12 (3): 414–427. Bibcode:1996MMamS..12..414R. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00593.x.
Rogers, T. L (2007). "Age-related differences in the acoustic characteristics of male leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 122 (1): 596–605. Bibcode:2007ASAJ..122..596R. doi:10.1121/1.2736976. PMID 17614516.
Southwell, Colin; Kerry, Knowles; Ensor, Paul; Woehler, Eric J.; Rogers, Tracey (2003). "The timing of pupping by pack-ice seals in East Antarctica". Polar Biology. 26 (10): 648–652. Bibcode:2003PoBio..26..648S. doi:10.1007/s00300-003-0534-8. S2CID 7565646.
Borsa, Philippe (1990). "Seasonal occurrence of the leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, in the Kerguelen Islands". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (2): 405–408. Bibcode:1990CaJZ...68..405B. doi:10.1139/z90-059.
Muir, Shona F.; Barnes, David K.A.; Reid, Keith (2006). "Interactions between humans and leopard seals". Antarctic Science. 18 (1): 61–74. Bibcode:2006AntSc..18...61M. doi:10.1017/S0954102006000058. S2CID 53648359.

irmng.org

Hydrurga Gistl, 1848. Retrieved through: Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera.

iucnredlist.org

Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10340A45226422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10340A45226422.en. Retrieved 20 February 2022.

jstor.org

Rogers, Tracey L.; Cato, Douglas H. (2002). "Individual Variation in the Acoustic Behaviour of the Adult Male Leopard Seal, Hydrurga leptonyx". Behaviour. 139 (10): 1267–1286. doi:10.1163/156853902321104154. JSTOR 4535987.
Rogers, Tracey L.; Cato, Douglas H. (2002). "Individual Variation in the Acoustic Behaviour of the Adult Male Leopard Seal, Hydrurga leptonyx". Behaviour. 139 (10): 1267–1286. doi:10.1163/156853902321104154. JSTOR 4535987.

mammaldiversity.org

"Hydrurga leptonyx (de Blainville, 1820) Leopard Seal". mammaldiversity.org. The MDD Team. Retrieved 23 May 2025.

marinebio.org

"Leopard Seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". Marine Bio.

nationalgeographic.com

video.nationalgeographic.com

"POV: Why Are Leopard Seals Eating Fur Seal Pups?". video.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-08.

news.nationalgeographic.com

Owen, James (August 6, 2003). "Leopard Seal Kills Scientist in Antarctica". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on August 8, 2003. Retrieved 2007-12-10.

nationalgeographic.com

"How a Leopard Seal Fed Me Penguins". National Geographic. March 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2023.

nature.com

Yong, Ed (2012). "Leopard seals suck up krill like whales". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11672. S2CID 87484971.

newscientist.com

Carrington, Damian (2003-07-24). Inquiry into fatal leopard seal attack begins. NewScientist.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-24.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Krause, Douglas J.; Hinke, Jefferson T.; Perryman, Wayne L.; Goebel, Michael E.; LeRoi, Donald J. (2017-11-29). "An accurate and adaptable photogrammetric approach for estimating the mass and body condition of pinnipeds using an unmanned aerial system". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187465. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287465K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187465. PMC 5706667. PMID 29186134.
Rogers TL, Ciaglia MB, Klinck H, Southwell C (2013). "Density Can Be Misleading for Low-Density Species: Benefits of Passive Acoustic Monitoring". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52542. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852542R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052542. PMC 3541380. PMID 23326339.
Rogers TL (2014). "Source levels of the underwater calls of a male leopard seal". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 136 (4): 1495–1498. Bibcode:2014ASAJ..136.1495R. doi:10.1121/1.4895685. PMID 25324053.
Rogers, T. L (2007). "Age-related differences in the acoustic characteristics of male leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 122 (1): 596–605. Bibcode:2007ASAJ..122..596R. doi:10.1121/1.2736976. PMID 17614516.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Krause, Douglas J.; Hinke, Jefferson T.; Perryman, Wayne L.; Goebel, Michael E.; LeRoi, Donald J. (2017-11-29). "An accurate and adaptable photogrammetric approach for estimating the mass and body condition of pinnipeds using an unmanned aerial system". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187465. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287465K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187465. PMC 5706667. PMID 29186134.
Rogers TL, Ciaglia MB, Klinck H, Southwell C (2013). "Density Can Be Misleading for Low-Density Species: Benefits of Passive Acoustic Monitoring". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52542. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852542R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052542. PMC 3541380. PMID 23326339.

niwa.co.nz

"Owha and her friends awarded citizenship". NIWA. Retrieved 11 June 2024.

noaa.gov

afsc.noaa.gov

"Leopard Seals". NOAA Fisheries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Alaska Fisheries Science Center. 27 January 2021.

nsri.org.za

"NSRI appeal to the public to be cautious around seals and sea animals in general". National Sea Rescue Institute. Retrieved 1 October 2021.

nzherald.co.nz

"Antarctic Leopard seal turns up on Wellington's Lyall bay beach". 10 August 2021.

odt.co.nz

Taylor, Margot (2017-09-27). "Odds against St Kilda leopard seal pup". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
MacLean, Hamish (2019-01-19). "Leopard seal sightings in New Zealand on the rise". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 2020-02-24.

pinnipeds.org

Administrator. "Leopard Seal". www.pinnipeds.org. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

researchgate.net

Walker, T.R.; Boyd, I.L.; Mccafferty, D.J.; Huin, N.; Taylor, R.I.; Reid, K. (1998). "Seasonal occurrence and diet of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Bird Island, South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 10 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:1998AntSc..10...75W. doi:10.1017/S0954102098000108. S2CID 85575118.

rnz.co.nz

"Oh no Owha! Seal makes snack of Auckland dinghies". RNZ. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2024.

seals-world.com

"Leopard Seal - Seal Facts and Information". www.seals-world.com. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Forcada, J.; Trathan, P.; Boveng, Boyd; I., Burns; J., Costa; D., Fedak; M., Rogers; T., Southwell, C. (2012). "Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing". Biological Conservation. 149 (1): 40–50. Bibcode:2012BCons.149...40F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.002. S2CID 7892053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rogers, T.L.; Hogg, C. & Irvine, A. (2005). "Spatial movement of adult leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica". Polar Biology. 28 (6): 456–463. Bibcode:2005PoBio..28..456R. doi:10.1007/s00300-004-0703-4. S2CID 22535400.
Meade, J.; Ciaglia, M.B.; Slip, D.J.; Negrete, J.; Márquez M.E.I., Rogers, T. (2015). "Spatial patterns in activity of leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx in relation to sea ice". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 521: 265–275. Bibcode:2015MEPS..521..265M. doi:10.3354/meps11120. S2CID 87706193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kuhn, Carey E.; McDonald, Birgitte I.; Shaffer, Scott A.; Barnes, Julie; Crocker, Daniel E.; Burns, Jennifer; Costa, Daniel P. (2005). "Diving physiology and winter foraging behavior of a juvenile leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)". Polar Biology. 29 (4): 303–307. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0053-x. S2CID 32195795.
Walker, T.R.; Boyd, I.L.; Mccafferty, D.J.; Huin, N.; Taylor, R.I.; Reid, K. (1998). "Seasonal occurrence and diet of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Bird Island, South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 10 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:1998AntSc..10...75W. doi:10.1017/S0954102098000108. S2CID 85575118.
Yong, Ed (2012). "Leopard seals suck up krill like whales". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11672. S2CID 87484971.
Southwell, Colin; Kerry, Knowles; Ensor, Paul; Woehler, Eric J.; Rogers, Tracey (2003). "The timing of pupping by pack-ice seals in East Antarctica". Polar Biology. 26 (10): 648–652. Bibcode:2003PoBio..26..648S. doi:10.1007/s00300-003-0534-8. S2CID 7565646.
Muir, Shona F.; Barnes, David K.A.; Reid, Keith (2006). "Interactions between humans and leopard seals". Antarctic Science. 18 (1): 61–74. Bibcode:2006AntSc..18...61M. doi:10.1017/S0954102006000058. S2CID 53648359.

species-identification.org

"Marine Species Identification Portal : Leopard seal - Hydrurga leptonyx". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2018-03-19.

stuff.co.nz

"Antarctic leopard seal given a name as it makes Auckland her new home". Stuff. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2024.

taronga.org.au

"A Whisker into Leopard Seal Life". A Whisker into Leopard Seal Life | Taronga Conservation Society Australia. Retrieved 2023-03-05.

travelwild.com

"Leopard seal | TravelWild Expeditions". TravelWild Expeditions. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

ucsd.edu

cetus.ucsd.edu

"Respiration and Diving Physiology" (PDF). Cetus UCSD.

unl.edu

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Forcada, J.; Trathan, P.; Boveng, Boyd; I., Burns; J., Costa; D., Fedak; M., Rogers; T., Southwell, C. (2012). "Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing". Biological Conservation. 149 (1): 40–50. Bibcode:2012BCons.149...40F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.002. S2CID 7892053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Hiruki, Lisa M.; Schwartz, Michael K.; Boveng, Peter L. (1999). "Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of Zoology. 249 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01063.x.

web.archive.org

"POV: Why Are Leopard Seals Eating Fur Seal Pups?". video.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
Owen, James (August 6, 2003). "Leopard Seal Kills Scientist in Antarctica". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on August 8, 2003. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
"How a Leopard Seal Fed Me Penguins". National Geographic. March 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
Gyford, Sue (2003-11-14). [1] Archived 2016-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. ecophotoexplorers.com. Retrieved on 2019-08-20

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

lepto- + onyx; "thin-clawed"
hydro + ergon; "water worker"^[verify]

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Krause, Douglas J.; Goebel, Michael E.; Marshall, Greg J.; Abernathy, Kyler (2016-02-24). "Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Marine Mammal Science. 32 (3): 839–867. Bibcode:2016MMamS..32..839K. doi:10.1111/mms.12309. ISSN 0824-0469.